Truth and reconciliation in South Africa EntleMorupisi
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established in South Africa in 1996 to investigate human rights abuses during apartheid and facilitate reconciliation. It was comprised of three committees to investigate violations, provide reparations, and consider amnesty applications. The TRC held hearings where victims could share their stories and perpetrators could apply for amnesty. While it helped reveal truth and promote some healing, not all perpetrators were fully truthful and some felt it reopened past wounds. Overall, it advanced reconciliation but did not completely achieve justice or fulfill all of its purposes.
The document discusses various international responses to promoting and enforcing human rights, including United Nations bodies like the General Assembly, Security Council, and Economic and Social Council. It also mentions international courts like the International Court of Justice and tribunals set up to address specific human rights issues. Non-governmental organizations, the media, and social media are described as playing roles in advocating for human rights and deterring violations. However, their effectiveness depends on factors like the openness of individual states and the priorities of different organizations.
Truth and Reconcilliation commission powerpoint done final presentation slide...Buhle Mogoera
A historical presentation on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. Aspects such as the purpose of the commission, key roleplayers of the commision, the stregnths and weaknesses of the commission as well as debates surrounding the commission are disvussed. This presentation is suitable for all interested audiences and is specially targeted at Grade 12 History learners studying Topic 5: The coming of democracy in South Africa and coming to terms with the past.
The document discusses several ways that human rights are incorporated into domestic law in Australia. It notes that the Australian Constitution contains some references to rights but is limited. Statute law and common law also provide some protections of rights, though common law can be overridden by legislation. The roles of separation and division of powers in the constitution are also outlined.
This document summarizes and analyzes the role of truth commissions in transitional societies that have experienced serious human rights abuses. It examines cases where truth commissions were used, such as in South Africa, Haiti, Uganda and Timor-Leste, and compares them to cases where other approaches were taken, like trials in Rwanda or blanket amnesties in Lebanon. It argues that truth commissions are generally more effective than other options at creating national unity and identity, which leads to more stable, rights-respecting democracies. However, each country's situation is unique, and truth commissions have limitations.
Each response is 250 words eachResponse 1For me, this.docxjoellemurphey
Each response is 250 words each
Response 1:
For me, this weeks’ readings were more difficult than last weeks. Human right is such a powerful subject because, in my view, it’s a big “What’s in it for me”? “There was outrage about the Holocaust, but the fact is that genocide and crimes against humanity were integral to European colonization of the 18th through 20th centuries” (Benjamin 2009). I keep circling back to this point as Western Democracies hold themselves in such esteem, a vast majority of issues were self-created through colonization. Only four of the worlds’ countries were not colonized by Europe; Japan, Korea, Thailand, Liberia (Fisher 2015). I believe that legacy of living under forced rule creates a deep, systemic culture of potential abuse. The 2020 Human Rights Watch world reports identifies human rights violations or notable situations in120 nations or 61 percent of all countries (Human Rights Watch 2020). As complete as that sounds, it further reports more situation under investigation (ibid). It includes the United States for its criminal legal system (death penalty, racial disparity of incarcerated), juveniles in the court system, racial justice and policing and on and on. Going back further in our history, our genocide against the Native American population and the linkage between Nazi Germany patterning its Nuremburg Laws after our Jim Crow laws (Rose 2018) should give us pause for thought on why this is so important and how committed we should be to the cause. How did the United States escape shame and punishment for its own apartheid with Jim Crow when South Africa did not? So, we ask how we determine if human rights IOs are effective? Big issues like genocide, famine, displacement, refugees, make headlines, create some international action but then fade into the former news cycle. Human Rights Watch (HRW) provides an annual report on global issues. But how many people know what HRW is? This comes across as rather jaded and I suppose it is a realist point of view as only the strongest survive and nations only act when they can get something in return. Agreeing to human rights treaties offers nothing in return aside from the satisfaction of standing up for other humans.
