This document provides an overview of metrology and measurements. It discusses key concepts in metrology including calibration, traceability, uncertainty, and accreditation. It defines metrology as the science of measurement and explains its importance. Metrology covers defining measurement units, establishing measurement standards, and documenting measurement accuracy. There are different categories of metrology including scientific, industrial, and legal metrology. The document also discusses various measurement tools and gauges used in industrial metrology.
This document provides an overview of mechanical measurements and metrology. It discusses key concepts like accuracy, precision, types of errors in measurement, calibration, standards, and classification of measuring instruments. The objectives of metrology are outlined as ensuring measuring instruments are adequate and maintained through calibration. Factors affecting measurement accuracy are explored including the standard, workpiece, instrument, operator, and environment. Common methods of measurement and classification of instruments are also summarized.
1) Metrology is the science of measurement and involves the establishment, reproduction, and transfer of measurement standards. Dimensional metrology deals specifically with measuring the dimensions of parts and workpieces.
2) Inspection is needed to determine true dimensions, convert measurements, ensure design specifications are met, evaluate performance, and ensure interchangeability for mass production. Accuracy refers to closeness to the true value while precision refers to reproducibility of measurements.
3) Key elements of a measuring system include standards, the workpiece, instruments, human operators, and the environment. Objectives of metrology include evaluation, process capability determination, instrument capability determination, cost reduction, and standardization of methods.
Chapter-1_Mechanical Measurement and Metrologysudhanvavk
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on instrumentation. The course aims to teach students about advances in technology and measurement techniques. It will cover various flow measurement techniques. The course outcomes are listed, along with the cognitive level and linked program outcomes for each. The teaching hours for each unit are provided. The document gives an overview of the course content and blueprint of marks for the semester end exam. It provides details on the units to be covered, including measuring instruments, transducers and strain gauges, measurement of force, torque and pressure, and more.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on instrumentation. The course aims to teach students about advances in technology and measurement techniques. It will cover various flow measurement techniques. The course outcomes are listed, along with the cognitive level and linked program outcomes for each. The teaching hours for each unit are provided. The document gives an overview of the course content and blueprint of marks for the semester end examination. It provides details on the units to be covered, including measuring instruments, transducers and strain gauges, measurement of force, torque and pressure, and more.
The document discusses various linear and angular measurement instruments. It describes different types of linear measurement devices including vernier calipers, micrometers, gauge blocks, and comparators. It also covers angular measurement tools such as bevel protractors, universal bevel protectors, clinometers, and angle gauges. The document provides details on the components, use, and reading of key linear and angular measuring instruments.
This document contains lesson notes on metrology and measurements from KIT - Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology in Coimbatore, India. It discusses the basics of metrology including the need for metrology due to mass production, elements that affect precision and accuracy in measurements, types of errors, and standards used in metrology. The document provides definitions and explanations of key metrological terms and concepts. It also examines factors that influence the accuracy of measuring systems such as standards, workpieces, instruments, operators, and the environment.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on metrology and measurements. It covers 5 units: basics of metrology, measurement of linear and angular dimensions, tolerance analysis, metrology of surfaces, and advances in metrology. The objectives of the course are to prepare students to explain the importance of measurement, apply measurement principles and instruments, interpret tolerances, apply form and surface metrology, and use measurements for quality control. Key topics include measurement fundamentals, instruments, geometric tolerancing, surface measurement, lasers, CMM, and machine vision.
This document provides an overview of mechanical measurements and metrology. It discusses key concepts like accuracy, precision, types of errors in measurement, calibration, standards, and classification of measuring instruments. The objectives of metrology are outlined as ensuring measuring instruments are adequate and maintained through calibration. Factors affecting measurement accuracy are explored including the standard, workpiece, instrument, operator, and environment. Common methods of measurement and classification of instruments are also summarized.
1) Metrology is the science of measurement and involves the establishment, reproduction, and transfer of measurement standards. Dimensional metrology deals specifically with measuring the dimensions of parts and workpieces.
2) Inspection is needed to determine true dimensions, convert measurements, ensure design specifications are met, evaluate performance, and ensure interchangeability for mass production. Accuracy refers to closeness to the true value while precision refers to reproducibility of measurements.
3) Key elements of a measuring system include standards, the workpiece, instruments, human operators, and the environment. Objectives of metrology include evaluation, process capability determination, instrument capability determination, cost reduction, and standardization of methods.
Chapter-1_Mechanical Measurement and Metrologysudhanvavk
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on instrumentation. The course aims to teach students about advances in technology and measurement techniques. It will cover various flow measurement techniques. The course outcomes are listed, along with the cognitive level and linked program outcomes for each. The teaching hours for each unit are provided. The document gives an overview of the course content and blueprint of marks for the semester end exam. It provides details on the units to be covered, including measuring instruments, transducers and strain gauges, measurement of force, torque and pressure, and more.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on instrumentation. The course aims to teach students about advances in technology and measurement techniques. It will cover various flow measurement techniques. The course outcomes are listed, along with the cognitive level and linked program outcomes for each. The teaching hours for each unit are provided. The document gives an overview of the course content and blueprint of marks for the semester end examination. It provides details on the units to be covered, including measuring instruments, transducers and strain gauges, measurement of force, torque and pressure, and more.
The document discusses various linear and angular measurement instruments. It describes different types of linear measurement devices including vernier calipers, micrometers, gauge blocks, and comparators. It also covers angular measurement tools such as bevel protractors, universal bevel protectors, clinometers, and angle gauges. The document provides details on the components, use, and reading of key linear and angular measuring instruments.
