Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can be used to detect genetic variation between individuals. There are several types of molecular markers including restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Molecular markers have various applications including measuring genetic diversity, fingerprinting, marker-assisted selection, and identification of genotypes. They provide powerful tools for genetic analysis in plants and animals.
Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can be used to identify differences between individuals. They are found at specific locations in the genome and can be used to track inheritance of traits. Common types include RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, and SNPs. RFLPs detect differences in fragment lengths after restriction enzyme digestion and probing. RAPDs use random PCR primers to amplify polymorphic loci. AFLPs combine restriction digestion and PCR to detect multiple loci. SSRs are co-dominant markers based on differences in repeated microsatellite sequences. Molecular markers are powerful tools for genetic mapping, diversity analysis, fingerprinting, and marker-assisted selection.
Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can be used to identify specific locations in the genome. They allow detection of differences between individuals. Common types of molecular markers include RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSR, and SNP. RFLP uses restriction enzymes and probes but requires a large amount of high quality DNA. RAPD uses PCR with random primers and needs little DNA but has low reproducibility. AFLP combines restriction enzymes and PCR for higher reproducibility. SSR and SNP detect differences in repetitive DNA sequences and single nucleotides, respectively. Molecular markers have various applications including measuring genetic diversity, fingerprinting, marker-assisted selection, and identifying genotypes.
using molecular marker technology in studying genetic diversity salmasaud8892
This document discusses various molecular marker technologies used for studying plant genetic diversity, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes several types of genetic markers such as morphological traits, protein markers, and DNA markers. DNA markers like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, microsatellites are discussed in detail, outlining their methodology, applications in areas like breeding, diversity studies, and more. The document provides an overview of important molecular marker techniques for measuring genetic variation at the phenotype and genotype level.
Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can be easily detected and whose inheritance can be monitored. They are based on natural polymorphisms and allow studying the inheritance of genes. Common types of molecular markers include RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, and SNPs. RFLPs use restriction enzymes to detect differences in fragment lengths. RAPDs use random primers to detect sequence polymorphisms. AFLPs selectively amplify restriction fragments to detect length differences. SSRs detect variability in simple sequence repeats. Molecular markers are useful for applications like gene mapping, phylogenetic studies, and analyzing genetic diversity.
An honest effort to present molecular marker in easiest way both informative and conceptual. Hybridization based (non-PCR) and PCR based markers are discussed to the point with suitable diagram.
DNA markers can be used in plant breeding to identify plant varieties and track genetic inheritance. There are several types of DNA markers, including morphological markers, protein markers, RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, CAPS, SCARs, ISSRs, ESTs, STSs, and SNPs. DNA markers have advantages over morphological markers in that they are abundant, not influenced by environment, and can precisely track inheritance. The document discusses various DNA marker techniques and their applications in plant breeding, including genetic mapping, marker-assisted selection, and germplasm characterization.
Techniques based on the principle of selectively amplifying a subset of restriction fragments from a complex mixture of DNA fragments obtained after digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases.
AFLP is a DNA fingerprinting technique that detects polymorphisms across the entire genome. It combines restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) methods. The AFLP process involves digesting genomic DNA with restriction enzymes, ligating adapters to the fragments, selectively amplifying subsets of fragments via PCR using adapter-specific primers with attached selective nucleotides, and separating the amplified fragments on a gel. This technique generates 50-100 restriction fragments per sample and is highly reproducible, sensitive, and applicable to any organism, making it widely used for developing polymorphic markers and genetic maps.
Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can be used to identify differences between individuals. They are found at specific locations in the genome and can be used to track inheritance of traits. Common types include RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, and SNPs. RFLPs detect differences in fragment lengths after restriction enzyme digestion and probing. RAPDs use random PCR primers to amplify polymorphic loci. AFLPs combine restriction digestion and PCR to detect multiple loci. SSRs are co-dominant markers based on differences in repeated microsatellite sequences. Molecular markers are powerful tools for genetic mapping, diversity analysis, fingerprinting, and marker-assisted selection.
Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can be used to identify specific locations in the genome. They allow detection of differences between individuals. Common types of molecular markers include RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSR, and SNP. RFLP uses restriction enzymes and probes but requires a large amount of high quality DNA. RAPD uses PCR with random primers and needs little DNA but has low reproducibility. AFLP combines restriction enzymes and PCR for higher reproducibility. SSR and SNP detect differences in repetitive DNA sequences and single nucleotides, respectively. Molecular markers have various applications including measuring genetic diversity, fingerprinting, marker-assisted selection, and identifying genotypes.
using molecular marker technology in studying genetic diversity salmasaud8892
This document discusses various molecular marker technologies used for studying plant genetic diversity, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes several types of genetic markers such as morphological traits, protein markers, and DNA markers. DNA markers like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, microsatellites are discussed in detail, outlining their methodology, applications in areas like breeding, diversity studies, and more. The document provides an overview of important molecular marker techniques for measuring genetic variation at the phenotype and genotype level.
Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can be easily detected and whose inheritance can be monitored. They are based on natural polymorphisms and allow studying the inheritance of genes. Common types of molecular markers include RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, and SNPs. RFLPs use restriction enzymes to detect differences in fragment lengths. RAPDs use random primers to detect sequence polymorphisms. AFLPs selectively amplify restriction fragments to detect length differences. SSRs detect variability in simple sequence repeats. Molecular markers are useful for applications like gene mapping, phylogenetic studies, and analyzing genetic diversity.
An honest effort to present molecular marker in easiest way both informative and conceptual. Hybridization based (non-PCR) and PCR based markers are discussed to the point with suitable diagram.
DNA markers can be used in plant breeding to identify plant varieties and track genetic inheritance. There are several types of DNA markers, including morphological markers, protein markers, RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, CAPS, SCARs, ISSRs, ESTs, STSs, and SNPs. DNA markers have advantages over morphological markers in that they are abundant, not influenced by environment, and can precisely track inheritance. The document discusses various DNA marker techniques and their applications in plant breeding, including genetic mapping, marker-assisted selection, and germplasm characterization.
Techniques based on the principle of selectively amplifying a subset of restriction fragments from a complex mixture of DNA fragments obtained after digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases.
AFLP is a DNA fingerprinting technique that detects polymorphisms across the entire genome. It combines restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) methods. The AFLP process involves digesting genomic DNA with restriction enzymes, ligating adapters to the fragments, selectively amplifying subsets of fragments via PCR using adapter-specific primers with attached selective nucleotides, and separating the amplified fragments on a gel. This technique generates 50-100 restriction fragments per sample and is highly reproducible, sensitive, and applicable to any organism, making it widely used for developing polymorphic markers and genetic maps.
This document discusses gene mapping and sequencing. It defines key terms like gene, genome, and gene mapping. It describes different types of gene mapping including linkage mapping and physical mapping. It also discusses various genetic markers used in mapping like RFLPs, SNPs, AFLPs, RAPDs, SSLPs, microsatellites, and minisatellites. Details are provided on techniques like RFLP analysis, RAPD, AFLP, and their advantages and limitations. The document also covers Sanger sequencing, the chain termination method, and the chemical cleavage method developed by Maxam and Gilbert.
TYPES OF MOLECULAR MARKERS,ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESANFAS KT
Types of molecular markers (genetics)
ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
What is a genetic marker?
RFLP: Restriction fragment length polymorphism
AFLP: Amplified fragment length polymorphism
RAPD: Random amplification of polymorphic DNA
ISSR: Inter simple sequence repeat
STR: Short tandem repeats
SCAR: Sequence characterized amplified region
SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism
SSR: Simple sequence repeat
Marker and marker assisted breeding in flower crops Tabinda Wani
Markers were used to track genes conferring resistance to disease in plant breeding programs. In one study, AFLP markers tracked the introgression of a resistance gene from a donor line into cultivated rose varieties over multiple generations of backcrossing. The individual with the lowest fraction of donor genome markers was selected for further backcrossing to reduce the donor genome. In another study, RAPD markers co-segregated with resistance to Fusarium in a petunia F2 population, identifying a marker linked to the resistance gene. A third study developed SSR markers from petunia expressed sequence tags and evaluated diversity in two F2 petunia populations to identify markers for future genetic mapping.