Hathaway (2007) considers important factors of why states agree to human rights treaties. I find it obvious that less than democratic countries with poor human rights records buck these types of treaties because they have no foundational respect for human rights. The observation, “formal international legal enforcement of the treaties is minimal to nonexistent” Merry (2006), reminds me of Robin Williams describing how the police in the UK stop a crime by saying, “Stop, or I’ll say stop again!” (Williams 1986). It goes back to my original question of what is in it for me? Is naming and shaming the best route (Meernik, et al. 2012)? Is it the boomerang theory? IOs have made strides in broadening our understanding of human rights.
The document provides an overview of how non-governmental organizations can engage with the international human rights system to advance their goals. It discusses key human rights concepts and the creation of the international framework. It also outlines mechanisms for influencing UN human rights committees, including submitting shadow reports and advocating during committee sessions. Organizations are encouraged to use concluding observations in their campaigning and lobbying work to hold states accountable.
This document discusses goals and approaches to transitional justice in countries transitioning from conflict or authoritarian rule to democracy. The goals of transitional justice include ending human rights abuses, establishing the rule of law, investigating past crimes, and promoting reconciliation. Common transitional justice mechanisms discussed include prosecutions, truth commissions, victim reparations, institutional reforms, vetting of public officials, and demobilizing conflict groups. The document also examines legal issues and provides examples of transitional justice approaches used in countries such as South Africa, Chile, Argentina, Cambodia, and Sierra Leone.
Truth and reconciliation in South Africa EntleMorupisi
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established in South Africa in 1996 to investigate human rights abuses during apartheid and facilitate reconciliation. It was comprised of three committees to investigate violations, provide reparations, and consider amnesty applications. The TRC held hearings where victims could share their stories and perpetrators could apply for amnesty. While it helped reveal truth and promote some healing, not all perpetrators were fully truthful and some felt it reopened past wounds. Overall, it advanced reconciliation but did not completely achieve justice or fulfill all of its purposes.
The document discusses various international responses to promoting and enforcing human rights, including United Nations bodies like the General Assembly, Security Council, and Economic and Social Council. It also mentions international courts like the International Court of Justice and tribunals set up to address specific human rights issues. Non-governmental organizations, the media, and social media are described as playing roles in advocating for human rights and deterring violations. However, their effectiveness depends on factors like the openness of individual states and the priorities of different organizations.
Truth and Reconcilliation commission powerpoint done final presentation slide...Buhle Mogoera
A historical presentation on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. Aspects such as the purpose of the commission, key roleplayers of the commision, the stregnths and weaknesses of the commission as well as debates surrounding the commission are disvussed. This presentation is suitable for all interested audiences and is specially targeted at Grade 12 History learners studying Topic 5: The coming of democracy in South Africa and coming to terms with the past.
The document discusses several ways that human rights are incorporated into domestic law in Australia. It notes that the Australian Constitution contains some references to rights but is limited. Statute law and common law also provide some protections of rights, though common law can be overridden by legislation. The roles of separation and division of powers in the constitution are also outlined.
This document summarizes and analyzes the role of truth commissions in transitional societies that have experienced serious human rights abuses. It examines cases where truth commissions were used, such as in South Africa, Haiti, Uganda and Timor-Leste, and compares them to cases where other approaches were taken, like trials in Rwanda or blanket amnesties in Lebanon. It argues that truth commissions are generally more effective than other options at creating national unity and identity, which leads to more stable, rights-respecting democracies. However, each country's situation is unique, and truth commissions have limitations.