This document contains lesson notes on metrology and measurements from KIT - Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology in Coimbatore, India. It discusses the basics of metrology including the need for metrology due to mass production, elements that affect precision and accuracy in measurements, types of errors, and standards used in metrology. The document provides definitions and explanations of key metrological terms and concepts. It also examines factors that influence the accuracy of measuring systems such as standards, workpieces, instruments, operators, and the environment.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on metrology and measurements. It covers 5 units: basics of metrology, measurement of linear and angular dimensions, tolerance analysis, metrology of surfaces, and advances in metrology. The objectives of the course are to prepare students to explain the importance of measurement, apply measurement principles and instruments, interpret tolerances, apply form and surface metrology, and use measurements for quality control. Key topics include measurement fundamentals, instruments, geometric tolerancing, surface measurement, lasers, CMM, and machine vision.
This document discusses metrology, which is the science of measurement. It covers key concepts in metrology including standards of measurement, accuracy vs precision, limits, fits and tolerances.
The document is divided into six modules which cover topics such as comparison measurement tools, screw thread and gear measurement, quality control principles, and statistical process control tools. Measurement standards including line, end, and wavelength standards are explained. International tolerance grades and limits of size are also summarized.
Metrology is the science of measurement. It has three main tasks: defining measurement units, realizing measurement units through scientific methods, and establishing traceability in documenting measurement accuracy. Metrology is essential in scientific research and various industries. It covers establishing standards, developing measurement methods, analyzing errors, and ensuring instrument accuracy. Metrology helps plan lives and enable commercial exchanges with confidence as measurements can be seen everywhere.
This document provides an introduction to metrology and linear and angular measurements. It defines metrology as the science of measurement and discusses the objectives, need for inspection, classification of measuring instruments, types of errors, definition of standards, subdivision of standards, and line standards. It also describes primary, secondary, tertiary and working standards. Measurement methods can be direct comparison or indirect comparison through a calibrated system. Accuracy indicates deviation from the true value while precision is the ability to reproduce results.
The document discusses various topics related to metrology. It begins by defining metrology as the science of measurement and dividing it into two main types - industrial metrology and medical metrology. Some key points covered include the importance of length and time measurements, analyzing measurement errors, gauges design and manufacturing, and industrial inspection. It also discusses types of metrology like scientific, industrial, legal and fundamental metrology. Specific measuring instruments like vernier calipers, micrometers, and slip gauges are explained in detail. The document concludes by covering various other metrology topics such as measurement principles, linear measuring instruments, and applications of limit gauges.
The document discusses key concepts in metrology including:
1. Metrology is defined as the science of measurement and covers manufacturing, calibration, and defining measurement standards.
2. The objectives of metrology include providing accuracy at low cost, standardizing methods, and reducing errors and costs.
3. Measurement methods can be direct, indirect, absolute, comparative, and others. Precision refers to repeatability while accuracy requires agreement with true values.
Metrology is the science of measurement and its application by national metrology institutes to ensure measurements are fit for their intended purpose. It has three key activities: defining standard units of measurement, establishing reference measurements, and linking actual measurements to references. Metrology includes scientific, technical, and legal domains. It is important for manufacturing quality control and legal traceability. Advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of nano metrology. The objectives of metrology are to determine measurement needs, evaluate new instruments, standardize methods, and solve measurement problems. Measurement and inspection are necessary for product specifications, process monitoring, and interchangeability. Various measurement standards and instrument types exist for different applications.
METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT Unit 1 notes (5 files merged)MechRtc
Metrology is the science of measurement. It is concerned with establishing standards of measurement, measuring errors and uncertainties, and ensuring uniformity of measurements. Metrology has applications in industry, commerce, and public health/safety. It functions to maintain standards, train professionals, regulate manufacturers, and conduct research to improve measurement methods and accuracy. Proper measurement requires standards, instruments, trained personnel, and control of environmental factors that could influence results. Sources of error include the measuring system and process itself as well as environmental and loading factors. Accuracy depends on the operator, temperature, measurement method, and instrument deformation.
IRJET- Design and Manufacturing of Relation GaugesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and manufacturing of relation gauges. It begins with an abstract that introduces relation gauges and their purpose for precise inspection. It then provides 3 sentences:
Relation gauges are inspection tools designed and manufactured to precisely measure parts according to design standards and specifications. Various gauges are discussed, including plug, pin, and snap gauges used to measure dimensions. The document focuses on the methodology for developing a relation gauge, including design analysis, machining, heat treatment, and assembly to provide a precise and durable gauge for mass production inspection.
1. Metrology is the science of measurement and its application. It involves establishing standards of measurement and measurement procedures for accuracy.
2. There are different types of metrology including legal metrology which deals with measurement standards and regulations, and dynamic metrology which measures small continuous variations.
3. The objectives of metrology include evaluating new products, determining process capabilities, minimizing inspection costs, and maintaining measurement accuracy. It is important for scientific research, production, and automation.
This document discusses measurement standards and metrology. It defines metrology as the science of measurement and describes standards as rules universally accepted for measuring quantity, weight, extent, value or quality. It then discusses different types of measurement standards including line standards, end standards and wavelength standards. The document also covers terminology related to measurements including accuracy, precision, sensitivity, resolution, range and stability. It describes the differences between repeatability and reproducibility in measurement systems. Finally, it categorizes measuring instruments and discusses sources of errors in measurements.
This document discusses various quality control concepts and methods used in manufacturing including:
- Six Sigma which aims to reduce defects through statistical analysis and setting a target of 3.4 defects per million
- Lean manufacturing which focuses on maximizing efficiency and minimizing waste
- ISO and ANSI standards which set international and national standards for quality and manufacturing processes
- Statistical process control which uses statistical analysis and control charts to monitor manufacturing processes and identify sources of variation
- Quality inspection equipment including gauges, metrology equipment, indicators, and visual inspection tools like comparators and microscopes used to evaluate products.
