Este documento describe las redes informáticas, incluyendo su definición, tipos (según cobertura, medio y topología), y dispositivos de conexión como tarjetas de red, cables, concentradores, conmutadores y routers. Explica conceptos clave como direcciones IP, máscaras de red y puertas de enlace predeterminadas.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
2. ÍNDICE
1. Definición
2. Tipos de redes
2.1 Según su cobertura
2.2 Según el medio
2.3 Según su Topología
3. Dispositivos de conexión
3.1 Tarjeta de Red
3.2 Cables de conexión
3.3 Concentrador
3.4 Conmutador
3.5 Router
3. DEFINICIÓN
Una red informática está constituida por un conjunto
de ordenadores y otros dispositivos, conectados por
medios físicos o sin cable, con el objetivo de compartir
unos determinados recursos. Éstos pueden ser
aparatos (hardware), como impresoras, sistemas de
almacenamiento, etc., o programas (software), que
incluyen aplicaciones, archivos, etc.
4. TIPOS DE REDES
∗ Según su alcance
∗ PAN
∗ LAN
∗ MAN
∗ WAN
∗ Según el medio de
propagación
∗ Alámbrica
∗ Inalámbrica
∗ Según su topología
5. Tipos de redes según su cobertura
∗ PAN: Red de área personal. Interconexión de dispositivos en el
entorno usuario. Ejemplo: móvil, manos libros. Medio
Infrarrojo, o bluetooth.
∗ LAN: Red de área local. Su extensión esta limitada físicamente
a un edificio o a un entorno de hasta 200 metros. Ejemplo:
Instituto.
∗ WLAN: Red local inalámbrica
∗ MAN: Red de área metropolitana. Conjunto de redes LAN, en el
entorno de un municipio.
∗ WIMAX: red inalámbrica en el entorno de unos 5 a 50 km.
∗ WAN: Una Red de Área Amplia (Wide Area Network ), es un
tipo de red de computadoras capaz de cubrir distancias desde
unos 100 hasta unos 1000 km, dando el servicio a un país o un
continente. Ejemplo: internet.
EJERCICIOS REDES 1
6. Tipos de Red según el medio
medio Nombre Tipo de Velocidad Distancia
transmisión máxima
Físico Cable coaxial Señal eléctrica Hasta 10 Mb/s 185 m
Pares Señal eléctrica Hasta 1 Gb/s <100m
trenzados
Fibra óptica Haz de luz Hasta 1 Tb/s <2 Km
Sin cables WI-FI Ondas Hasta 100 Mb/s <100m
electromagnética
Bluetooth Ondas Hasta 3Mb/s 10 m
electromagnética
Infrarrojos Onda Hasta 4Mb/s <1 m
electromagnética Angulo 30º
7. Tipos de Redes según su Topología
∗ Redes en bus: Comparten canal de
transmisión
∗ Fallo en cable central, perdida de red.
∗ Acumulación de datos.
8. Tipos de Redes según su Topología
∗ Topología en anillo: forman un
anillo cerrado. La información
circula en un sentido y cada
ordenador analiza si él es el
destinatario de la información.
∗ Si uno de los ordenadores falla se
pierde la red.
∗ Velocidad de la información lenta
∗ Red simple.
9. Tipos de Redes según su Topología
Topología en estrella: Todos los
ordenadores están conectados a un
dispositivo que se encarga de
transmitir la información. Hub o
concentrador, o Switch o conmutador.
Ventaja: Cada nodo es independiente
del resto.
Si es un concentrador, envía la
información a todos los ordenadores de
la red. La comunicación se ralentiza.
Si es un conmutador o switch, envía la
información solo al ordenador al que va
destinado.
10. Tipos de Redes según su Topología
∗ Cada nodo está conectado al
resto de los equipos con más
de un cable.
∗ Red segura a prueba de fallos.
∗ Red costosa requiere más
cable.
11. Tipos de Redes según su Topología
Red en árbol: parecida a una
serie de redes en estrella. Tiene
un nodo de enlace troncal,
generalmente ocupado por un
hub o switch, desde el que se
ramifican los demás nodos.
Ventajas: permite conectar
mayor número de equipos.
Inconvenientes: Difícil
configuración. Si falla el
segmento principal la red se
pierde.
