Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. There are over 4,000 known mineral types on Earth. Minerals form through various geological processes, such as cooling of magma or lava, crystallization of solutions, and chemical reactions within rocks. They make up the Earth's crust and are the building blocks of rocks. Many minerals are economically important as sources of metal ores and other raw materials that are necessary for modern civilization.
Graphite was discovered in Borrowdale, England in the 1500s. Early users wrapped graphite sticks in string to strengthen them for writing. Over time, people began putting graphite sticks in wooden casings to create the modern pencil. Minerals are found in many everyday items like pencils, sidewalks, homes, and tables. A mineral has four key properties - it must be natural, inorganic, solid, and have a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition. Minerals are categorized as silicates, which contain silicon and oxygen, or non-silicates like carbonates, oxides, and sulfides.
This document provides information about minerals and their properties. It defines a mineral as being naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, and having a definite crystal structure and chemical composition. Minerals form through crystallization as magma or hot water solutions cool. Common minerals include quartz, calcite, and pyrite. Minerals have various properties that can be used to identify them such as color, crystal structure, hardness, and density. Many minerals are important resources and are used to make products like glass, jewelry, and metals. Metals are extracted from minerals through mining and smelting.
This document provides information about minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solids with a crystal structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals form through crystallization as magma or solutions cool. They can crystallize on the surface through evaporation or underground as magma cools. The size of mineral crystals depends on the cooling rate, with slower cooling deep underground producing larger crystals. Minerals have many uses including in jewelry, metals, construction materials, and tools. Metals are extracted from ores through mining and smelting to remove the metal.
This document defines what a mineral is and describes its key properties. A mineral must be 1) naturally occurring 2) solid 3) have an orderly crystalline structure and well-defined chemical composition. Important identifying characteristics of minerals include crystal structure, hardness, color, streak, luster, fluorescence, and reaction to acid. Minerals are classified based on their main chemical elements, with silicates and carbonates being particularly important. Commercially valuable minerals can be extracted for metals, industrial uses, or as gemstones.
Minerals form in two main ways - some cool from magma underground or lava above ground, while others form through evaporation of mineral-rich waters. Minerals have distinct properties that can be used to identify them, such as their crystal structure, cleavage/fracture patterns, color streak, luster, and hardness. Over 4,000 minerals have been identified that make up the building blocks of rocks.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and ordered atomic structures. They form through natural geological processes on or inside Earth. Key properties used to identify minerals include hardness, luster, specific gravity, streak, and cleavage/fracture. Minerals have many important uses beyond gems, including as sources of useful elements like iron, aluminum, and titanium that are integral to infrastructure, transportation, and technology.
Mineral crystals up to 39 feet long were discovered in a cave in Mexico. The cave is extremely hot, with air temperatures reaching 136°F and 90-99% humidity, making it difficult for humans to endure exposure for more than 10 minutes. Minerals form from the crystallization of magma and lava as they cool, either inside the Earth's crust or on the surface. Crystal size depends on the cooling rate - slow cooling leads to large crystals, while fast cooling results in small crystals. Certain minerals also form through the evaporation of solutions, leaving behind the dissolved minerals.
Igneous rock forms when hot liquid rock called magma cools. When the magma cools below the Earth's surface it cools slowly forming large crystals and is known as an intrusive igneous rock e.g. granite (pictured to the right). When magma reaches the Earth's surface, usually through a volcano, it is called lava and it cools quickly, rocks formed by this process are known as extrusive igneous rock e.g. basalt.
Igneous rocks may have been metamorphic or sedimentary rocks before melted and reforming magma.
We have many granite bodies exposed at the surface in Ireland including the Leinster and Galway Granites. They formed below the surface of the earth but where brought to the surface either through erosion of the overlying material or due to the movement of faults.
Graphite was discovered in Borrowdale, England in the 1500s. Early users wrapped graphite sticks in string to strengthen them for writing. Over time, people began putting graphite sticks in wooden casings to create the modern pencil. Minerals are found in many everyday items like pencils, sidewalks, homes, and tables. A mineral has four key properties - it must be natural, inorganic, solid, and have a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition. Minerals are categorized as silicates, which contain silicon and oxygen, or non-silicates like carbonates, oxides, and sulfides.