Each response is 250 words eachResponse 1For me, this.docxjoellemurphey
Each response is 250 words each
Response 1:
For me, this weeks’ readings were more difficult than last weeks. Human right is such a powerful subject because, in my view, it’s a big “What’s in it for me”? “There was outrage about the Holocaust, but the fact is that genocide and crimes against humanity were integral to European colonization of the 18th through 20th centuries” (Benjamin 2009). I keep circling back to this point as Western Democracies hold themselves in such esteem, a vast majority of issues were self-created through colonization. Only four of the worlds’ countries were not colonized by Europe; Japan, Korea, Thailand, Liberia (Fisher 2015). I believe that legacy of living under forced rule creates a deep, systemic culture of potential abuse. The 2020 Human Rights Watch world reports identifies human rights violations or notable situations in120 nations or 61 percent of all countries (Human Rights Watch 2020). As complete as that sounds, it further reports more situation under investigation (ibid). It includes the United States for its criminal legal system (death penalty, racial disparity of incarcerated), juveniles in the court system, racial justice and policing and on and on. Going back further in our history, our genocide against the Native American population and the linkage between Nazi Germany patterning its Nuremburg Laws after our Jim Crow laws (Rose 2018) should give us pause for thought on why this is so important and how committed we should be to the cause. How did the United States escape shame and punishment for its own apartheid with Jim Crow when South Africa did not? So, we ask how we determine if human rights IOs are effective? Big issues like genocide, famine, displacement, refugees, make headlines, create some international action but then fade into the former news cycle. Human Rights Watch (HRW) provides an annual report on global issues. But how many people know what HRW is? This comes across as rather jaded and I suppose it is a realist point of view as only the strongest survive and nations only act when they can get something in return. Agreeing to human rights treaties offers nothing in return aside from the satisfaction of standing up for other humans.
Hathaway (2007) considers important factors of why states agree to human rights treaties. I find it obvious that less than democratic countries with poor human rights records buck these types of treaties because they have no foundational respect for human rights. The observation, “formal international legal enforcement of the treaties is minimal to nonexistent” Merry (2006), reminds me of Robin Williams describing how the police in the UK stop a crime by saying, “Stop, or I’ll say stop again!” (Williams 1986). It goes back to my original question of what is in it for me? Is naming and shaming the best route (Meernik, et al. 2012)? Is it the boomerang theory? IOs have made strides in broadening our understanding of human rights.
The document provides an overview of how non-governmental organizations can engage with the international human rights system to advance their goals. It discusses key human rights concepts and the creation of the international framework. It also outlines mechanisms for influencing UN human rights committees, including submitting shadow reports and advocating during committee sessions. Organizations are encouraged to use concluding observations in their campaigning and lobbying work to hold states accountable.
This document discusses goals and approaches to transitional justice in countries transitioning from conflict or authoritarian rule to democracy. The goals of transitional justice include ending human rights abuses, establishing the rule of law, investigating past crimes, and promoting reconciliation. Common transitional justice mechanisms discussed include prosecutions, truth commissions, victim reparations, institutional reforms, vetting of public officials, and demobilizing conflict groups. The document also examines legal issues and provides examples of transitional justice approaches used in countries such as South Africa, Chile, Argentina, Cambodia, and Sierra Leone.
The document provides background information on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in South Africa. It discusses the TRC's formation in 1995 to promote reconciliation after apartheid and its three main tasks: to investigate human rights violations between 1960-1994, identify victims for reparations, and grant amnesty to perpetrators who fully disclosed their crimes. Archbishop Desmond Tutu chaired the TRC. Its goals were to acknowledge and record victims' experiences, hold some parties accountable to prevent future abuses, and foster a culture of tolerance rather than covering up past violations.
This document discusses the relationship between human rights and conflict through examining a case study on Syria. It provides background on the conflict in Syria, noting it started as a rebellion against President Assad due to human rights abuses, but turned into a civil war. The document analyzes the conflict through the lens of various articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, finding that even before the civil war, there were widespread abuses of articles protecting the rights to life, liberty, freedom from torture, and equality before the law. As the civil war intensified, grave human rights violations have become commonplace on a daily basis.
The document discusses various topics related to human rights including the United Nations Human Rights Council, measures for protecting child rights, objectives and features of the Human Rights Act 1993 in India, constitution of the National Human Rights Commission in India, collective rights, and the scope of public interest litigation with respect to human rights in India. It provides answers to several questions related to these topics with details on international conventions, classifications of rights, duties of state institutions, and the role of courts in protecting human rights.
