Parts of Cast Partial Dentures
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This document discusses the components and fabrication of a cast partial denture for a Kennedy's Class II modification 1 partially edentulous arch. It describes the major components as the major connector, minor connector, direct retainer, indirect retainer, and rests. It also defines each component and its purpose. The denture will have artificial teeth attached to an acrylic denture base that distributes forces and holds the teeth. The partial denture is cast from a wax pattern using metal like cobalt-chromium.
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This document discusses the posterior palatal seal, including its definition, function, anatomical considerations, techniques for recording it, and potential errors. The key points are:
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2. It is located along the junction of the hard and soft palate and extends from the pterygoid hamulus on either side.
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Minor connectors
Minor connectors are components that connect parts of a removable partial denture like clasps, retainers, and rests to the major connector or denture base. There are 4 types that connect different components. They distribute forces to prevent excessive stress on any one tooth or ridge area. Minor connectors are usually located in interdental embrasures and have sufficient bulk and rigidity. They come in different designs like latticework, mesh, or beads to securely attach the denture base. Proper form, location, finish lines, and attachment to the major connector are important considerations for minor connectors.
Direct retainers
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Minor connectors are components that connect parts of a removable partial denture like clasps, retainers, and rests to the major connector or denture base. There are 4 types that connect different components. They distribute forces to prevent excessive stress on any one tooth or ridge area. Minor connectors are usually located in interdental embrasures and have sufficient bulk and rigidity. They come in different designs like latticework, mesh, or beads to securely attach the denture base. Proper form, location, finish lines, and attachment to the major connector are important considerations for minor connectors.
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This document provides definitions and classifications of direct retainers used in removable partial dentures. It discusses the basic parts of a clasp assembly including the rest, body, shoulder, retentive arm, and terminal. It covers principles of clasp design including retention, support, stability, encirclement and passivity. Factors affecting retention such as clasp type, flexibility, length, diameter, taper, curvature and material are explained. The location of the retentive terminal in the undercut is also an important factor for retention.
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Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
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why is classification needed ? And merits and demerits of kennedy classification. what are different types of partial dentures
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The document discusses five factors that affect occlusal balance: condylar inclination, occlusal plane inclination, incisal guidance, cuspal inclination, and compensating curve. It explains that maintaining a balanced occlusion requires balancing these factors using Theilman's formula. If one factor such as incisal guidance is increased, another such as the compensating curve must also be increased to prevent posterior disclusion. Minimizing incisal guidance in complete dentures can help minimize imbalanced tipping forces.
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This document provides information on preparing class I amalgam cavity restorations. It discusses the materials used for amalgam fillings, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the Black system for cavity preparation, which involves establishing an outline, resistance, retention, and convenience form. It provides details on preparing simple, compound, and complex class I cavities, including removing caries, obtaining the proper depth and angles, and finishing cavity walls. Enameloplasty and cusp capping techniques are also covered. The goal is to conserve tooth structure while ensuring the restoration is retained and can withstand occlusal forces.
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This document defines and describes minor connectors used in removable partial dentures. Minor connectors connect the major connector to other components like clasps, rests, and indirect retainers. They transmit stresses evenly to avoid concentrating loads. The document discusses the different types of minor connectors including those that join clasp assemblies, indirect retainers, and denture bases to the major connector. It provides details on the design considerations for each type.
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Minor connectors connect components like clasps, retainers, and denture bases to the major connector. They transmit stresses evenly to avoid concentrating loads. There are four types: those connecting clasps, indirect retainers, denture bases, or serving as approach arms for bar-type clasps. Forms include latticework, meshwork, or beads/wires. Minor connectors should be located in interdental embrasures when possible and conform to the embrasure shape and anatomy.
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This document defines and describes various dental restoration and prosthetic terms. It discusses direct and indirect dental restorations that restore lost tooth structure and function. It also defines dental appliances, crowns, bridges, partial dentures, and complete dentures. Key components of partial dentures like bases, connectors, clasps, and rests are outlined. Important definitions for terms like flow, viscosity, onlay, adhesion, cohesion, tarnishing, and corrosion are also provided.
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Minor connectors
1) A minor connector is the connecting link between the major connector or denture base and other parts of a removable partial denture like clasps or indirect retainers.