This document provides information about minerals and their properties. It defines a mineral as being naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, and having a definite crystal structure and chemical composition. Minerals form through crystallization as magma or hot water solutions cool. Common minerals include quartz, calcite, and pyrite. Minerals have various properties that can be used to identify them such as color, crystal structure, hardness, and density. Many minerals are important resources and are used to make products like glass, jewelry, and metals. Metals are extracted from minerals through mining and smelting.
This document provides information about minerals and their properties. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solids with a crystal structure and definite chemical composition. Minerals form through crystallization as magma or solutions cool. They can crystallize on the surface through evaporation or underground as magma cools. The size of mineral crystals depends on the cooling rate, with slower cooling deep underground producing larger crystals. Minerals have many uses including in jewelry, metals, construction materials, and tools. Metals are extracted from ores through mining and smelting to remove the metal.
This document defines what a mineral is and describes its key properties. A mineral must be 1) naturally occurring 2) solid 3) have an orderly crystalline structure and well-defined chemical composition. Important identifying characteristics of minerals include crystal structure, hardness, color, streak, luster, fluorescence, and reaction to acid. Minerals are classified based on their main chemical elements, with silicates and carbonates being particularly important. Commercially valuable minerals can be extracted for metals, industrial uses, or as gemstones.
Minerals form in two main ways - some cool from magma underground or lava above ground, while others form through evaporation of mineral-rich waters. Minerals have distinct properties that can be used to identify them, such as their crystal structure, cleavage/fracture patterns, color streak, luster, and hardness. Over 4,000 minerals have been identified that make up the building blocks of rocks.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and ordered atomic structures. They form through natural geological processes on or inside Earth. Key properties used to identify minerals include hardness, luster, specific gravity, streak, and cleavage/fracture. Minerals have many important uses beyond gems, including as sources of useful elements like iron, aluminum, and titanium that are integral to infrastructure, transportation, and technology.
Mineral crystals up to 39 feet long were discovered in a cave in Mexico. The cave is extremely hot, with air temperatures reaching 136°F and 90-99% humidity, making it difficult for humans to endure exposure for more than 10 minutes. Minerals form from the crystallization of magma and lava as they cool, either inside the Earth's crust or on the surface. Crystal size depends on the cooling rate - slow cooling leads to large crystals, while fast cooling results in small crystals. Certain minerals also form through the evaporation of solutions, leaving behind the dissolved minerals.
Igneous rock forms when hot liquid rock called magma cools. When the magma cools below the Earth's surface it cools slowly forming large crystals and is known as an intrusive igneous rock e.g. granite (pictured to the right). When magma reaches the Earth's surface, usually through a volcano, it is called lava and it cools quickly, rocks formed by this process are known as extrusive igneous rock e.g. basalt.
Igneous rocks may have been metamorphic or sedimentary rocks before melted and reforming magma.
We have many granite bodies exposed at the surface in Ireland including the Leinster and Galway Granites. They formed below the surface of the earth but where brought to the surface either through erosion of the overlying material or due to the movement of faults.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. They are the building blocks of rocks and have specific physical properties like luster, hardness, cleavage, and specific gravity. Minerals provide important natural resources and are non-renewable, so it is important to conserve them for future generations by recycling products, recovering minerals from mining waste, and using materials efficiently.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a crystalline structure that are essential for human survival. Sixteen minerals are needed for humans to function, though they make up a small percentage of what we consume. Minerals form in various ways including crystallization of magma, evaporation, and hydrothermal processes. They are the building blocks of rocks and their atomic structure determines their chemical properties and crystalline form. Common minerals can be identified based on physical characteristics like crystal shape, cleavage, hardness, streak, and luster.