TYPES OF MOLECULAR MARKERS,ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESANFAS KT
Types of molecular markers (genetics)
ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
What is a genetic marker?
RFLP: Restriction fragment length polymorphism
AFLP: Amplified fragment length polymorphism
RAPD: Random amplification of polymorphic DNA
ISSR: Inter simple sequence repeat
STR: Short tandem repeats
SCAR: Sequence characterized amplified region
SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism
SSR: Simple sequence repeat
this presentation is about the molecular markers as we all know the molecular markers are the DNA sequences it can be easily detected and its inheritance is easily monitored.so the main basics of the molecular markers is the polymorphic nature so it can used as molecular markers.and this will gives you the idea about AFLP, RFLP, RAPD, SNPS,ETC.
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to distinguish between individuals of the same species using samples of their DNA. It involves analyzing variable regions of non-coding DNA that contain repetitive sequences called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) or short tandem repeats (STRs). DNA fingerprinting has been used in forensic science since the 1980s to identify criminals from trace evidence left at crime scenes. It provides a highly accurate method of identification by examining an individual's unique genetic signature based on their DNA profile.
Molecular marker General introduction by K. K. SAHU Sir.KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Molecular marker
Characterstics of molecular marker
Types of molecular marker
. Non PCR Based
. PCR Based
RFLP
RAPD
AFLP
SSR
SNP
Conclusion
References
DNA MARKERS 2023 DNA FINGERPRINTING TYPE OF METHODS OF DNA FINGERPRINTINGshooterzgame09
Molecular techniques allow for analysis of protein and DNA interactions through techniques like biochips, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and quantitative real-time PCR. DNA fingerprinting and markers like RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, and SSR can be used to study genetics. Other techniques mentioned include site directed mutagenesis, reverse genetics, gene knockouts using RNAi and gene silencing, and gene therapy. Omics techniques like metagenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics are also introduced.
Markers: Based on hybridization and PCRSachin Kumar
This document discusses different types of molecular markers used in genetics. It describes markers based on nucleic acid hybridization, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which involves isolating DNA, digesting it with restriction enzymes, separating fragments via electrophoresis, and hybridizing with probes. It also describes polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based markers like random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), which allow amplification of genomic DNA regions. Sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs) and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) are also PCR-based marker techniques discussed.
The document describes a seminar on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. It defines RAPD as a type of PCR reaction that amplifies random segments of DNA using short arbitrary nucleotide primers. The document outlines the history, principle, procedure, applications, advantages, and limitations of RAPD analysis. It compares RAPD to other molecular marker techniques and concludes that RAPD is a lab technique used to amplify unknown DNA segments for analysis.
This document discusses several molecular marker techniques: RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP. It provides details on the basic principles, procedures, applications, and variations of each technique. RFLP detects variations in DNA fragments after restriction enzyme digestion and southern blotting. RAPD amplifies random DNA fragments using random primers and PCR. AFLP involves restriction digestion, adapter ligation, selective amplification to detect polymorphic DNA fragments. All three techniques can be used for genetic mapping, diversity analysis, and other applications.
Present status and recent developments on available molecular marker.pptxPrabhatSingh628463
This document summarizes various molecular marker techniques used in genetics and plant breeding. It discusses restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCARs), start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism analysis, and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). It also outlines applications of DNA markers such as fingerprinting, diversity studies, marker-assisted selection, genetic mapping, and gene tagging.