This document summarizes a micro-project report on dial gauge indicators submitted by three students for their diploma in mechanical engineering. It includes sections on the introduction, objectives, methodology, results, and conclusion of the project. Specifically, it describes the operating principle of dial gauge indicators, different types of indicators, their applications in mechanical engineering, advantages and disadvantages. It also provides step-by-step instructions on how to properly use and read measurements from a dial gauge indicator.
This document provides an overview of the DEE1012 measurement course. It outlines the course learning outcomes, which are to apply measurement principles and solve problems using measuring operations and theorems. The document then details several topics that will be covered in the course, including the measurement process, elements of a measurement system, types of errors, measurement terminology, characteristics of measurement, and standards used in measurement. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts. References are listed at the end.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the measurement system of an optical micrometer machine using gauge repeatability and reproducibility (Gage R&R) techniques. Five operators performed measurements on test parts using the machine. The measurements were statistically analyzed using methods like analysis of variance to determine sources of variability and ensure accuracy of the measurement system. Factors like temperature effects, precision of measurements for different part features, and comparisons of measurement analysis methods were also examined. The goal was to enhance understanding of the machine's measurement capabilities and identify ways to improve measurement quality.
This document provides an introduction to mechanical measurement and metrology. It discusses key topics including the definition and objectives of metrology, the need for inspection in manufacturing, and historical standards of length measurement. Specifically, it describes the imperial standard yard which was a bronze bar established in 1855 as an accurate length standard in England. It also outlines the international prototype meter, established in 1875, which defines the standard meter and is made of platinum-iridium alloy. The objectives of metrology in modern engineering are listed, such as evaluating new products, determining process capabilities, and maintaining measurement accuracies.
This document provides an introduction to mechanical measurement and metrology. It discusses key topics including the definition and objectives of metrology, the need for inspection in manufacturing, and historical standards of length measurement. Specifically, it describes how metrology involves establishing measurement units and standards, methods, error analysis, and inspection techniques. It also outlines the imperial standard yard used in England and the international prototype meter established in France as early material standards of length.
This document provides an introduction to mechanical measurement and metrology. It discusses key topics including the definition and objectives of metrology, the need for inspection in manufacturing, and historical standards of length measurement. Specifically, it describes how metrology involves establishing measurement units and standards, methods, error analysis, and inspection techniques. It also explains how mass production requires inspection to ensure interchangeability of parts. Lastly, it provides details on imperial standard yards and the international prototype meter, which were early material standards used to define the yard and meter units of length.
Metrology & The Consequences of Bad Measurement DecisionsRick Hogan
This document discusses the importance of metrology and the consequences of bad measurement decisions. It provides examples of failures that resulted from one or more inadequate elements: requirements that were not linked to performance, uncalibrated equipment, and improper measurement procedures. Consequences ranged from mission failures costing over $1 billion to loss of life. Ensuring measurements have good requirements, equipment, and processes is critical to making correct decisions and avoiding risk.
This document discusses metrology and measurement tools. It begins with definitions of metrology and its branches. Key points include that metrology is the science of measurement, and there are three main types of metrology. The document then covers the history of measuring length, mass, and time. It discusses important measurement systems like MKS, CGS, and FPS. The functions of inspection departments and advantages are outlined. Finally, common tools for inspection like calipers, micrometers, and gages are described, as well as linear and angular measuring devices.
This document contains a question bank with 50 questions and answers related to engineering metrology. Some key points covered include:
- Definitions of accuracy, error, tolerance, fits, and other metrology terms
- Objectives of metrology and types of measuring instruments
- Line and end standards, slip gauges, sine bars, comparators and other measurement tools
- Sources of error, selection of instruments, and calibration
- Tolerances, limits, interchangeability, and gauge design principles
- Angular measurement tools like auto-collimators and protractors
- Surface measurement of roughness and different grading scales
This document discusses the Universal Measuring Machine (UMM) and its advantages over a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). The UMM can inspect geometric features of parts more accurately than a CMM and can resolve the exact nature of errors in complex parts. Key components of the UMM include its ability to measure length, geometry, divide circles, and assess roundness. Attaining mechanical accuracy with the UMM requires mastery of these four areas. Inspection with a UMM requires carefully mounting workpieces and allows measuring small holes and awkward shapes using microscopes.
This document discusses metrology, which is the science of measurement. It covers key concepts in metrology including standards of measurement, accuracy vs precision, limits, fits and tolerances.
The document is divided into six modules which cover topics such as comparison measurement tools, screw thread and gear measurement, quality control principles, and statistical process control tools. Measurement standards including line, end, and wavelength standards are explained. International tolerance grades and limits of size are also summarized.
Metrology is the science of measurement. It has three main tasks: defining measurement units, realizing measurement units through scientific methods, and establishing traceability in documenting measurement accuracy. Metrology is essential in scientific research and various industries. It covers establishing standards, developing measurement methods, analyzing errors, and ensuring instrument accuracy. Metrology helps plan lives and enable commercial exchanges with confidence as measurements can be seen everywhere.
This document provides an introduction to metrology and linear and angular measurements. It defines metrology as the science of measurement and discusses the objectives, need for inspection, classification of measuring instruments, types of errors, definition of standards, subdivision of standards, and line standards. It also describes primary, secondary, tertiary and working standards. Measurement methods can be direct comparison or indirect comparison through a calibrated system. Accuracy indicates deviation from the true value while precision is the ability to reproduce results.
The document discusses various topics related to metrology. It begins by defining metrology as the science of measurement and dividing it into two main types - industrial metrology and medical metrology. Some key points covered include the importance of length and time measurements, analyzing measurement errors, gauges design and manufacturing, and industrial inspection. It also discusses types of metrology like scientific, industrial, legal and fundamental metrology. Specific measuring instruments like vernier calipers, micrometers, and slip gauges are explained in detail. The document concludes by covering various other metrology topics such as measurement principles, linear measuring instruments, and applications of limit gauges.