All about minerals , uses, advantages and more..pptkazzvinluan326
Title: The Fascinating World of Minerals
Introduction:
Minerals are an integral part of our everyday lives, playing crucial roles in various industries and providing us with essential resources. This PowerPoint report aims to explore the fascinating world of minerals, shedding light on their formation, properties, and applications. Let's embark on a journey to discover the wonders hidden within the Earth's crust.
1. What are Minerals?
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that possess a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. They are formed through geological processes over millions of years. Minerals can be found in rocks, ores, and even in the soil, and they come in a wide range of colors, shapes, and sizes.
2. Mineral Formation:
Minerals are formed through various processes, including crystallization from magma or lava, precipitation from solution, and metamorphism. The conditions under which minerals form greatly influence their properties. For example, diamonds are formed under intense heat and pressure, while halite (common salt) is formed by the evaporation of seawater.
3. Properties of Minerals:
Each mineral has unique physical and chemical properties that distinguish it from others. Some common properties include hardness, luster, cleavage, streak, and specific gravity. These properties are used to identify minerals and determine their suitability for different applications.
4. Industrial Applications:
Minerals are essential in numerous industries, including construction, electronics, energy, and manufacturing. For instance, quartz is used in the production of glass and electronics, while gypsum is used in construction materials like drywall. Copper, a vital mineral, is extensively used in electrical wiring and plumbing.
5. Economic Significance:
Minerals have significant economic value, contributing to a country's wealth and development. Mineral-rich countries often rely on mining activities to extract and export valuable resources. However, it is important to strike a balance between economic benefits and environmental sustainability.
6. Environmental Impact:
Mining activities can have adverse environmental impacts, such as habitat destruction, water pollution, and soil erosion. Sustainable mining practices and proper reclamation efforts are crucial to mitigate these effects and ensure the long-term health of our ecosystems.
Conclusion:
Minerals are not only beautiful and intriguing but also vital for our modern way of life. From the construction of buildings to the production of electronics, minerals play a fundamental role in various industries. However, it is essential to extract and utilize these resources responsibly, considering both economic benefits and environmental sustainability. By understanding and appreciating the world of minerals, we can make informed decisions to safeguard our planet's resources for future generations.
The document describes the four main components that make up the Earth system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key aspects of each component. The atmosphere contains nitrogen and oxygen gases. The hydrosphere contains both saltwater and freshwater. The biosphere includes all living things on Earth. The geosphere is composed of layers within the Earth's crust and mantle.
This document discusses the properties and formation of minerals. It outlines five key properties that define minerals - they are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. Minerals can be identified based on properties like hardness, color, streak, luster and density. They form in three main ways - crystallization from melted materials, precipitation from hot water solutions, and evaporation. Ores are rocks that contain economically useful minerals or metals, and various mining techniques are used to extract the ores.
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
The document describes the four main components that make up the Earth system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key aspects of each component. The atmosphere contains nitrogen and oxygen gases. The hydrosphere contains both saltwater and freshwater. The biosphere includes all living things on Earth. The geosphere is composed of layers within the Earth's crust and mantle.
This document summarizes different types of rocks and minerals. It discusses how igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either underground to form intrusive rocks or on the surface to form extrusive rocks like lava. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments over time. Metamorphic rocks are formed by changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and other processes. The rock cycle shows how different rock types are interrelated and can transform into one another through various geological changes over long periods of time.
This document discusses minerals and rocks. It provides 11 physical properties and 8 chemical properties used to identify minerals, such as color, hardness, luster, crystalline structure, and chemical composition. It also defines 3 main classes of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their distinguishing characteristics, such as their formation processes and common examples. The document aims to teach students to identify minerals based on their properties and classify rocks according to their origins.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances with a crystalline structure. They make up many aspects of our lives and humans need at least 16 minerals to survive, though they comprise just 0.03% of our diet. Minerals form in various ways including cooling of magma, evaporation, and hydrothermal processes. The most abundant minerals on Earth are silicates and oxides of silicon and oxygen, which compose 70% of the Earth's crust and are the building blocks of most rocks. Minerals can be identified by their physical properties such as crystal structure, cleavage, fracture, color, hardness, luster, and streak.