This document discusses different types of molecular markers used in genetics including RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, STS, and microsatellites. It provides details on each technique such as how they work, their advantages and disadvantages. Some key applications of molecular markers mentioned are in forensics, disease detection, animal breeding through marker-assisted selection, and studying genetic diversity. The document aims to introduce molecular markers and their wide-ranging uses in fields like genetics, biotechnology, forensics and agriculture.
The document discusses DNA fingerprinting techniques for identifying plants at the molecular level. It describes methods such as PCR-based techniques like RAPD, ISSR, and SSR, as well as non-PCR based RFLP. The key steps are DNA isolation from plant tissues, amplification using PCR, restriction enzyme digestion, gel electrophoresis, and comparing banding patterns to determine differences between individuals. DNA fingerprinting can be used for applications like criminal investigations by matching DNA from crime scenes to suspects.
The document discusses different types of molecular markers used in genetics. It describes Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). RFLP involves digesting DNA with restriction enzymes and probing to identify polymorphic sequences. RAPD uses random primers to amplify variable DNA regions via PCR. AFLP combines restriction enzyme digestion with PCR amplification of genomic fragments tagged with adapters. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP techniques.
1. Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can be used to identify specific locations or genes on chromosomes. Different types of molecular markers include isozymes, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
2. Molecular markers have a variety of uses in genetics and forensic analysis. RFLPs and VNTRs can be used for DNA fingerprinting and identifying individuals. SNP markers allow for analysis of genetic variations between individuals and populations. Molecular markers are also used for genome mapping and marker-assisted breeding in plants and animals.
3. There are several techniques used to detect molecular markers, including gel electrophoresis, Southern blot
Molecular markers- RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SNP etc.Cherry
Molecular markers are identifiable DNA sequences used to locate genes associated with specific traits or genetic conditions.
A molecular marker is a specific gene fragment present at a specific position called ‘locus’ (pleural loci) in the genome of a cell.
In the pool of unknown DNA or in a whole chromosome, these molecular markers help in identification of particular sequence of DNA at particular location.
Gene mapping involves identifying the location of genes on chromosomes. It can help identify genes associated with inherited diseases. There are two main types of gene mapping: linkage mapping, which determines the relative distances between genes on a chromosome, and physical mapping, which measures distances in nucleotide bases. Gene mapping is done using various genetic markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, microsatellites, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The goal is to better understand gene expression and regulation to help develop treatments and cures for genetic disorders.
This document discusses gene mapping and sequencing. It defines key terms like gene, genome, and gene mapping. It describes different types of gene mapping including linkage mapping and physical mapping. It also discusses various genetic markers used in mapping like RFLPs, SNPs, AFLPs, RAPDs, SSLPs, microsatellites, and minisatellites. Details are provided on techniques like RFLP analysis, RAPD, AFLP, and their advantages and limitations. The document also covers Sanger sequencing, the chain termination method, and the chemical cleavage method developed by Maxam and Gilbert.
TYPES OF MOLECULAR MARKERS,ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESANFAS KT
Types of molecular markers (genetics)
ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
What is a genetic marker?
RFLP: Restriction fragment length polymorphism
AFLP: Amplified fragment length polymorphism
RAPD: Random amplification of polymorphic DNA
ISSR: Inter simple sequence repeat
STR: Short tandem repeats
SCAR: Sequence characterized amplified region
SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism
SSR: Simple sequence repeat
Marker and marker assisted breeding in flower crops Tabinda Wani
Markers were used to track genes conferring resistance to disease in plant breeding programs. In one study, AFLP markers tracked the introgression of a resistance gene from a donor line into cultivated rose varieties over multiple generations of backcrossing. The individual with the lowest fraction of donor genome markers was selected for further backcrossing to reduce the donor genome. In another study, RAPD markers co-segregated with resistance to Fusarium in a petunia F2 population, identifying a marker linked to the resistance gene. A third study developed SSR markers from petunia expressed sequence tags and evaluated diversity in two F2 petunia populations to identify markers for future genetic mapping.
TYPES OF MOLECULAR MARKERS,ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESANFAS KT
Types of molecular markers (genetics)
ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
What is a genetic marker?