The document discusses key concepts in metrology including:
1. Metrology is defined as the science of measurement and covers manufacturing, calibration, and defining measurement standards.
2. The objectives of metrology include providing accuracy at low cost, standardizing methods, and reducing errors and costs.
3. Measurement methods can be direct, indirect, absolute, comparative, and others. Precision refers to repeatability while accuracy requires agreement with true values.
Metrology is the science of measurement and its application by national metrology institutes to ensure measurements are fit for their intended purpose. It has three key activities: defining standard units of measurement, establishing reference measurements, and linking actual measurements to references. Metrology includes scientific, technical, and legal domains. It is important for manufacturing quality control and legal traceability. Advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of nano metrology. The objectives of metrology are to determine measurement needs, evaluate new instruments, standardize methods, and solve measurement problems. Measurement and inspection are necessary for product specifications, process monitoring, and interchangeability. Various measurement standards and instrument types exist for different applications.
METROLOGY & MEASUREMENT Unit 1 notes (5 files merged)MechRtc
Metrology is the science of measurement. It is concerned with establishing standards of measurement, measuring errors and uncertainties, and ensuring uniformity of measurements. Metrology has applications in industry, commerce, and public health/safety. It functions to maintain standards, train professionals, regulate manufacturers, and conduct research to improve measurement methods and accuracy. Proper measurement requires standards, instruments, trained personnel, and control of environmental factors that could influence results. Sources of error include the measuring system and process itself as well as environmental and loading factors. Accuracy depends on the operator, temperature, measurement method, and instrument deformation.
IRJET- Design and Manufacturing of Relation GaugesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and manufacturing of relation gauges. It begins with an abstract that introduces relation gauges and their purpose for precise inspection. It then provides 3 sentences:
Relation gauges are inspection tools designed and manufactured to precisely measure parts according to design standards and specifications. Various gauges are discussed, including plug, pin, and snap gauges used to measure dimensions. The document focuses on the methodology for developing a relation gauge, including design analysis, machining, heat treatment, and assembly to provide a precise and durable gauge for mass production inspection.
1. Metrology is the science of measurement and its application. It involves establishing standards of measurement and measurement procedures for accuracy.
2. There are different types of metrology including legal metrology which deals with measurement standards and regulations, and dynamic metrology which measures small continuous variations.
3. The objectives of metrology include evaluating new products, determining process capabilities, minimizing inspection costs, and maintaining measurement accuracy. It is important for scientific research, production, and automation.
This document discusses measurement standards and metrology. It defines metrology as the science of measurement and describes standards as rules universally accepted for measuring quantity, weight, extent, value or quality. It then discusses different types of measurement standards including line standards, end standards and wavelength standards. The document also covers terminology related to measurements including accuracy, precision, sensitivity, resolution, range and stability. It describes the differences between repeatability and reproducibility in measurement systems. Finally, it categorizes measuring instruments and discusses sources of errors in measurements.
This document discusses various quality control concepts and methods used in manufacturing including:
- Six Sigma which aims to reduce defects through statistical analysis and setting a target of 3.4 defects per million
- Lean manufacturing which focuses on maximizing efficiency and minimizing waste
- ISO and ANSI standards which set international and national standards for quality and manufacturing processes
- Statistical process control which uses statistical analysis and control charts to monitor manufacturing processes and identify sources of variation
- Quality inspection equipment including gauges, metrology equipment, indicators, and visual inspection tools like comparators and microscopes used to evaluate products.
This document summarizes a micro-project report on dial gauge indicators submitted by three students for their diploma in mechanical engineering. It includes sections on the introduction, objectives, methodology, results, and conclusion of the project. Specifically, it describes the operating principle of dial gauge indicators, different types of indicators, their applications in mechanical engineering, advantages and disadvantages. It also provides step-by-step instructions on how to properly use and read measurements from a dial gauge indicator.
This document provides an overview of the DEE1012 measurement course. It outlines the course learning outcomes, which are to apply measurement principles and solve problems using measuring operations and theorems. The document then details several topics that will be covered in the course, including the measurement process, elements of a measurement system, types of errors, measurement terminology, characteristics of measurement, and standards used in measurement. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts. References are listed at the end.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the measurement system of an optical micrometer machine using gauge repeatability and reproducibility (Gage R&R) techniques. Five operators performed measurements on test parts using the machine. The measurements were statistically analyzed using methods like analysis of variance to determine sources of variability and ensure accuracy of the measurement system. Factors like temperature effects, precision of measurements for different part features, and comparisons of measurement analysis methods were also examined. The goal was to enhance understanding of the machine's measurement capabilities and identify ways to improve measurement quality.
This document provides an introduction to mechanical measurement and metrology. It discusses key topics including the definition and objectives of metrology, the need for inspection in manufacturing, and historical standards of length measurement. Specifically, it describes the imperial standard yard which was a bronze bar established in 1855 as an accurate length standard in England. It also outlines the international prototype meter, established in 1875, which defines the standard meter and is made of platinum-iridium alloy. The objectives of metrology in modern engineering are listed, such as evaluating new products, determining process capabilities, and maintaining measurement accuracies.
This document provides an introduction to mechanical measurement and metrology. It discusses key topics including the definition and objectives of metrology, the need for inspection in manufacturing, and historical standards of length measurement. Specifically, it describes how metrology involves establishing measurement units and standards, methods, error analysis, and inspection techniques. It also outlines the imperial standard yard used in England and the international prototype meter established in France as early material standards of length.