EJERCICIOS REDES 2
12. Dispositivos de Red
∗ Tarjeta de Red
∗ Cables de conexión
∗ Concentrador o Hub
∗ Conmutador o Switch
∗ Router.
13. La tarjeta de red
∗ Permite conectar nuestro equipo a la
red.
∗ Normalmente se instala en la placa base.
∗ Cada tarjeta tiene un identificador
denominado MAC, seis pares de dígitos,
no puede haber dos tarjetas con el
mismo identificador MAC. Formado por
seis pares de números
∗ Forma de conocer la MAC:
Desde interprete de comandos
∗ Comandos: getmac o
ipconfig/all (dirección física)
14. Cables de conexión
∗ Es el medio físico por el que viaja la información de los
equipos hasta los concentradores o conmutadores.
15. Cable coaxial
∗ Posee dos conductores concéntricos,
∗ uno central, encargado de llevar la
información,
∗ y uno exterior, de aspecto tubular,
llamado malla o blindaje, que sirve
como referencia de tierra y retorno
de las corrientes.
∗ Entre ambos se encuentra una
capa aislante llamada dieléctrico,
∗ Se ha sustituido paulatinamente
16. El cable de pares trenzados
∗ Es el cable más utilizado actualmente
para redes locales.
∗ Está formado por cuatro pares de hilos.
Cada par está trenzado para evitar
interferencias radioeléctricas.
∗ Los problemas que presenta son la
atenuación, que es la pérdida de señal.
∗ En los extremos del cable es necesario
un conector, RJ-45.
17. La fibra óptica
∗ Está formada por
filamentos de vidrio que
son capaces de transportar
los paquetes de
información como haces de
luz producidos por un láser.
∗ Velocidad de transmisión
de hasta 10 Tb/s.
18. Concentrador o Hub
∗ Recibe un paquete de datos a través
de un puerto y lo transmite al resto.
∗ Esto provoca que la información no
la reciba sólo el equipo al cual va
dirigida sino también los demás, lo
que puede implicar un problema de
saturación de la red, ralentización de
la red.
19. Conmutador o Switch
∗ Almacena las direcciones MAC (Dirección
física de la tarjeta de red) de todos los
equipos que están conectados a cada uno de
sus puertos.
∗ Cuando recibe un paquete a través de un
puerto, revisa la dirección MAC a la que va
dirigido y reenvía el paquete por el puerto
que corresponde a esa dirección, dejando los
demás libres de tránsito.
∗ Esta gestión más avanzada de la red permite
mayor tránsito de datos sin saturarla.
20. Router o enrutador
∗ Destinado a interconectar diferentes redes
entre sí. Por ejemplo, una LAN con una WAN o
con Internet.
∗ Si utilizamos un enrutador para conectarnos a
Internet a través de la tecnología ADSL, aparte
de conectar dos redes (la nuestra con Internet),
el router también tendrá que traducir los
paquetes de información de nuestra red al
protocolo de comunicaciones que utiliza la
tecnología ADSL, función que antes realizaban
los modem.
∗ Hoy en día los routers incorporan tecnología WI-
FI, para conectar portátiles. También disponen
de más de un puerto de conexión, lo que les
convierte en switchs.
21. Protocolo TCP/IP
∗ Para comunicar ordenadores debemos utilizar un conjunto
de reglas establecidas que constituyen un protocolo común.
Los protocolos más importantes son el TCP/IP.
∗ IP (protocolo de Internet). Es el protocolo para transmitir
información por Internet.
∗ TCP (protocolo de control de transmisiones). Crea conexiones
entre ordenadores utilizando un lenguaje común y evita
errores de transmisión.
22. La dirección IP
∗ Cada equipo que pertenece a una red dispone un identificador
único dirección IP.
∗ La dirección IP está formado por 4 números de tres dígitos cada
uno (de 0 a 255):
∗ Los tres primeros dígitos son iguales para ordenadores que
forman parte de la misma red
∗ El cuarto dígito es identificador del equipo dentro de la red.
∗ La dirección IP de un ordenador debe ser única dentro de la
misma red
23. La máscara de red
∗ En una red pueden crearse distintas subredes. Para
diferenciar los equipos que pertenecen a las distintas
subredes de una LAN, se utilizan las máscaras subred.