RFLP: Restriction fragment length polymorphism
AFLP: Amplified fragment length polymorphism
RAPD: Random amplification of polymorphic DNA
ISSR: Inter simple sequence repeat
STR: Short tandem repeats
SCAR: Sequence characterized amplified region
SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism
SSR: Simple sequence repeat
this presentation is about the molecular markers as we all know the molecular markers are the DNA sequences it can be easily detected and its inheritance is easily monitored.so the main basics of the molecular markers is the polymorphic nature so it can used as molecular markers.and this will gives you the idea about AFLP, RFLP, RAPD, SNPS,ETC.
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to distinguish between individuals of the same species using samples of their DNA. It involves analyzing variable regions of non-coding DNA that contain repetitive sequences called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) or short tandem repeats (STRs). DNA fingerprinting has been used in forensic science since the 1980s to identify criminals from trace evidence left at crime scenes. It provides a highly accurate method of identification by examining an individual's unique genetic signature based on their DNA profile.
Molecular marker General introduction by K. K. SAHU Sir.KAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Molecular marker
Characterstics of molecular marker
Types of molecular marker
. Non PCR Based
. PCR Based
RFLP
RAPD
AFLP
SSR
SNP
Conclusion
References
DNA MARKERS 2023 DNA FINGERPRINTING TYPE OF METHODS OF DNA FINGERPRINTINGshooterzgame09
Molecular techniques allow for analysis of protein and DNA interactions through techniques like biochips, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and quantitative real-time PCR. DNA fingerprinting and markers like RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, and SSR can be used to study genetics. Other techniques mentioned include site directed mutagenesis, reverse genetics, gene knockouts using RNAi and gene silencing, and gene therapy. Omics techniques like metagenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics are also introduced.
Markers: Based on hybridization and PCRSachin Kumar
This document discusses different types of molecular markers used in genetics. It describes markers based on nucleic acid hybridization, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which involves isolating DNA, digesting it with restriction enzymes, separating fragments via electrophoresis, and hybridizing with probes. It also describes polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based markers like random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), which allow amplification of genomic DNA regions. Sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs) and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) are also PCR-based marker techniques discussed.
The document describes a seminar on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. It defines RAPD as a type of PCR reaction that amplifies random segments of DNA using short arbitrary nucleotide primers. The document outlines the history, principle, procedure, applications, advantages, and limitations of RAPD analysis. It compares RAPD to other molecular marker techniques and concludes that RAPD is a lab technique used to amplify unknown DNA segments for analysis.
This document discusses several molecular marker techniques: RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP. It provides details on the basic principles, procedures, applications, and variations of each technique. RFLP detects variations in DNA fragments after restriction enzyme digestion and southern blotting. RAPD amplifies random DNA fragments using random primers and PCR. AFLP involves restriction digestion, adapter ligation, selective amplification to detect polymorphic DNA fragments. All three techniques can be used for genetic mapping, diversity analysis, and other applications.
Present status and recent developments on available molecular marker.pptxPrabhatSingh628463
This document summarizes various molecular marker techniques used in genetics and plant breeding. It discusses restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCARs), start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism analysis, and expressed sequence tags (ESTs). It also outlines applications of DNA markers such as fingerprinting, diversity studies, marker-assisted selection, genetic mapping, and gene tagging.
This document discusses different types of molecular markers used in genetics including RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, STS, and microsatellites. It provides details on each technique such as how they work, their advantages and disadvantages. Some key applications of molecular markers mentioned are in forensics, disease detection, animal breeding through marker-assisted selection, and studying genetic diversity. The document aims to introduce molecular markers and their wide-ranging uses in fields like genetics, biotechnology, forensics and agriculture.
The document discusses DNA fingerprinting techniques for identifying plants at the molecular level. It describes methods such as PCR-based techniques like RAPD, ISSR, and SSR, as well as non-PCR based RFLP. The key steps are DNA isolation from plant tissues, amplification using PCR, restriction enzyme digestion, gel electrophoresis, and comparing banding patterns to determine differences between individuals. DNA fingerprinting can be used for applications like criminal investigations by matching DNA from crime scenes to suspects.