2) Minor connectors serve to transfer functional stresses to abutment teeth and distribute forces applied to one part of the denture throughout the prosthesis.
3) Types of minor connectors include those joining clasps to major connectors, indirect retainers to major connectors, and denture bases to major connectors. Their design depends on factors like rigidity needed and avoiding tissue irritation.
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Minor connectors & rests & rest seats /certified fixed orthodontic courses by...
Minor connectors & rests & rest seats /certified fixed orthodontic courses by...Indian dental academy
The document discusses minor connectors, rests, and rest seats used in removable partial dentures. It defines minor connectors as connecting links between major connectors or bases to other prosthesis units like clasps or indirect retainers. Minor connectors are designed to be rigid and transfer forces between prosthetic and abutment components. The document outlines different types of minor connectors and their basic design principles. It also discusses occlusal, lingual, and incisal rests and rest seats, describing their functions, requirements, considerations, and basic forms for providing support and stabilization in removable partial dentures.Direct and indirect retainers
This document provides definitions and classifications for direct and indirect retainers used in removable partial dentures. It discusses different types of attachments including intracoronal and extracoronal attachments. Key parts of clasp assemblies like the rest, body, shoulder, and retentive arm are defined. Factors affecting clasp retention like tooth contours, clasp design, and materials are covered. The functional requirements of clasps including retention, stability, support, encirclement, reciprocity and passivity are summarized. Guidelines for selecting appropriate clasps based on factors like survey lines and tooth support are also presented.
Minor Connectors.pptx
This ppt gives an entailed description of minor connectors:its form and location,types,indication and significance in removable prosthesis.
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This document provides an introduction to fixed prosthodontics, including terminology, classifications of crowns and bridges, and types of prosthetics. It defines fixed prosthodontics as the replacement of missing teeth by artificial substitutes that are not removable. Crowns are described as restorations that replace the coronal portion of a tooth, and can be full or partial coverage. Bridges are fixed prostheses used to replace one or more missing teeth, consisting of retainers, pontics, and sometimes connectors. Bridges are classified based on retention, materials used, and location in the mouth.
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Removable partial dentures full information
This document discusses the parts, functions, and design principles of removable partial dentures (RPDs). It describes the major components of RPDs including the connectors, retainers, rests, and denture base. The major connectors provide cross-arch stability, while minor connectors transfer forces to abutment teeth. Direct retainers like clasps are used to retain the denture, and indirect retainers provide stabilization. Principles of RPD design include creating a simple, comfortable design that does not harm remaining teeth based on factors like tooth and tissue support, abutment inclination, and occlusion. The sequence of RPD design involves first outlining the retainers, connectors, rests, and joining the denture to established areas
Overdenture
The document discusses overdentures, which are removable partial or complete dentures that cover and rest on one or more remaining natural teeth, tooth roots, or dental implants. Key points include:
- Retaining natural teeth can preserve alveolar bone and periodontal receptors important for function.
- Abutment teeth are prepared with short copings or left uncovered, and attachments may be added to improve retention.
- Overdentures can improve retention, stability, support and proprioception compared to conventional dentures.
- Proper case selection and maintenance are important for long term success.
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Minor connectors & rests & rest seats/ dental implant courses
Minor connectors & rests & rest seats1/endodontic courses
Minor connectors & rests & rest seats1/endodontic courses
Stress breakers a device a myth/prosthodontic courses
Stress breakers a device a myth/prosthodontic courses
Minor connectors & rests & rest seats /certified fixed orthodontic courses by...
Minor connectors & rests & rest seats /certified fixed orthodontic courses by...
Posterior tooth preparationscertified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...
Posterior tooth preparationscertified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...
Más de Aamir Godil
APPLIED ASPECTS OF CAST PARTIAL DENTURE DESIGNING.pptx
This document outlines the steps for designing a cast partial denture for a maxillary arch missing teeth 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26. It describes the sequence as:
1. Direct retainer using an RPI clasp for tooth 14 and a simple circlet clasp for tooth 26
2. Indirect retainer using a cingulum rest for tooth 23
3. Rests including cingulum rests for teeth 13 and 23 and a mesial rest for tooth 26
4. Minor connectors using a lattice type connector and mesh type connectors
5. A major connector of an antero-posterior palatal strap
6. The denture
HANAU WIDE VUE II ARTICULATOR
The document discusses the Hanau Wide-Vue II articulator. It begins by providing Weinberg's classification of articulators and discusses the parts that make up the Hanau Wide-Vue II articulator. It then shows how to mount a facebow transfer on the articulator and program it using records. The document concludes by mentioning some accessories that can be used with the articulator and providing brief instructions for its care and maintenance.