Ethical Arguments For And Against Torture
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The document provides an overview of the international human rights system, including:
1) It discusses the key events that prompted the development of international human rights law after World War II and the establishment of the UN.
2) It describes the key human rights documents that make up the International Bill of Rights - the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
3) It provides an overview of the main UN bodies that monitor compliance with human rights treaties, including the Human Rights Council, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and Special Rapporteurs.
Transitional justice is a response to widespread human rights abuses that seeks recognition for victims and promotion of peace, reconciliation, and democracy. It emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s in response to transitions to democracy in Latin America and Eastern Europe. Transitional justice includes criminal prosecutions, truth commissions, reparations programs, and memorialization efforts. The goals of transitional justice are transformation of society, reconstruction, repairing damage done, and reconciliation. It involves both restorative justice through truth and forgiveness, and social justice through reforms and reparations.
Introduction It is the duty of States to promote.pdfbkbk37
The document discusses several topics related to human rights treaties and their implementation:
- States have a duty to uphold human rights at the national level according to international treaties they ratify. Treaty bodies monitor implementation and provide support to states.
- The human rights treaty system has expanded significantly over time with new treaties and bodies. However, fully implementing rights remains a challenge as it requires resources many states lack.
- While almost all states have signed human rights treaties, violations still occur frequently. Critics argue the treaties are too vague and difficult to implement, while supporters counter they still establish important standards. Overall, the document examines both issues with and defenses of the international human rights treaty system.
027 Sample Paragraph Closing Sentences For Essays Essay ThatsnotusLisa Olive
This document discusses the process of requesting and receiving help with an assignment from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines the 5 steps: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism. The document encourages choosing HelpWriting.net for high-quality, original content.
The document discusses the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its moderate success in promoting equality globally. While its commitment to upholding human rights is admirable, the declaration has not always been effectively implemented in particular situations. For example, it failed to create equality between indigenous and white populations in Australia in the late 1940s-1970s. However, in other situations and more recently, the declaration has been quite effective in bringing about changes. The declaration's failure to enforce Aboriginal people's rights in Australia is one example of its limitations. Overall, the declaration has opportunities to repair situations around the world but will never fully establish global equality.
The document provides background information on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in South Africa. It discusses the TRC's formation in 1995 to promote reconciliation after apartheid and its three main tasks: to investigate human rights violations between 1960-1994, identify victims for reparations, and grant amnesty to perpetrators who fully disclosed their crimes. Archbishop Desmond Tutu chaired the TRC. Its goals were to acknowledge and record victims' experiences, hold some parties accountable to prevent future abuses, and foster a culture of tolerance rather than covering up past violations.
This document discusses the relationship between human rights and conflict through examining a case study on Syria. It provides background on the conflict in Syria, noting it started as a rebellion against President Assad due to human rights abuses, but turned into a civil war. The document analyzes the conflict through the lens of various articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, finding that even before the civil war, there were widespread abuses of articles protecting the rights to life, liberty, freedom from torture, and equality before the law. As the civil war intensified, grave human rights violations have become commonplace on a daily basis.
The document discusses various topics related to human rights including the United Nations Human Rights Council, measures for protecting child rights, objectives and features of the Human Rights Act 1993 in India, constitution of the National Human Rights Commission in India, collective rights, and the scope of public interest litigation with respect to human rights in India. It provides answers to several questions related to these topics with details on international conventions, classifications of rights, duties of state institutions, and the role of courts in protecting human rights.
Ethical Arguments For And Against Torture
Arguments Against Torture
Kant Against Torture
Argumentative Essay On Torture
Michael Levins Argument Against Torture
Ethical Arguments Against Torture
Arguments For Torture
Essay about Torture Against Human Rights
Argumentative Essay On Torture
Is Torture Ever Acceptable? Essay
Argument Against Torture
Argument Against Torture
Why Do We Go Against Torture
Arguments Against Torture
Why Torture Should Be Avoided
Michael Levin The Case Against Torture
Geneva Convention Against Torture Essay
The Convention Against Torture Essay
Torture Against Women
The document provides an overview of the international human rights system, including:
1) It discusses the key events that prompted the development of international human rights law after World War II and the establishment of the UN.