This document provides an introduction to mechanical measurement and metrology. It discusses key topics including the definition and objectives of metrology, the need for inspection in manufacturing, and historical standards of length measurement. Specifically, it describes how metrology involves establishing measurement units and standards, methods, error analysis, and inspection techniques. It also explains how mass production requires inspection to ensure interchangeability of parts. Lastly, it provides details on imperial standard yards and the international prototype meter, which were early material standards used to define the yard and meter units of length.
Metrology & The Consequences of Bad Measurement DecisionsRick Hogan
This document discusses the importance of metrology and the consequences of bad measurement decisions. It provides examples of failures that resulted from one or more inadequate elements: requirements that were not linked to performance, uncalibrated equipment, and improper measurement procedures. Consequences ranged from mission failures costing over $1 billion to loss of life. Ensuring measurements have good requirements, equipment, and processes is critical to making correct decisions and avoiding risk.
This document discusses metrology and measurement tools. It begins with definitions of metrology and its branches. Key points include that metrology is the science of measurement, and there are three main types of metrology. The document then covers the history of measuring length, mass, and time. It discusses important measurement systems like MKS, CGS, and FPS. The functions of inspection departments and advantages are outlined. Finally, common tools for inspection like calipers, micrometers, and gages are described, as well as linear and angular measuring devices.
This document contains a question bank with 50 questions and answers related to engineering metrology. Some key points covered include:
- Definitions of accuracy, error, tolerance, fits, and other metrology terms
- Objectives of metrology and types of measuring instruments
- Line and end standards, slip gauges, sine bars, comparators and other measurement tools
- Sources of error, selection of instruments, and calibration
- Tolerances, limits, interchangeability, and gauge design principles
- Angular measurement tools like auto-collimators and protractors
- Surface measurement of roughness and different grading scales
This document discusses the Universal Measuring Machine (UMM) and its advantages over a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). The UMM can inspect geometric features of parts more accurately than a CMM and can resolve the exact nature of errors in complex parts. Key components of the UMM include its ability to measure length, geometry, divide circles, and assess roundness. Attaining mechanical accuracy with the UMM requires mastery of these four areas. Inspection with a UMM requires carefully mounting workpieces and allows measuring small holes and awkward shapes using microscopes.
Person A is more accurate since their measurements are closer to the true length of 17.0 cm. Person B is more precise since their measurements are more consistent even though they are not as close to the true length.
The document discusses process planning activities, including calculating process parameters, selecting jigs and fixtures, and estimating costs. It covers determining cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut based on factors like the workpiece material. Jigs and fixtures are explained, including how they differ and their advantages in increasing accuracy, interchangeability and productivity while reducing costs. Process planning steps are outlined as selecting operations, machines, tools, and optimal parameters to minimize time and cost.
This document provides an introduction to cost estimation. It defines cost estimation as estimating the expected cost of producing a job or product before production begins. It also defines cost accounting as determining the actual cost of a product after adding expenses from various departments.
The document outlines several objectives of cost estimation such as determining if a project will be economical, helping to set the selling price, and enabling management to plan financing and procurement. It also describes different types of costs that make up total estimated costs like material, labor, overhead costs. Finally, it discusses different cost estimation methods used like job costing, process costing, and departmental costing.
This document discusses process planning activities, including calculating important process parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. It also covers selecting jigs and fixtures, the economics of process planning such as cost estimating and break even analysis, and determining the break even point through algebraic and graphical methods. Key factors that affect selecting the cutting speed for different machine operations and materials are also outlined.
The document discusses process planning which involves preparing instructions for manufacturing a product. It establishes the link between design and manufacturing. Key steps in process planning include drawing interpretation, determining operations, tools, equipment and sequence. Factors considered are dimensions, tolerances, material, surface finish. Process planning is done manually using workbooks or through computer-aided process planning for consistency and reduced time. Process, material and equipment selection factors are also outlined.
Surface roughness is a measurement of the texture of a surface and how uneven it is. There are several parameters used to measure surface roughness including height, width, distance between peaks and valleys. The TalySurf is an instrument used to measure surface roughness.
EEE- BEE048 - Renewable Energy Sources- Mrs. R. Rathika.pptxRArivazhaganAssistan
The document discusses various renewable energy sources including solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, and biomass energy. It provides details on how each energy source works, examples of applications, and advantages such as being clean and renewable. The sections also explore renewable versus non-renewable energy and sector-wise energy consumption patterns.
The document discusses the basic principles of flight, including the four main forces acting on an airplane (lift, weight, thrust, drag), how flight controls like the elevator, ailerons, and rudder work to control the aircraft, aerodynamic concepts like Bernoulli's principle and how wings and propellers generate lift and thrust, the basics of take-off, flight, and landing, and maneuvers, turns and circuit patterns. It provides explanations of these fundamental aspects of flight to build knowledge for pilots.
The document describes the key components of a multi-copter drone. It lists components such as the flight controller, battery, brushless DC motor, electronic speed controller, power module, propellers, power distribution board, GPS, landing gear, transmitter and receiver, telemetry, pump motor, nozzles, tank, and provides a block diagram. It then provides more details on selected components, describing their purpose and characteristics.