Prosthetic Management of Acquired Maxillary Defects
This document discusses maxillofacial defects and obturators. It begins by describing different types of maxillofacial defects, including those of the maxilla, mandible, palate, and other areas. It then focuses on defects of the maxilla, covering anatomical considerations and classifications of acquired maxillary defects. The document outlines different classes of maxillectomy defects based on the relationship to remaining teeth. Finally, it discusses obturators, including background, classifications, types including surgical, interim and definitive obturators, and fabrication procedures. The overall document provides an overview of maxillofacial defects and classifications of obturators used to treat defects following surgery.
Kennedy’s Classification in Cast Partial Denture
This document discusses Kennedy's classification system for partially edentulous arches and Applegate's rules for applying the Kennedy classification. It provides details on Kennedy's four basic classes for partial edentulism and Applegate's eight rules to govern the application of Kennedy's classification. Examples are given to demonstrate how to use Kennedy's classification and Applegate's rules to classify different clinical scenarios of partial edentulism.
Posterior Teeth Arrangement
The document provides guidelines for arranging posterior teeth in a denture prosthesis. It outlines how to mark reference lines on the occlusal rims to determine the placement of posterior teeth. It then describes how to position each individual tooth, including the maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars, in relation to the occlusal plane, vertical axis, and one another. The key points discussed are Pound's triangle for determining the lingual extent of mandibular posterior teeth and maintaining the curve of Spee.
Anterior Teeth Arrangement
The document discusses the positioning and arrangement of anterior teeth in dentures. It provides guidelines for positioning the maxillary central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine in relation to the vertical axis, occlusal plane, and occlusion rim. Placement of the mandibular central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine are also described. Key points note the average distances of papillae from incisal edges, and that anterior vertical overlap should be 0.5-1mm and horizontal overlap 1-2mm. The maxillary and mandibular canine relationship is also illustrated.
Mean Value Articulator
The document discusses different types of articulators used in dentistry based on various classification systems. It describes Bonwill's theory of condylar guidance which defines a triangle formed by the condylar contact points and incisal edge. It also outlines Sharry's four class classification of articulators based on their adjustability and ability to accept registrations. Key articulator types mentioned are non-adjustable, semi-adjustable, and fully-adjustable.
Components of Fixed Partial Denture
This document discusses the key components of a fixed partial denture (FPD), including the pontic, retainers, connectors, and different classifications of each. It describes the pontic as the artificial tooth that replaces the missing tooth. Pontics can be classified based on their mucosal contact, material used, and fabrication method. Retainers are the portions that unite the pontic to the abutment teeth and can be full or partial crowns. Connectors provide rigidity and come in rigid cast/soldered or more flexible designs like tenon-mortise, loop, and split pontic connectors. The document provides illustrations and considerations for selecting different component designs based on factors like esthetics, oral hy
ABUTMENTS IN FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting abutment teeth for fixed partial dentures. It outlines Ante's law which states the root surface area of abutment teeth should be greater than or equal to the teeth being replaced. Ideal abutments have adequate root length and bone support, proper crown-root ratio, and good periodontal health. Other considerations include a patient's occlusion, arch form, oral health, and long-term prognosis of the abutment teeth. Careful evaluation of anatomical, functional and biological factors is necessary for successful abutment selection and long-term outcomes.
Principles and Philosophy of CPD Design
The document discusses the principles and philosophies of cast partial denture design, including stress equalization, physiologic basing, and broad stress distribution. Stress equalization aims to balance stresses on abutment teeth and residual ridges through the use of stress breakers like hinges or flexible connectors. Physiologic basing involves compressing tissues during the impression to position prosthetic teeth above the occlusal plane at rest. Broad stress distribution advocates distributing forces over many teeth and soft tissues through additional clasps and broad denture bases. The philosophies aim to prevent trauma to remaining structures by managing stresses.