The document discusses minerals and their characteristics. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks and are studied by mineralogists. The document outlines the key characteristics minerals must have and describes different types of minerals including silicate and non-silicate minerals. It also discusses how minerals form and can be identified based on their physical properties such as color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage/fracture, and density.
This document discusses minerals, their properties, and types. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition and atomic structure. Minerals are divided into rock-forming and ore-forming types. Rock-forming minerals are common in Earth's crust while ore-forming minerals have economic value. Common rock-forming mineral groups include oxides, carbonates, sulphides, sulphates, chlorides, and silicates. The document outlines several physical properties used to identify minerals, such as color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture. It also explains Mohs hardness scale and provides examples of different luster and fracture types.
The document discusses classifying objects as minerals or non-minerals. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a crystalline structure and definite chemical composition. The activity involves groups identifying objects like quartz, glass, wood, and plastic as minerals or non-minerals and justifying their classifications. The document also outlines key characteristics of minerals like their chemical composition and crystalline structure. It describes classifying minerals into groups based on their chemical makeup, including silicates, oxides, and sulfates.
This document provides an overview of minerals and their origins, composition, identification, formation, mining, and uses. It discusses how mineralogy was founded and later advanced through scientists like Georgius Agricola and Romé de l'Isle. Minerals are defined as naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite chemical structure and composition. The main methods for identifying minerals are examining their physical properties such as color, luster, cleavage, hardness, and density. The document also describes techniques for mining minerals, the regulations around responsible mining practices, and common applications of metallic and nonmetallic minerals.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and orderly atomic structures. There are about 4,000 known minerals on Earth. Minerals form through natural geological processes without human involvement and are distinguished from other substances based on properties like hardness, crystal structure, luster, specific gravity, streak, and cleavage/fracture. Common minerals are important materials for construction, technology, and gems that are valued for their beauty and rarity.
The document discusses minerals, defining them as naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition. There are over 3,500 known minerals that make up Earth's crust. The majority of rocks are formed from combinations of just 20 minerals. Minerals have several physical properties that can be used to identify them, including color, luster, streak (powder color), and hardness on the Mohs scale. Silicates and nonsilicates are the two main groups of rock-forming minerals.
The document provides information on rocks and minerals. It begins by defining a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape. Rocks are composed of two or more minerals and are classified based on their formation process as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
This document provides information about minerals and rocks. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. It describes the different types of rocks, including sedimentary rocks which form from the accumulation of sediments, igneous rocks which form from the cooling of magma, and metamorphic rocks which form from the alteration of existing rocks due to heat and pressure. The document also discusses the physical and chemical properties used to identify minerals, as well as how minerals are used and the relationship between minerals and rocks.
This document discusses minerals and their classification. It defines minerals as naturally occurring substances with definite chemical compositions. Minerals are categorized as metallic or non-metallic. Metallic minerals contain metals and are further divided into ferrous, containing iron, and non-ferrous. Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals and include coal, petroleum, and mica. The document also outlines methods of mineral extraction including mining, drilling, quarrying, and their distribution in different rock types.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. They are the building blocks of rocks and have specific physical properties like luster, hardness, cleavage, and specific gravity. Minerals provide important natural resources and are non-renewable, so it is important to conserve them for future generations by recycling products, recovering minerals from mining waste, and using materials efficiently.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a crystalline structure that are essential for human survival. Sixteen minerals are needed for humans to function, though they make up a small percentage of what we consume. Minerals form in various ways including crystallization of magma, evaporation, and hydrothermal processes. They are the building blocks of rocks and their atomic structure determines their chemical properties and crystalline form. Common minerals can be identified based on physical characteristics like crystal shape, cleavage, hardness, streak, and luster.
All about minerals , uses, advantages and more..pptkazzvinluan326
Title: The Fascinating World of Minerals
Introduction:
Minerals are an integral part of our everyday lives, playing crucial roles in various industries and providing us with essential resources. This PowerPoint report aims to explore the fascinating world of minerals, shedding light on their formation, properties, and applications. Let's embark on a journey to discover the wonders hidden within the Earth's crust.