The document discusses different types of molecular markers used in genetics. It describes Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). RFLP involves digesting DNA with restriction enzymes and probing to identify polymorphic sequences. RAPD uses random primers to amplify variable DNA regions via PCR. AFLP combines restriction enzyme digestion with PCR amplification of genomic fragments tagged with adapters. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP techniques.
1. Molecular markers are DNA sequences that can be used to identify specific locations or genes on chromosomes. Different types of molecular markers include isozymes, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
2. Molecular markers have a variety of uses in genetics and forensic analysis. RFLPs and VNTRs can be used for DNA fingerprinting and identifying individuals. SNP markers allow for analysis of genetic variations between individuals and populations. Molecular markers are also used for genome mapping and marker-assisted breeding in plants and animals.
3. There are several techniques used to detect molecular markers, including gel electrophoresis, Southern blot
Molecular markers- RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SNP etc.Cherry
Molecular markers are identifiable DNA sequences used to locate genes associated with specific traits or genetic conditions.
A molecular marker is a specific gene fragment present at a specific position called ‘locus’ (pleural loci) in the genome of a cell.
In the pool of unknown DNA or in a whole chromosome, these molecular markers help in identification of particular sequence of DNA at particular location.
Gene mapping involves identifying the location of genes on chromosomes. It can help identify genes associated with inherited diseases. There are two main types of gene mapping: linkage mapping, which determines the relative distances between genes on a chromosome, and physical mapping, which measures distances in nucleotide bases. Gene mapping is done using various genetic markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, microsatellites, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The goal is to better understand gene expression and regulation to help develop treatments and cures for genetic disorders.
Similar a molecular markers_by dr neelesh kapoor svpuat.pptx (20)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. Definition
A molecular marker is a DNA sequence that is readily detected and
whose inheritance can easily be monitored .
What are Molecular Markers?
Specific fragments of DNA that can be identified within the whole
genome.
Molecular markers are the general assays that allow detection of the
sequence differences between two or more individual.
Molecular markers are found at specific locations of the genome.
They are used to 'flag' the position of a particular gene or the
inheritance of a particular characteristic or desired characteristics
3. Marker systems are tools which is used to mark a trait in living organism
MORPHOLOGICALMARKER:
Classical markers
MOLECULAR MARKERS:
Variation in macro-molecules
BIOCHEMICALMARKERS
ISOENZYME
PROTEIN
GENETIC MARKERS
RFLP
AFLP
RAPD
They are protein produced by expression of gene
Depend uponsequence of DNA
•Low polymorphism
•Requires expression of trait / gene
•Dominance effect
•Expression sex limited
•Expressed late in life
4. DNA markers
Non-PCR Based,
RFLP- Restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism.
PCR Based
RAPD- Random amplification of polymorphic DNA.
AFLP-Amplified fragment lengthpolymorphism.
SCAR-Sequence characterize amplifiedregion.
STS- Sequence tagged sites.
EST-Express sequence tags.
SNP-Single nucleotide polymorphism.
SSR-Simple sequence repeats
CAPS-Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences.
5. it must be polymorphic.
Co-dominant inheritance.
A marker should be evenly and frequently
distributed throughout the genome.
It should be easy, fast and cheap to
detect.
It should be reproducible.
High exchange of data between
laboratories.
Properties of Ideal Genetic Marker
6. Feature RFLP RAPD AFLP SSR or
Microsatellite
DNA required (µg) 10 0.02 0.5-1.0 0.05
DNA quality High High Moderate Moderate
PCR-based No Yes Yes Yes
No. of polymorphic loci
analysed
1.0-3.0 1.5-50 20-100 1.0-3.0
Ease of use Not easy Easy Easy Easy
Reproductibily High Unreliable High High
Development cost Low Low Moderate High
Cost per analysis High Low Moderate Low
Table 1 : Comparision of the most broadly used techniques
of molecular markers
Cont…..