INTRODUCTION TO DIRECT RETAINERS IN CPD
This document discusses direct retainers for removable partial dentures. It defines direct retainers as components that retain and prevent dislodgement of RPDs, including clasp assemblies and attachments. Direct retainers are classified as either intracoronal or extracoronal. Extracoronal retainers include attachments and retentive clasp assemblies, which are further described in terms of their basic parts and design requirements to provide retention, support, stability, and protection of abutment teeth. Factors affecting the amount of retention provided by clasps include the flexibility, length, diameter, and material of the retentive arm.
Cast partial denture design
This document provides an overview of cast partial denture design. It discusses the steps in planning a cast partial denture, components such as direct and indirect retainers, rests, connectors, and Kennedy's classification system. Design considerations are presented for different Kennedy classes for both maxillary and mandibular cast partial dentures, including the use of straps, bars, clasps and rests. The key differences between tooth-supported and tooth-tissue supported cast partial dentures are also summarized.
ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF EDENTULOUS MAXILLA
This document discusses the anatomical landmarks of the maxilla that are important for complete denture construction. It defines stress bearing areas, relief areas, and limiting areas. Stress bearing areas include the postero-lateral slopes of the hard palate, residual alveolar ridge, rugae, and maxillary tuberosity. Relief areas are the incisive papilla, mid-palatine raphae, zygomatic process, sharp spiny spicules, torus palatinus, and cuspid eminence. Limiting areas are the labial frenum, labial vestibule, buccal frenum, buccal vestibule, anterior and posterior vibrating lines,
INTRODUCTION TO PROSTHODONTICS AND COMPLETE DENTURES
This document provides an introduction to prosthodontics and complete dentures. It defines prosthodontics as the branch of dentistry concerned with replacing missing teeth and oral tissues with dental prostheses. Complete dentures are described as prostheses that replace the entire dentition. The key steps in fabricating complete dentures are outlined, including taking impressions, constructing dental casts, arranging teeth on the cast, processing the denture, and inserting the final prosthesis. Proper maintenance of complete dentures is emphasized.
TOOTH PREPARATION: FULL VENEER ANTERIOR PFM
Principles and Technique of Tooth Preparation of a Maxillary Central Incisor to Receive a Porcelain Fused to Metal Crown
INDIRECT RETAINERS IN CAST PARTIAL DENTURES
The document discusses indirect retainers in cast partial dentures. Indirect retainers are components located away from the primary abutment tooth that help control movement of the denture base. They work by resisting rotational movement around the fulcrum line when forces are applied. The most effective location for an indirect retainer is as far from the fulcrum line as possible, typically on a canine or first premolar tooth. In addition to preventing movement away from tissues, indirect retainers can help reduce torque on abutments, stabilize the denture against horizontal movement, and provide auxiliary support to the major connector. Common forms include auxiliary occlusal rests, canine rests, cingulum bars and lingual plates.
BIOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OF TOOTH PREPARATION
The document discusses the principles of tooth preparation for dental restorations. It is divided into three categories: biologic considerations which focus on tissue health, mechanical considerations related to restoration integrity and durability, and esthetic considerations affecting patient appearance. Key points include the importance of conserving tooth structure, placing margins for easy finishing and hygiene, designing taper and contours for adequate retention and resistance, and selecting materials and techniques to meet esthetic needs. Proper tooth preparation is essential for successful long-term restoration outcomes.
TOOTH PREPARATION: FULL VENEER CAST METAL CROWN
This document discusses tooth preparation principles for fixed partial dentures (FPDs). It outlines the biologic, mechanical, and esthetic considerations for tooth preparation, including prevention of damage to the pulp and periodontium, conservative preparation, and supragingival margin placement. Margin geometries like chamfer, shoulder, and knife edge are described. Preparation designs for all-metal and porcelain fused to metal crowns are provided, including occlusal reduction of 1-1.5mm, axial reduction of 0.5-1mm, and placement of retentive features like grooves and pinholes. The steps of occlusal guiding grooves, axial reduction, breaking proximal contacts, and finishing are explained. Images
COMPONENTS OF FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
This document discusses the key components of a fixed partial denture (FPD), including the pontic, retainers, and connectors. It describes different classifications for pontics based on their mucosal contact, material used, and method of fabrication. Common pontic designs include the ridge lap, ovate, conical, and sanitary pontics. Retainers are classified based on tooth coverage and material. Connectors can be rigid or non-rigid, with examples of non-rigid connectors being tenon-mortise, loop, split pontic, and cross pin/wing connectors. Factors like abutment alignment, appearance, tooth condition, cost, and tooth preservation influence retainer choice.