1. What are Minerals?
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that possess a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. They are formed through geological processes over millions of years. Minerals can be found in rocks, ores, and even in the soil, and they come in a wide range of colors, shapes, and sizes.
2. Mineral Formation:
Minerals are formed through various processes, including crystallization from magma or lava, precipitation from solution, and metamorphism. The conditions under which minerals form greatly influence their properties. For example, diamonds are formed under intense heat and pressure, while halite (common salt) is formed by the evaporation of seawater.
3. Properties of Minerals:
Each mineral has unique physical and chemical properties that distinguish it from others. Some common properties include hardness, luster, cleavage, streak, and specific gravity. These properties are used to identify minerals and determine their suitability for different applications.
4. Industrial Applications:
Minerals are essential in numerous industries, including construction, electronics, energy, and manufacturing. For instance, quartz is used in the production of glass and electronics, while gypsum is used in construction materials like drywall. Copper, a vital mineral, is extensively used in electrical wiring and plumbing.
5. Economic Significance:
Minerals have significant economic value, contributing to a country's wealth and development. Mineral-rich countries often rely on mining activities to extract and export valuable resources. However, it is important to strike a balance between economic benefits and environmental sustainability.
6. Environmental Impact:
Mining activities can have adverse environmental impacts, such as habitat destruction, water pollution, and soil erosion. Sustainable mining practices and proper reclamation efforts are crucial to mitigate these effects and ensure the long-term health of our ecosystems.
Conclusion:
Minerals are not only beautiful and intriguing but also vital for our modern way of life. From the construction of buildings to the production of electronics, minerals play a fundamental role in various industries. However, it is essential to extract and utilize these resources responsibly, considering both economic benefits and environmental sustainability. By understanding and appreciating the world of minerals, we can make informed decisions to safeguard our planet's resources for future generations.
The document describes the four main components that make up the Earth system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key aspects of each component. The atmosphere contains nitrogen and oxygen gases. The hydrosphere contains both saltwater and freshwater. The biosphere includes all living things on Earth. The geosphere is composed of layers within the Earth's crust and mantle.
This document discusses the properties and formation of minerals. It outlines five key properties that define minerals - they are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. Minerals can be identified based on properties like hardness, color, streak, luster and density. They form in three main ways - crystallization from melted materials, precipitation from hot water solutions, and evaporation. Ores are rocks that contain economically useful minerals or metals, and various mining techniques are used to extract the ores.
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
The document describes the four main components that make up the Earth system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key aspects of each component. The atmosphere contains nitrogen and oxygen gases. The hydrosphere contains both saltwater and freshwater. The biosphere includes all living things on Earth. The geosphere is composed of layers within the Earth's crust and mantle.
This document summarizes different types of rocks and minerals. It discusses how igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either underground to form intrusive rocks or on the surface to form extrusive rocks like lava. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments over time. Metamorphic rocks are formed by changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and other processes. The rock cycle shows how different rock types are interrelated and can transform into one another through various geological changes over long periods of time.
This document discusses minerals and rocks. It provides 11 physical properties and 8 chemical properties used to identify minerals, such as color, hardness, luster, crystalline structure, and chemical composition. It also defines 3 main classes of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their distinguishing characteristics, such as their formation processes and common examples. The document aims to teach students to identify minerals based on their properties and classify rocks according to their origins.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances with a crystalline structure. They make up many aspects of our lives and humans need at least 16 minerals to survive, though they comprise just 0.03% of our diet. Minerals form in various ways including cooling of magma, evaporation, and hydrothermal processes. The most abundant minerals on Earth are silicates and oxides of silicon and oxygen, which compose 70% of the Earth's crust and are the building blocks of most rocks. Minerals can be identified by their physical properties such as crystal structure, cleavage, fracture, color, hardness, luster, and streak.
The document discusses minerals and their characteristics. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks and are studied by mineralogists. The document outlines the key characteristics minerals must have and describes different types of minerals including silicate and non-silicate minerals. It also discusses how minerals form and can be identified based on their physical properties such as color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage/fracture, and density.