This document discusses manufacturing technology and the theory of metal cutting. It begins with broadly classifying manufacturing processes into four groups: shaping or forming, joining, removal or cutting, and regenerative manufacturing. It then focuses on material removal processes, specifically metal cutting. Key points include: metal cutting involves removing material from a workpiece using a sharp cutting tool to achieve the desired geometry; orthogonal and oblique cutting are discussed; tool materials, signatures, and mechanics of orthogonal cutting are explained. Machining operations like turning, drilling, and milling are also overviewed.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
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Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
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Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
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3. CALIBRATION – Comparison
METROLOGY – Science of Measurement
TRACEABILITY – Unbroken Chain of Comparisons
UNCERTAINTITY – Error in Measurement
ACCREDITATION – Third Party Ascertain
CALIBRATION INTERVAL – Equipment Remains Reliable
4. 4
4
WHAT IS METROLOGY
SCIENCEOF MEASUREMENTS
Everything has
to do with
measurement
Designing
Conducting
Analyzing Results
Experiment
or test
within the Metrology realm
Allowing people to
plan their lives and
make commercial
exchange with
confidence
CAN BESEEN
EVERYWHERE
5. METROLOGY
Metrology Covers Three Main Tasks:
The definition of internationally accepted units of measurement
The realization of units of measurement by scientific method
Establishment of traceability chain in documenting the accuracy
of a measurement
“Metrology is essential in scientific research”
6. CATEGORIES OF METROLOGY
Scientific Metrology – Development of measurement
standards
Industrial Metrology – To ensure the adequate functioning
of measurement instruments used in
industry, production & testing
laboratories
Legal Metrology or
Weights & Measures – Accuracy of measurement where these
have influence on the transparency of
economic transactions, health & safety
7. AREAS OF INDUSTRIAL METROLOGY
Mechanical Metrology – Realises , maintains and disseminates
the national measurement standards in the areas of Mass,
Volume, Pressure and Dimension
Electrical Metrology –– Realises , maintains and disseminates
the national measurement standards in the areas of AC/DC, low
frequency, time & frequency and temperature
8. LEGAL METROLOGY
Services offered by legal metrology are:
Mass measurements verification: verification of all mass
measuring instruments (balances, trade masses etc.)
Volume measuring instruments : verification of fuel dispensers,
tankers , meters etc.
Prepackaging control :verification of quantities in prepackaged
products (mass, volume, length, number etc.)
9. Units of Measurement
SI Units published by BIPM(Bureau of Weights and Measures)
Base Units…
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
A
cd
Electric current
Luminous intensity
Amount of substance
ampere
candela
mole mol
9
11. 11
Measurement Uncertainty
“ non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion
of the quantity values being attributed to a measurand,
based on the information used”
It arises due to the imperfections in the measurement
system
No measurement system is perfect !!!!!
12. 12
Uncertainty
An estimate of the possible error in a measurement
Type A evaluation
A series of repeated observations
determine the standard deviation of the
is obtained to
measurement
result.
Type B evaluation
The evaluation is carried out using available information
found in calibration reports, certificates, specifications etc.
15. 15
CALBRATION INTERVALS
What is Calibration interval ???
Period of time of use to ensure the equipment remains reliable
Interval is too short : Calibration $$$$$
Interval too long : Risk of bad measurements
16. 16
CALBRATION INTERVALS
ISO 17025 Requirements:
Capable of achieving required accuracy
Comply with specifications relevant to test/calibration method
Use under established calibration programme
Therefore need to :
Define required accuracy
Identify the equipment that can affect it
Manage all equipment under a calibration programme
17. RECOMMENDED CALBRATION INTERVALS
N No single correct answer Calibration represents an
instantaneous snapshot of actual
condition
Depend upon
Level of stress - subjected
Stability of past calibration
Allowable tolerance range
Required accuracy
Quality Assurance Requirements
17
18. 18
Consider influencing factors and existing knowledge : eg
Accuracy sought & consequences of error
Manufacture’s recommendations
Accommodation & environment
Purpose and usage
Maintenance & servicing
Trends from previous calibration
Frequency of checks
Etc. etc. etc. ….
Ref. - ILAC – G 24 : Guidelines for determination of calibration interval of
measuring instruments
19. 19
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
Calibration at (planned) periodic intervals to ensure
acceptable accuracy & reliability
Shorten the intervals when results of previous
calibration suggest it
May lengthen intervals on basis of demonstrated
performance
Documented procedure for assigning and adjusting
calibration intervals
Fully documented re-calibration system
20. Unit –II
Linear and Angular Measurements
5/20/2022Industrial
Technology Institute
20
21. • Gauges perform an essential services in any
scheme of quantity production on an
interchangeable basis
• A gauge (or Limit Gauge) is a tool or instrument
to measure or compare a component.
• It is employed in the sense of an instrument
which having fixed dimension, is used to
determine whether the size of some
component exceeds or is less than the size of
the gauge itself
28/01/2012 lec# 7 & 8 21
GAUGES
22. Taylor’s Principle lays it down:
1. A GO Gauge will check all the dimensions of the
work piece in what is called the maximum metal
condition (indicating the presence of the greatest
amount of material permitted at a prescribed
surface)
2. That NOT GO Gauges shall check only one
dimension of the work piece at a time, for the
minimum metal conditions (indicating the presence
of the least amount of material permitted at a
prescribed surface) size
28/01/2012 22
THE TAYLOR PRINCIPLE
23. 28/01/2012 lec# 7 & 8 23
• In case of hole, the maximum metal condition
obtains when the hole is machined to the low
limit of size, & minimum metal condition
results when the hole is made to the high limit
of size.
• in case of shaft the limits taken would be
inverse of hole
THE TAYLOR PRINCIPLE (Cont..)
24. 28/01/2012 lec# 7 & 8 24
• Production gauges are of various types, but there is
a little doubt that the majority are in the form of
limit gauges.
• These are designed to cover a very wide range of
work.
• The general form of limit gauges is of the fixed type.
That is to say, gauging contact elements remain fixed
during the gauging process.
• Gauging elements, however, may be provided with
means for size adjustment
Classification of Limit Gauges
25. 28/01/2012 lec# 7 & 8 25
Following gauges are the most commonly used
in production work. The classification is
principally according to the shape or purpose
for which each is used.