Oral mucosal lesions in denture wearers
The document discusses oral mucosal lesions that can occur in denture wearers. It describes several types of denture-related mucosal lesions (DMLs) such as traumatic ulcers, denture-induced stomatitis, and denture hyperplasia. It also discusses non-denture related lesions including fissured tongue and lichen planus. A statistical analysis found the most common DMLs were traumatic ulcers and denture stomatitis. Complete denture wearers had higher rates of DMLs while partial denture wearers saw more stomatitis. The document provides details on clinical presentation and management of several specific oral lesions.
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APPLIED ASPECTS OF CAST PARTIAL DENTURE DESIGNING.pptx
APPLIED ASPECTS OF CAST PARTIAL DENTURE DESIGNING.pptx
Prosthetic Management of Acquired Maxillary Defects
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INTRODUCTION TO PROSTHODONTICS AND COMPLETE DENTURES
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Hiranandani Hospital Powai News [Read Now].pdf
Hiranandani Hospital in Powai, Mumbai, is a premier healthcare institution that has been serving the community with exceptional medical care since its establishment. As a part of the renowned Hiranandani Group, the hospital is committed to delivering world-class healthcare services across a wide range of specialties, including kidney transplantation. With its state-of-the-art facilities, advanced medical technology, and a team of highly skilled healthcare professionals, Hiranandani Hospital has earned a reputation as a trusted name in the healthcare industry. The hospital's patient-centric approach, coupled with its focus on innovation and excellence, ensures that patients receive the highest standard of care in a compassionate and supportive environment.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
This document outlines policies and procedures for handling narcotic and controlled drugs in NABH accredited hospitals.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.Journal Article Review on Rasamanikya
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Ketone bodies and metabolism-biochemistry
This slide consists of all the topics of ketone . This can be used for exam purpose for writing about Diabetic keto acidosis etc . Thank you
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
More than 20 participants took part everyday !
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
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Parts of Cast Partial Dentures
- 2. Maxillary and mandibular Kennedy’s Class II modification 1 partially edentulous arch
- 5. Cast • Prepared by casting procedure. • Wax pattern fabricated is replaced by metal (e.g. Co-Cr) by casting. Partial • Used for partially edentulous arches Denture • Replaces one or more missing teeth to enhance function and esthetics
- 6. Cast partial dentures for maxillary and mandibular Kennedy’s Class II modification 1 partially edentulous arch
- 7. No metal framework Wrought wire / SS clasps Made only of acrylic Only for temporary use TPD
- 9. Cast partial denture framework for maxillary and mandibular Kennedy’s Class II modification 1 partially edentulous arch
- 12. Major Connector Direct Retainer Indirect Retainer Minor Connector Rest (as a part of direct retainer assembly)
- 13. Major Connector Direct Retainer Indirect Retainer Denture Teeth Rest (as a part of direct retainer assembly) Acrylic Denture Base Minor Connector
- 14. Direct Retainer: "A clasp or attachment placed on an abutment tooth for the purpose of holding a removable denture in position."
- 15. Indirect Retainer: “A part of a removable partial denture which assists the direct retainers in preventing displacement of distal extension denture bases by functioning through lever action on the opposite side of the fulcrum line"
- 16. Rest (as a part of direct retainer assembly): " A rigid extension of a fixed or removable partial denture which contacts a remaining tooth or teeth to dissipate vertical or horizontal forces."
- 17. Major Connector: “A part of a removable partial denture which connects the components on one side of the arch to the components on the opposite side of the arch"
- 18. Minor Connector: "The connecting link between the major connector or base of a removable partial denture and other units of the prosthesis, such as clasps, indirect retainers and occlusal rests."
- 19. Denture teeth on acrylic denture base: • Denture base is the part of the denture that forms the tissue surface of the denture over the edentulous area. It is usually made of acrylic resin. • It helps to distribute the forces acting on the denture over the entire residual ridge. • The denture base also functions to hold the tooth replacements in position.