This document discusses minerals, their properties, and types. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition and atomic structure. Minerals are divided into rock-forming and ore-forming types. Rock-forming minerals are common in Earth's crust while ore-forming minerals have economic value. Common rock-forming mineral groups include oxides, carbonates, sulphides, sulphates, chlorides, and silicates. The document outlines several physical properties used to identify minerals, such as color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture. It also explains Mohs hardness scale and provides examples of different luster and fracture types.
The document discusses classifying objects as minerals or non-minerals. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a crystalline structure and definite chemical composition. The activity involves groups identifying objects like quartz, glass, wood, and plastic as minerals or non-minerals and justifying their classifications. The document also outlines key characteristics of minerals like their chemical composition and crystalline structure. It describes classifying minerals into groups based on their chemical makeup, including silicates, oxides, and sulfates.
This document provides an overview of minerals and their origins, composition, identification, formation, mining, and uses. It discusses how mineralogy was founded and later advanced through scientists like Georgius Agricola and Romé de l'Isle. Minerals are defined as naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite chemical structure and composition. The main methods for identifying minerals are examining their physical properties such as color, luster, cleavage, hardness, and density. The document also describes techniques for mining minerals, the regulations around responsible mining practices, and common applications of metallic and nonmetallic minerals.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and orderly atomic structures. There are about 4,000 known minerals on Earth. Minerals form through natural geological processes without human involvement and are distinguished from other substances based on properties like hardness, crystal structure, luster, specific gravity, streak, and cleavage/fracture. Common minerals are important materials for construction, technology, and gems that are valued for their beauty and rarity.
The document discusses minerals, defining them as naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition. There are over 3,500 known minerals that make up Earth's crust. The majority of rocks are formed from combinations of just 20 minerals. Minerals have several physical properties that can be used to identify them, including color, luster, streak (powder color), and hardness on the Mohs scale. Silicates and nonsilicates are the two main groups of rock-forming minerals.
The document provides information on rocks and minerals. It begins by defining a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape. Rocks are composed of two or more minerals and are classified based on their formation process as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
This document provides information about minerals and rocks. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. It describes the different types of rocks, including sedimentary rocks which form from the accumulation of sediments, igneous rocks which form from the cooling of magma, and metamorphic rocks which form from the alteration of existing rocks due to heat and pressure. The document also discusses the physical and chemical properties used to identify minerals, as well as how minerals are used and the relationship between minerals and rocks.
This document discusses minerals and their classification. It defines minerals as naturally occurring substances with definite chemical compositions. Minerals are categorized as metallic or non-metallic. Metallic minerals contain metals and are further divided into ferrous, containing iron, and non-ferrous. Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals and include coal, petroleum, and mica. The document also outlines methods of mineral extraction including mining, drilling, quarrying, and their distribution in different rock types.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
4. Arrange the jumbled letters to find the
appropriate criteria to determine whether a
material is classified as a mineral or not.
1. N A L T L A U R Y N G O I R U C C
___________________________
- It is a product of Earth’s natural processes.
2. C A N I I R O G N
___________________________-
It must be product of Earth’s physical processes.
3. S O U E N E G O M O H D I L O S
___________________________
- have definite shape and volume.
5. 4. E N I L L A T S Y R C E S R T R U C U T
__________________________
- atoms are arranged in order of increasing
pattern.
5. L C M C E H A I N O I T O C M O P S I
__________________________
- represented by chemical formula
6. • We are using these products made from
minerals daily.
• Graphite is the mineral used in wooden
pencil.
• Halite is the mineral found in salt.
• Your cellphone is made up of different
minerals.
• The cars that we drive, the roads that we
travel, the building that we live in, are some
examples of products derived from minerals.
8. MINERALS
There are more than
4000 different types of
minerals on Earth
alone.