1. Snap gauges 5. Form Comparison Gauge
6. Thickness Gauges
7. Indicating Gauges
8. Pneumatic Gauges
2. Plug gauges
3. Ring gauges
4. Length gauge
Classification of Limit Gauges (cont..)
27. 28/01/2012 lec# 7 & 8 27
1. Snap Gauges:
a. A Snap gauge is used in the measurement of
external dimensions,
b. It consist of a U-shaped frame having jaws
equipped with suitable gauging surfaces.
c. A plan gauge has two parallel jaws or anvils
which are made to some standard size & cannot
be adjusted
d. They may be either single-or double -ended
Description of some commonly used
gauges:
28. 28/01/2012 lec# 7 & 8 28
1. Snap Gauges: (Cont..)
e. Special forgings & stampings are
available commercially for their
manufacture, or they may be constructed
from gauge plate
f. Special snap or gap gauges may have to
be used for checking the recessed
diameters & other features
Description of some commonly used
gauges: (Cont..)
30. 28/01/2012 lec# 7 & 8 30
2. Plug Gauges:
◦ A plain plug gauge is an accurate cylinder used
as an internal gauge for size control of holes
◦ It is provided with a suitable handle for holding
& is made in a variety of styles
◦ These gauges may be either single or double
ended
◦ Double ended plain gauges have “GO” and “NOT
GO” members assembled on opposite ends,
where as Progressive gauges have both gauging
sections combined on one side
Description of some commonly used
gauges: (Cont..)
31. 28/01/2012 lec# 7 & 8 31
2. Plug Gauges: (cont..)
Possible Forms of Plug Gauges:
a. Solid Type (Double ended)
b. Solid Type (Single ended)
c. Renewable-end type (Double ended)
d. Progressive Type
e. Shell form type (Double ended)
f. Shell form type (Single ended)
g. Bar end Type
h. Special Types
Description of some commonly used
gauges: (Cont..)
33. 28/01/2012 lec# 7 & 8 33
3. Ring Gauges:
– Used to gauge outside diameters
– Used in Pairs as “Go” & “Not Go”
4. Taper Gauges:
– Taper gauges are not dimensional gauges but
rather a means of checking in terms of degrees
– Their use is a matter more of fitting rather than
measuring
Description of some commonly used
gauges: (Cont..)
35. 28/01/2012 lec# 7 & 8 35
5. Thickness or Feeder Gauge:
◦ It consist of a number of thin blades & is used in
checking clearances & for gauging in narrow places
6. Dial Gauge:
◦ Dial gauges or Dial Test Indicators are used for checking
flatness of surfaces & parallelism of bars & rods
◦ They are also used for testing the m/c tools
◦ They can also be used for measurement of linear
dimensions of jobs which require easy readability &
moderate precision
Description of some commonly used
gauges: (Cont..)
39. • Definition of lasers
• Emission and absorption of radiation
• Population Inversion
• Semiconducting lasers
• Materials used for semiconducting laser
• Laser for fibre optics communication
• Quantum Well devices
Lecture Contents
40. Laser
Objectives (by the end of the lectures on laser
student will be…)
1. Able to state the definition of laser
2. Able to state the principle of population inversion
3. Able to explain the principle of semiconducting laser
4. Familiarise with the concept of light simulation and
polarisation
5. Able to list down all materials criteria and materials selection
for a given semiconducting laser compound.
6. Able to highlight several examples of the application of laser.
42. • A laser is a device that generates light by a process
called STIMULATED EMISSION.
• The acronym LASER stands for Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation
• Semiconducting lasers are multilayer semiconductor
devices that generates a coherent beam of
monochromatic light by laser action. A coherent
beam resulted which all of the photons are in phase.
1. Definition of laser
43. • An example of application is for the light source for fibre
optics communication.
• Light travels down a fibre optics glass at a speed, = c/n, where
n = refractive index.
• Light carries with it information
• Different wavelength travels at different speed.
• This induce dispersion and at the receiving end the light is
observed to be spread. This is associated with data or
information lost.
• The greater the spread of information, the more loss
• However, if we start with a more coherent beam then loss can
be greatly reduced.
Application of Laser – Fibre Optics
45. • In 1917 Einstein predicted that:
under certain circumstances a photon
incident upon a material can generate a
second photon of
Exactly the same energy (frequency)
Phase
Polarisation
Direction of propagation
In other word, a coherent beam resulted.
Background Physics
46. • Consider the ‘stimulated emission’ as shown
previously.
• Stimulated emission is the basis of the laser action.
• The two photons that have been produced can then
generate more photons, and the 4 generated can
generate 16 etc… etc… which could result in a
cascade of intense monochromatic radiation.
Stimulated Emission
49. • In a system, all three mechanisms occur.
• However the stimulated emission is very very
sluggish compared to the spontaneous emission
• We need to have a much stimulated emission as
possible for lasing action
• How?
• Refer to the board for the derivation of the Einstein’s
50. • Light or photon must be absorbed in order for
us to have a lasing action
• I(x) = I(o) exp (-x)
Absorption of Light Through a Medium
I(o) I(x)
51. • The probability of photon producing a stimulated emission
event can be increased by reflecting back through the
medium several times.