7. Definition
The variation(s) in the length of DNA fragments produced by a specific
restriction endonuclease from genomic DNA s of two or more
individuals of a species
RFLP
8. Principle
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technology was first developed in
the 1980s for use in human genetic applications and was later applied to plants.
By digesting total DNA with specific restriction enzymes, an unlimited number of
RFLPs can be generated.
RFLPs are relatively small in size and are co-dominant in nature.
If two individuals differ by as little as a single nucleotide in the restriction site, the
restriction enzyme will cut the DNA of one but not the other. Restriction fragments of
different lengths are thus generated.
All RFLP markers are analyzed using a common technique. However, the analysis
requires a relatively complex technique that is time consuming and expensive.
9. The hybridization results can be visualized by
1. Autoradiography (if the probes are radioactively labeled), or
2. Chemiluminesence (if non-radioactive, enzyme-link methods are used for
probe labeling and detection).
Any of the visualization techniques will give the same results. The visualization
techniques used will depend on the laboratory condition
Principle
11. -simple method as no sequence specific information is required
-codomonant markers
-it is not depend on PCR
-it required large amount of highly pure DNA
-it require constant supply of probes
-it is laborious to identify suitable markers
-it is time consuming
-it requires expertise in autoradiography
Advantages
Disadvantages
12. Applications of molecular markers
►MEASURE OF GENETIC DIVERSITY
►FINGER PRINTING
►GENOTYPIC SELECTION
►GENOTYPIC PYRAMIDYINGAND
INTROGRESSION
►INDIRECT SELECTION USING QUANTITATIVE
TRAITS LOCI (QTLS)
►MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION
►IDENTIFICATION OF GENOTYPE
13. Any DNA segment that is amplified using short oligodeoxynucleotide primer
of arbitrary nucleotide sequence (amplifier) and polymerase chain reaction
procedure (Khal, 2001)
RAPD also known as,
AP-PCR(Arbitrarily primed PCR),
DAF (DNA amplification fingerprinting)&
MAAP(Multiple arbitraryamplicon profiling)
RAPD are a dominant marker system
Definition
RAPD
14. 1. RAPDs are produce by PCR using genomic DNA and arbitrary primers
2. Taq polymerase is used to amplify DNA segment between closely spaced
sequence (< 2kb) and complementary to the short random oligomers (typically
10-mers)
3. RAPD polymorphism result from change in the primer-binding site in the DNA
sequence
Principle
15. In variety Athere are 4 primer binding sites resulting in two RAPD products, variety
B lacks one of the binding sites resulting in only one RAPD marker being produced
19. Protocol
1)Master Stock Mixture
2) Add 25µl of master mix to 5µl of your DNA in a sterile tube
Note: In each PCR run you conduct, include 2 sample, one of control DNA
without primer (3µl DNA), and one sample without DNA (5µl ddH2O)
20. -need small amount of DNA
-it involves non-radioactive assay
-it does not required specific probe libraries
-it provide quick and efficient screening for DNA
sequence based on polymorphism at many loci
-it is inherited as dominant traits
-there is a bands due to relatively short primer
-the production of non-parental bands in the offspring of
known pedigree warrants its use with extreme care
-it is sensitive to change in PCR conditions
Advantages
Disadvantages
22. AFLP
Definition
Any difference between corresponding DNA fragment from two
organisms A & B that is detected by amplified restriction length
polymorphism technique
23. Principle
1. The amplified fragment length polymorphism technique combines components
of RFLP analysis with PCR technology.
2. Total genomic DNA is digested with a pair of restriction enzymes normally a
frequent and rare cutter.
3. Adaptors of known sequence are then ligation to the DNA fragments.
4. Primer complementary to the adaptors are used to amplify the restriction
fragments.
5. The PCR amplified fragments can then separated by gel electrophoresis and
banding patterns visualized.