Each mineral has
unique physical
properties which
distinguish it from
other minerals
9. The Earth’s crust is made up of two
things:
•Minerals and Rocks
Coal
Scoria
Gneiss
***You should see lots of different
minerals in every single rock
Minerals are
individual crystals
of all the same stuff
Rocks are
combinations
of minerals
10. Mineral Formation
In 2008, crystals up to 39 feet long were found in a cave in Mexico at a depth of
1000 feet. The cave is extremely hot, with air temperatures reaching 136 °F with
90 to 99 % humidity. The cave is relatively unexplored due to these conditions.
Without proper protection, people can only endure about ten minutes of exposure
at a time. See the suits
11. What is a mineral?
Main Concept: Minerals are the
building blocks of rocks!
There are five main criteria for
something to be a mineral:
a) It must be solid
b) It must occur naturally (not man-made)
c) It is made of non-living material (inorganic)
d) It has a definite chemical formula (NaCl=salt)
e) It has a crystal structure (Precious?)
12. Mineral Characteristics
• Naturally occurring – formed by natural
processes
• Inorganic – not alive; does not come from
anything living
• Solid, crystalline structure – atoms
arranged in in a regular geometric pattern
• Specific composition – unique chemical
formula (can bean element or compound)
14. Where do minerals come from?
Mineral crystals can form in two main ways:
From stuff
dissolved in liquids
(Evaporation & Hot Water)
From Cooling
molten material
15. “Intrusive” Cooling:
Magma cools slowly
(Long Time = Large Crystals)
“Extrusive” Cooling:
Lava cools Fast
(Short Time = Small Crystals)
Minerals & Crystals from
Magma & Lava
•Minerals form from hot magma as it
cools inside the crust, or as lava cools
on the surface.
•When these liquids cool to a solid, they
form crystals (minerals).
•Size of the crystal depends on time it
takes to freeze into a solid.
16. Minerals Crystal Size
Rhyolite
Granite
When the hot material cools fast, it has
smaller crystal size. When it cools
slowly, it has large crystals.
You can’t see many
individual crystals in Rhyolite
= cooled very fast
You can see
individual crystals
in Granite
= cooled slowly
17. Minerals formed by Evaporation
Some minerals form when
solutions/mixtures evaporate:
When water evaporates, it leaves behind the
stuff that’s dissolved in it.
The longer it takes to evaporate, the larger the
crystal.
i.e. salt & water – ocean,
Halite, Gypsum, Calcite.
***All the white stuff = salt mineral crystals that formed
when the water of this lake evaporated.
The mineral material was left behind
18. These salt crystals formed from
salt water because as the water
evaporated, the salt wasn’t
dissolved anymore. So the
chemical energy in salt takes
over and crystals form.
Do you notice the characteristic
cubic crystalline shapes?
21. Silicate minerals are the building
block of igneous rocks
Mountains, British Columbia
Granite: individual minerals
make-up the rock
22. Minerals are the building block
of rocks
Feldspar crystal
Biotite
Quartz
Hornblende
23. Eight elements make-up 99% of
the Earth’s crust
Silicon and oxygen make-up 70 % of the Earth’s crust
24. Humans cannot survive without
minerals
• 16 minerals needed
for humans to survive
• .03% of what we eat
but we would not
survive without the
minerals
• Sodium, potassium,
calcium, magnesium,
copper, phosphorous
25. How do we
identify Minerals?
We use the different physical and chemical properties
of the mineral to identify it from other different minerals
1. Luster: Describes how light is reflected from a
minerals surface.
Metallic luster – shiny faces that reflect light
Nonmetallic luster – does not shine like a metal;
can be dull, pearly, waxy, silky, or earthy
26. How do we
identify Minerals?
2. Crystal shape: Different minerals
make different crystal shapes
Halite always forms cubes.
Quartz forms six-sided crystals
with double pointed ends.
27. How do we
identify Minerals?
We use the different physical and
chemical properties
of the mineral to identify it from other
different minerals
3. Streak: Is the color
of the minerals powder
when dragged across a
surface.
29. How do we
identify Minerals?
4. Hardness:
Hardness is determined
by a “scratch test”.
•Friedrich Mohs
developed the Mohs
Scale of Hardness
How the mineral can be
scratched
• Fingernail
• Penny
• File or knife
30.