• A device is normally fashioned in such a way that the 2 ends
are made highly reflective
• This is term an oscillator cavity or Fabry Perot cavity
Optical Feedback
52. Therefore in a laser….
Three key elements in a laser
•Pumping process prepares amplifying medium in suitable state
•Optical power increases on each pass through amplifying medium
•If gain exceeds loss, device will oscillate, generating a coherentoutput
54. SPUR GEAR
• Teeth is parallel to axis
of rotation
• Transmit power from
one shaft to another
parallel shaft
• Used in Electric
screwdriver, oscillating
sprinkler, windup alarm
clock, washing machine
and clothes dryer
56. • The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle
to the face of the gear
• This gradual engagement makes helical gears
operate much more smoothly and quietly than
spur gears
• One interesting thing about helical gears is
that if the angles of the gear teeth are correct,
they can be mounted on perpendicular shafts,
adjusting the rotation angle by 90 degrees
Helical Gear
58. Rack and pinion
• Rack and pinion gears
are used to convert
rotation (From the
pinion) into linear
motion (of the rack)
• A perfect example of this
is the steering system on
many cars
59. • Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's
rotation needs to be changed
• They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90
degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other
angles as well
• The teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral
• locomotives, marine applications, automobiles,
printing presses, cooling towers, power plants, steel
plants, railway track inspection machines, etc.
Bevel gears
61. • Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are
needed. It is common for worm gears to have
reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater
• Many worm gears have an interesting property that
no other gear set has: the worm can easily turn the
gear, but the gear cannot turn the worm
• Worm gears are used widely in material handling
and transportation machinery, machine tools,
automobiles etc
WORM AND WORM GEAR
64. • Addendum circle:Acircle bounding the ends of the
teeth, in a right section of the gear.
• Root (or dedendum) circle: The circle bounding the
spaces between the teeth, in a right section of the
gear.
• Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch
circle and the addendum circle.
• Dedendum: The radial distance between the pitch
circle and the root circle.
• Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of
one gear and the addendum of the mating gear.
NOMENCLATURE….
65. • Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying outside the
pitch surface.
• Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying inside the
pitch surface.
• Circular thickness (also called the tooth thickness): The
thickness of the tooth measured on the pitch circle. It is the
length of an arc and not the length of a straight line.
• Circular pitch (Pc) : The width of a tooth and a space,
measured on the pitch circle.
NOMENCLATURE….
N
πD
P
c
66. • Diametral pitch (Pd): The number of teeth of a gear unit pitch
diameter. The diametral pitch is, by definition, the number of
teeth divided by the pitch diameter. That is,
Where
Pd = diametral pitch
N = number of teeth
D = pitch diameter
• Module (m): Pitch diameter divided by number of teeth. The
pitch diameter is usually specified in inches or millimeters; in
the former case the module is the inverse of diametral pitch.
m = D/N
NOMENCLATURE….
D
d
P
N
67. • Agear train is two or more gear working
together by meshing their teeth and turning
each other in a system to generate power and
speed
• It reduces speed and increases torque
• Electric motors are used with the gear systems
to reduce the speed and increase the torque
GEAR TRAINS
68. • Simple gear train
• Compound gear train
•Planetary gear train
Simple Gear Train
• The most common of the gear train is the
gear pair connecting parallel shafts. The teeth
of this type can be spur, helical
• Only one gear may rotate about a single axis
Types of Gear Trains
72. • In this train, the blue gear has six times the diameter
of the yellow gear
• The size of the red gear is not important because it is
just there to reverse the direction of rotation
• In this gear system, the yellow gear (the sun) engages
all three red gears (the planets) simultaneously
• All three are attached to a plate (the planet carrier),
and they engage the inside of the blue gear (the ring)
instead of the outside.
Planetary Gear Train…
73. • They have higher gear ratios.
• They are popular for automatic transmissions
in automobiles.
• They are also used in bicycles for controlling
power of pedaling automatically or manually.
• They are also used for power train between
internal combustion engine and an electric
motor
Planetary Gear Train…
75. • An ideal emitter of electromagnetic radiation
– opaque
– non-reflective
– for practical blackbodies ε = 0.9
• Cavity effect
– em-radiation measured from a cavity of an object
Blackbody
79. The “traditional” thermometres
Measurement scale from -190 °C to +600 °C
Used mainly in calibration
Mercury: -39 °C … +357 °C
Spirit: -14 °C … +78 °C
Liquid-in-glass thermometres
80. Method is based on the expansion of a liquid
with temperature
• The liquid in the bulb is forced up the capillary stem
• Thermal expansion:
V V0 (1 γ
T)
Functionning method
82. Temperature differences
in the liquid
Glass temperature also
affects
The amount of
immersion (vs.
calibration)
Causes of inaccuraties
83. • Method based on different thermal
expansions of different metals
– Other metal expands more than other: twisting
– Inaccurary ± 1 ° C
– Industry, sauna thermometres
Bimaterial thermometres
88. • Semiconductor materials
• Based on the temperature dependence of
resistance
• Thermal coefficient non-linear, 10 times bigger
than for metal resistor
• NTC, (PTC): temperature coefficient’s sign
Thermistor thermometres
90. • Sensor cable’s resistance and its temperature
dependency
• Junction resistances
• Thermal voltages
• Thermal noise in resistors
• Measurement current
• Non-linear temperature dependencies
• Electrical perturbations
• Inaccuracy at least ± 0.1 °C
Limitations of electrical thermometres
92. • Every atom and molecule exists in perpetual
motion
• A moving charge is associated with an electric
field and thus becomes a radiator
• This radiation can be used to determine
object's temperature
Thermal radiation
93. Thermal radiation
• Waves can be characterized by their intensities
and wavelengths
– The hotter the object:
• the shorter the wavelength
• the more emitted light
• Wien's law:
λmaxT 0.2896cmK
94. Planck's law
1
1 2hc2
hc
eλkT
F(λ
)
λ
5
Magnitude of radiation at particular
wavelength (λ) and particular temperature
(T).
h is Planck’s constant and c speed of light.
95. • An ideal emitter of electromagnetic radiation
– opaque
– non-reflective
– for practical blackbodies ε = 0.9
• Cavity effect
– em-radiation measured from a cavity of an object
Blackbody