6. A range of enzymes and primer are available to manipulate the complexity of
AFLP fingerprint to suitapplication
24. Principle
Genomic DNA
For restriction digestion we use two type of cutter i.e
•Rare cutter (6bp)EcoRI
•Frequent cutter(4bp) MseI
Interstitial cohesiveends
Adaptor ligation
PCR amplification using EcoRI/MseI
25. -extremely sensitive
-it has a wide scale applicability
-it discriminates heterozygotes from
homozygotes when a gel scanner is used
-used for mapping
-it is highly expensive
-it required more DNA than RAPD
-it required experience of sequencing gels
Advantages
Disadvantages
28. Microsatellites can be amplified for identification by the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) process, using the unique sequences of flanking
regions asprimers
DNA is repeatedly denatured at a high temperature to separate the
double strand, then cooled to allow annealing of primers and the
extension of nucleotide sequences through the microsatellite.
This process results in production of enough DNA to be visible
on agarose or polyacrylamide gels.
With the abundance of PCR technology, primers that flank
microsatellite loci are simple and quick to use, but the development of
correctly functioning primers is often a tedious and costly process.
Principle
29.
30. -simple and easy to use
-easy to detect via PCR
-co-dominant marker
-perfectly suited for used in map-based cloning
-cost is higher for establishing polymorphic primer sites
and investment in the synthesizing the oligonucleotides
-initial identification, DNA sequenceinformation
necessary
Advantages
Disadvantages
31. Application of SSR
Assessment of genetic variability and characterization of germplasm.
Identification and fingerprinting ofgenotypes.
Estimation of genetic distances between population, inbreeds and
breeding material.
Marker assisted selection.
Identification of sequence of useful candidate genes
34. M R H H S R H H S R H H S H R R H R H
Fig: Identification of RAPD marker link to brown plant hoper resistance
gene in rice
June et al.,2003
3
35. RAPD-ANALYSIS OF GENETIC VARIATION OF FOUR IMPORTANT RICE
VARIETIES USING RAPD PRIMERS
Amplified RAPD patterns of OPR2.
Amplified RAPD patterns ofOPR1
M - 1Kb DNALadder
1- ADT38
2 - ASD16
3 - IR20
4 - PONNI
Tamil Nadu Mani et al.(2010)
Con..
2
36. UPGMA dandogrambased on Nei’s
(1978) original measure of genetic
distance, summarizing the
data on differentiation between four
samples of O. sativagenotypesaccording
to RAPD analysis.
Genetic distance between O. sativa populations of four different
rice varieties based on Nei’s 1978 measures of genetic distance.
PONNI IR-20 ADT38 ASD16
PONNI 0.3913 1.7776 1.02564
IR-20 0.3913 1.60944 1.95601
ADT38 1.77767 1.60944 0.8574
ASD16 1.02564 1.95601 0.8574
37. 1 2 3 4 5
Fig: Molecular mapping of fertility restorer gene in basmati rice
using micro satellite marker.
ARice microsatellite marker RM 258 identified to be linked with fertility
restorer gene in PRR- 78 using bulk segregant analysis.
DNA marker (lane 1). Restorer line PRR 78 (lane 2).
CMS line IR 58025 (lane 3).
Fertile bulk showing heterozygous pattern (lane 4).
Sterile bulk showing homozygous pattern (lane 5)
Delhi Mishra etal.2001
38.
39.
40. Fig. 7 : Hybrids identification by using seed protein markers
Bhubaneshwar Panigrahi et al.,2001
45. Advantages:
Highly variable
Easy to detect via PCR
Fast evolving
Co dominant
Disadvantage:
Relatively expensive and time consuming to develop
Initial identification, DNA sequence information necessary
46. 46
PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction
“Amplify” DNA by in-vitro (in plastico)synthesis
Key requirements:
enzyme: Taq DNA polymerase, not denatured at high
temps used to denature DNA
primers: short (~ 20 b) oligonucleotides bind to
denatured DNA, required to start DNA synthesis