2) It describes the key human rights documents that make up the International Bill of Rights - the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
3) It provides an overview of the main UN bodies that monitor compliance with human rights treaties, including the Human Rights Council, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and Special Rapporteurs.
Transitional justice is a response to widespread human rights abuses that seeks recognition for victims and promotion of peace, reconciliation, and democracy. It emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s in response to transitions to democracy in Latin America and Eastern Europe. Transitional justice includes criminal prosecutions, truth commissions, reparations programs, and memorialization efforts. The goals of transitional justice are transformation of society, reconstruction, repairing damage done, and reconciliation. It involves both restorative justice through truth and forgiveness, and social justice through reforms and reparations.
Introduction It is the duty of States to promote.pdfbkbk37
The document discusses several topics related to human rights treaties and their implementation:
- States have a duty to uphold human rights at the national level according to international treaties they ratify. Treaty bodies monitor implementation and provide support to states.
- The human rights treaty system has expanded significantly over time with new treaties and bodies. However, fully implementing rights remains a challenge as it requires resources many states lack.
- While almost all states have signed human rights treaties, violations still occur frequently. Critics argue the treaties are too vague and difficult to implement, while supporters counter they still establish important standards. Overall, the document examines both issues with and defenses of the international human rights treaty system.
027 Sample Paragraph Closing Sentences For Essays Essay ThatsnotusLisa Olive
This document discusses the process of requesting and receiving help with an assignment from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines the 5 steps: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism. The document encourages choosing HelpWriting.net for high-quality, original content.
The document discusses the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its moderate success in promoting equality globally. While its commitment to upholding human rights is admirable, the declaration has not always been effectively implemented in particular situations. For example, it failed to create equality between indigenous and white populations in Australia in the late 1940s-1970s. However, in other situations and more recently, the declaration has been quite effective in bringing about changes. The declaration's failure to enforce Aboriginal people's rights in Australia is one example of its limitations. Overall, the declaration has opportunities to repair situations around the world but will never fully establish global equality.
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7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
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2. Summary
Historical Context
What is a truth commission?
SA TRC Mandate, Aims and Objectives
Reconciliation Focus
Findings, Recommendations and Subsequent
Developments
Criticism
Video: Reconciliation between victims and perpetrators?
Discussion
3. Historical Context
“Apartheid” – segregation 1948-1990
Stripped “colored” and “black” South Africans of civil and
political rights.
Resistance met with police brutality
Opposition groups banned – e.g. ANC
Apartheid system gradually came to an end following int’l
sanctions and end of Cold War
Negotiations between National Party & ANC
Democratic elections held 1994 – Nelson Mandela elected
President.
Interim Constitution passed 1994
Truth and Reconciliation Commission set up to address past
human rights abused under Apartheid.
4. What is a truth commission?
A truth commission is a body that investigates a country’s past
human rights violations – including violations by state actors
and/or armed opposition.
Focus on the past.
Investigate pattern of abuses over time.
Temporary body.
Sanctioned, authorized & empowered by state (Hayner, 2002).
A truth commission is an ad hoc, autonomous and victim-centered
commission of inquiry set up in and authorized by a state for the
primary purposes of:
Investigating and reporting on the principal causes and consequences of
broad and relatively recent patterns of severe violence or repression that
occurred in a state during determinate periods of abusive rule or conflict;
and
Making recommendations for their redress and future prevention
(Freeman, 2006).
5. SA TRC Mandate
Investigate gross human rights violations perpetrated under
Apartheid regime 1960-1994.
Violations by the state
Violations by liberation/opposition movements
TRC could grant amnesty to perpetrators in exchange for full
confession.
Allow victim testimonies: victim-centered approach.
Construct impartial historical record.
Make recommendations on prosecutions, reparations and
institutional reform.
Produce Final Report of findings and recommendations.