∗ La máscara de red está formada por cuatro dígitos de tres
cifras cada uno.
∗ Dentro de la misma subred todos los ordenadores tienen la
misma máscara de red.
24. Puerta de enlace predeterminada
• Será la dirección IP del router,
switch o elemento enrutador de la
red. Nuestro equipo deberá
encontrarse en el rango de su red,
es decir, sus tres primeras cifras
serán iguales a su puerta de enlace,
y la última será diferente.
• Si tenemos de puerta de enlace
192.168.0.1, nuestro equipo debe
tener una dirección IP 192.168.0.X
(X se debe encontrar entre 2-255).
25. Direcciones de Servidor (DNS),
∗ (Domain Name System) Son nombres de proveedores
de internet. Nuestro proveedor de Internet nos facilitará
dos direcciones DNS para evitar la falta de servicio en el
caso de perdida o saturación de una de ellas.
26. PRÁCTICA 1
∗ Abre la consola o línea de comandos (Inicio, ejecutar,
cmd) y ejecuta la instrucción ipconfig/all.
∗ Interpreta los resultados.
∗ a) ¿Cuál es la dirección física de la tarjeta de red?
∗ b)¿Cuál es la dirección IP de tu equipo?
∗ c) ¿Cuál es la dirección del router?
27. PRÁCTICA 2: Nombre de equipo y
grupo de trabajo
∗ Para crear una red lo primero que debemos tener en
cuenta es el nombre de equipo y el grupo de trabajo,
del que formamos parte.
∗ Debemos acudir a:
∗ INICIO/MI PC/BOTÓN DERECHO DEL
RATÓN/PROPIEDADES/NOMBRE DE EQUIPO.
28. PRÁCTICA 3: Configuración de una
red manual
∗ Accederemos a:
∗ INICIO/PANEL DE CONTROL/CONEXIONES DE RED E
INTERNET/CONEXIONES DE RED/HACER CLIC CON EL
BOTÓN DERECHO EN CONEXIONES DE AREA
LOCAL/PROPIEDADES/PROCOLO IP/PROPIEDADES.
∗ Cambiar el último número de la IP
∗ Mantener la misma máscara de subred
∗ Mantener el mismo DNS
∗ Aceptar
29. PRÁCTICA 4:Analizar los equipos
de la red
∗ Acudir a MIS SITIOS DE RED
∗ Normalmente se encuentra como acceso directo en el
escritorio o en el menú Inicio.
∗ Ver equipos de red
30. PRÁCTICA 5: Compartir una
carpeta
∗ Nos situamos encima de la carpeta
∗ Hacemos clic con el botón derecho del ratón.
∗ Hacemos clic en la opción Compartir y seguridad.
∗ Configuramos el nombre de la carpeta.
∗ Marcamos compartir esta carpeta en la red.
∗ Marcamos Permitir que otros usuarios de la red
cambien mis archivos, si deseamos que otros
modifiquen nuestros archivos.
∗ Aplicar.
31. Cuestionario Redes
∗ 1. ¿Qué es una red de ordenadores?
∗ 2. ¿Qué elementos necesitamos para formar una red?
∗ 3. Explica las diferencias entre una red de área local y
una red de área amplia. Pon un ejemplo de cada una.
∗ 4. Ejecuta la instrucción “getmac” en la línea de
comandos para averiguar la dirección MAC de la
tarjeta de red de tu ordenador
∗ 5. Explica las diferencias entre un concentrador y un
enrutador.
32. Cuestionario Redes
∗ 6. Supón que en casa tienes un enrutador-
conmutador ADSL al que se pueden conectar hasta
cuatro ordenadores. Dibuja un esquema de bloques
que explique el funcionamiento de este aparato.
∗ 7. Diferencias entre un concentrador (hub).
Conmutador (switch) y enrutador (router)
∗ 8. Qué es el protocolo TCP/IP
33. Cuestionario Redes
∗ 9. Qué es la dirección MAC o dirección física?
∗ 10. Qué es la dirección IP de nuestro equipo?
∗ 11. Cual es la dirección de la puerta de enlace?
∗ 12. Qué es la dirección DNS?
∗ 13. ¿Qué velocidad se consigue con un cable de fibra
óptica?
∗ 14. Indica las ventajas y los inconvenientes que
supone trabajar en red.