31. How do we
identify Minerals?
5. Color:
•Every mineral has some natural color
•Most noticeable characteristic of a
mineral; usually caused by presence
of trace elements
Examples: obsidian – black; sulfur –
yellow; apatite - blue
32.
33. 6. Fracture/ Cleavage
Fracture
• Mineral breaks
unevenly or
irregularly
Cleavage
• The tendency of a
Mineral to break
evenly along its
weakest plane.
36. Special Properties
• Some minerals display strange properties.
• These can include: Magnetism, fluorescence, and reactivity.
These minerals glow
in the dark.
A black light really brings it out!
The minerals in
this rock react
with acid
Fizzing!
The particles of minerals
of this rock act like magnets
37. Types of Minerals
On the basis of composition,
minerals are classified into four
main categories:
1. Siliceous Minerals
2. Metallic Minerals
3. Non-metallic minerals
4. Gem Minerals
38. Types of Minerals
Siliceous Minerals
•Most abundant of the minerals
•Contain chemical element silicon and
some aluminum, sodium, potassium,
hydrogen and oxygen.
Examples:
Feldspar, mica, amphibole, quartz,
serpentine, talc, olivine albite, hornblende
and chlorite
39. Types of Minerals
Non Metallic Minerals
• Contains carbonate, sulfates, and other
compounds or native elements of sulfur.
• They also contain calcium and magnesium
which are metals but considered as sources
of minerals.
Examples: calcite, sulfur, salt, borax, gypsum,
apatite, dolomite, halite, fluorite, kernite,
pearls and graphite.
40. Types of Minerals
Metallic Minerals
• It include common metal ores
• These ores have been formed due to a large
process of chemical and physical changes.
• These includes precious and semi precious
stones
• Examples:
Gold, silver, copper, platinum, iron, titanium,
mercury, uranium, aluminum, bauxite, azurite,
41. Types of Minerals
4. Gem Minerals
• Hardness of minerals depends on the
composition and arrangement of atoms.
• Examples:
Diamond, topaz, jade, garnet, sappire,
aquamarine, jade, tourmaline, corundum
and baryl, zircon.
42.
43.
44. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS
• Mining: The process of taking out minerals buried under the
rocks is called mining. There are two main methods of mining,
viz. open-cast mining and shaft mining.
a. Open Cast Mining: When minerals are taken out by removing
the surface layer, the process is called open-cast mining. Minerals
which lie at shallow depths are extracted by this process.
b. Shaft Mining: When deep bores (called shafts) are made to
reach the mineral deposits at great depth, the process is called shaft
mining.
• Drilling: When deep wells are bored to take out the mineral, the
process is called drilling. Petroleum and natural gas are extracted
by this method.
• Quarrying: When minerals are simply dug out from near the
surface, the process is called quarrying.
46. Glass is made from 6 minerals
• Silica
• Limestone
• Magnesium
• Boric acid
• Soda
• Aluminum
• 40 billion glass
containers/year in USA
• 35 % are recycled
47. Gold in California
• Discovered in the
American River, 1848
• Gold Rush- 1849
• Population of SF- 575
males,177 females, 60
children- March, 1848
• 100,000- December 1849
• Chinese, Welsh, German,
English, Mexican,
Spanish and French
• Diversity of California
48. Salt
• Early people collected salt
before they understood
how important the mineral
is for survival
• Mediterranean-salt cakes
were used as money
• Greeks traded salt for
slaves
• England flourished when
fuel for boiling brine
changed from wood to coal
50. ACTIVITY
1. Mineral definition?
2, How do minerals form?
3. How are minerals classified?
4. Name and describe the physical
characteristics to distinguish
minerals.
51. Activity
1. Upon knowing the value of minerals in our
everyday life, as a student how can you help in
conserving and preserving the natural sources of
these minerals? (200 words)
2. Assume you are a mineralogist, you are then
tasked to make an infographic that will state its
characteristics, properties, and significance
(whether economic, health and scientific).
Present these important data through a concept
map.