6. Aims & Objectives
“The function of truth commissions, like the function of honest
historians, is simply to purify the argument, to narrow the range of
permissible lies” (Ignatieff).
Five Basic Aims of Truth Commissions:
1. To discover, clarify and formally acknowledge past abuses.
2. To respond to specific needs of victims.
3. To contribute to justice and accountability.
4. To outline institutional responsibility and recommend reforms.
5. To promote reconciliation and reduce conflict (Hayner).
8. Findings
849 amnesties granted.
Government destroyed documentary evidence between
1990-94.
Addressed structural violence
Named perpetrators and recommended prosecutions
against those cases where amnesty was rejected.
Produced historical account of causes of violence.
9. Recommendations
Recommended reparations
Financial - $3500/yr x 6yrs
Symbolic – monuments, museums and days of remembrance
community – property/land restitution
Institutional reform
Public participation
Prosecutions
Archive work of TRC
Public apology from goverment
10. Subsequent Developments
Government apology from Pres. Mandela
Commission to oversee reparations; task force to
oversee exhumations of disappeared.
Prosecutions limited.
Reparations delayed and less than recommended.
11. Criticism
Truth commissions cannot/should not force victims to forgive
and/or reconcile with their perpetrators.
Reconciliation approaches sacrifice justice.
Few successful prosecutions.
Victim-centered, but not representative.
Re-traumatizing; re-victimizing.
No follow through on recommendations for reforms, reparations.
(Re)conciliation achieved?
Antjie Krog on (re)-conciliation:“There is nothing to go back to, no
previous state or relationship one would wish to restore.”
12. Video of TRC
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Azz-F0mbWP8
13. Discussion
What do you see as the strengths/weaknesses of the TRC?
After mass violence and genocide, are restorative approaches to
justice appropriate? Or should societies strive to achieve
retributive/punitive justice?
Do you think SA’s victims sacrificed justice for truth?
Do you agree/disagree with Tutu’s view that truth commissions should
and can promote forgiveness and reconciliation?
What are some of the problems with asking victims to forgive
perpetrators; societies to forgive government/institutions that have
perpetrated mass atrocities?
Do you think the amnesty approach is a satisfactory method for
dealing with the past for victims, societies, etc.?
14. References
Hayner, P. (2002) “Unspeakable Truths: Facing the Challenges of Truth
Commissions” Routledge: New York.
Philpott, D. (2012) “Just and Unjust Peace: An Ethic of Political Reconciliation”
OUP: New York.
Tutu, D. (1999) “No Future Without Forgiveness” Random House: London
USIP: http://www.usip.org/publications/truth-commission-south-africa
Transitional Justice: http://tj.facinghistory.org/reading/history-south-african-
truth-reconciliation
http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/unspeakable-truths-truth-
commissions-and-transitional-justice
TRC Report: http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/index.htm
15. Extra Credit 1
Watch the full length video of “Long Night’s Journey Into
Day” (available in Tisch Library Media Center) and write a
500 word report answering at least 3 of the following
discussion questions:
What feelings came forward for you while viewing this film? What stands out for
you most about the film? From the cases in the film, how effective has the TRC
been? Do you think the TRC has satisfied all the people in the film? Why or why
not? Is there a difference in culpability between the person who commits
violence to support an unjust state and the person who commits violence in
order to resist state-sponsored human rights violations? Do the end always
justify the means? Should Blacks have foregone the use of force in response to
White violence and apartheid even when it may have meant continuing to suffer
grave human rights violations? Would you want to know the details behind a
violent crime that affected you in the past? Are there some details you would
not want to know? What is necessary for forgiveness to take place? Is knowing
the truth enough? Would you be able to forgive someone after they admitted to
a heinous act?
16. Extra Credit 2
Read Desmond Tutu’s book, “No Future Without
Forgiveness” (available in Tisch library) and write a 500
word critical review of the book, explaining how
forgiveness and reconciliation are linked to restorative
justice and whether you believe the TRC was
successful in encouraging personal and societal
healing, restoration and reconciliation.