The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in digital systems. Some key points:
1. RTL describes the internal organization of digital computers using registers, data transfers between registers, and microoperations performed on the data. Microoperations are elementary operations like addition, subtraction, shifting that occur during one clock cycle.
2. Digital systems can be described at the register transfer level by focusing on their registers, the data transformations within registers via microoperations, and data transfers between registers.
3. RTL uses a symbolic notation to describe sequences of microoperations needed to perform functions of a computer. It allows convenient design of digital systems.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) which is used to describe the internal operations of digital computers at the register transfer level. RTL focuses on a system's registers, the data transformations within registers, and data transfers between registers. It describes common register transfer microoperations like loading data from one register to another. It also discusses how arithmetic, logic, and shift microoperations are performed within an arithmetic logic unit. Memory is described as a sequential circuit that can be read from or written to using registers like the memory address register.
This document provides information about register transfer and microoperations in a computer organization and architecture course. It defines register transfer as copying the contents of one register to another and describes various types of microoperations including register transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift microoperations. It explains how registers are designated in register transfer language and how operations between registers are represented.
This document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in computer systems. It defines register transfer language as a symbolic notation used to describe the internal operations of a computer system in terms of data transfers between registers and transformations performed on register contents. Microoperations are defined as elementary operations performed on the information stored in registers during each clock cycle, such as arithmetic, logic, and shift operations. The document provides examples of how register transfer language can be used to describe data movement between system components like registers, buses, and memory.
PPT in register and micro operations in electronicaaravjamela
The document discusses the low-level building blocks of digital computers known as microoperations. It describes four types of microoperations - register transfer microoperations, arithmetic microoperations, logic microoperations, and shift microoperations. Register transfer microoperations move data between registers or transfer data to and from memory. Arithmetic microoperations perform addition, subtraction, incrementing, and decrementing operations. Logic microoperations perform bit-wise logic functions. Shift microoperations manipulate data by shifting bits within registers. Together these microoperation types allow digital computers to perform computations and process data at the most basic hardware level.
unit1COA Computer Organisation and Architecture
unit1COA Computer Organisation and Architecture
BTECH
CSE
IT
AIML
unit1COA Computer Organisation and Architectureunit1COA Computer Organisation and Architecture
unit1COA Computer Organisation and Architectureunit1COA Computer Organisation and Architecture
The document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in digital systems. It defines microoperations as elementary operations performed on the information stored in registers. The key microoperation types are register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Register transfer language is used to describe sequences of microoperations that implement functions in a digital system by specifying operations on registers and transfers of data between registers.
This document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in computer architecture. It begins by defining RTL as a symbolic language used to describe the internal organization and design of digital computers and systems at the register transfer level. This focuses on a system's registers, the data transformations within registers, and data transfers between registers. The document then discusses different types of microoperations - register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. It provides examples of common microoperations and how they are represented in RTL. Overall, the document provides an overview of RTL and the basic concepts of microoperations in computer design.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in computer systems. It begins by introducing RTL as a notation for describing the internal operations of a computer using registers and transfer functions. It then discusses different types of microoperations including register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Specific examples are given of common register transfer and arithmetic microoperations notation in RTL.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) which is used to describe the internal operations of digital computers at the register transfer level. RTL focuses on a system's registers, the data transformations within registers, and data transfers between registers. It describes common register transfer microoperations like loading data from one register to another. It also discusses how arithmetic, logic, and shift microoperations are performed within an arithmetic logic unit. Memory is described as a sequential circuit that can be read from or written to using registers like the memory address register.
This document provides information about register transfer and microoperations in a computer organization and architecture course. It defines register transfer as copying the contents of one register to another and describes various types of microoperations including register transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift microoperations. It explains how registers are designated in register transfer language and how operations between registers are represented.
This document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in computer systems. It defines register transfer language as a symbolic notation used to describe the internal operations of a computer system in terms of data transfers between registers and transformations performed on register contents. Microoperations are defined as elementary operations performed on the information stored in registers during each clock cycle, such as arithmetic, logic, and shift operations. The document provides examples of how register transfer language can be used to describe data movement between system components like registers, buses, and memory.
PPT in register and micro operations in electronicaaravjamela
The document discusses the low-level building blocks of digital computers known as microoperations. It describes four types of microoperations - register transfer microoperations, arithmetic microoperations, logic microoperations, and shift microoperations. Register transfer microoperations move data between registers or transfer data to and from memory. Arithmetic microoperations perform addition, subtraction, incrementing, and decrementing operations. Logic microoperations perform bit-wise logic functions. Shift microoperations manipulate data by shifting bits within registers. Together these microoperation types allow digital computers to perform computations and process data at the most basic hardware level.
unit1COA Computer Organisation and Architecture
unit1COA Computer Organisation and Architecture
BTECH
CSE
IT
AIML
unit1COA Computer Organisation and Architectureunit1COA Computer Organisation and Architecture
unit1COA Computer Organisation and Architectureunit1COA Computer Organisation and Architecture
The document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in digital systems. It defines microoperations as elementary operations performed on the information stored in registers. The key microoperation types are register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Register transfer language is used to describe sequences of microoperations that implement functions in a digital system by specifying operations on registers and transfers of data between registers.
This document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in computer architecture. It begins by defining RTL as a symbolic language used to describe the internal organization and design of digital computers and systems at the register transfer level. This focuses on a system's registers, the data transformations within registers, and data transfers between registers. The document then discusses different types of microoperations - register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. It provides examples of common microoperations and how they are represented in RTL. Overall, the document provides an overview of RTL and the basic concepts of microoperations in computer design.
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL) and microoperations in computer systems. It begins by introducing RTL as a notation for describing the internal operations of a computer using registers and transfer functions. It then discusses different types of microoperations including register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Specific examples are given of common register transfer and arithmetic microoperations notation in RTL.
I am working as a Assistant Professor in ITS, Ghaziabad.This is very useful to U.P.Technical University,Uttrakhand Technical University students. Give feedback to rakeshroshan@its.edu.in
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL), which describes the internal organization and operations of digital computers at the register transfer level. RTL uses symbols to represent registers, transfers of data between registers, and control functions. It can describe the microoperations that make up functions of a computer system, such as arithmetic and logic operations. RTL provides a way to design digital systems through specification of registers, data transfers, and control signals.
This document discusses register transfer language and micro-operations. It describes how digital systems can be characterized by the registers they contain and operations performed on the data. Micro-operations like shift and load are executed on register data. Register transfer language uses symbols to describe the transfer of data between registers. It allows the internal organization of computers to be described concisely and facilitates digital system design.
This document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in computer systems. It describes how registers are connected using a centralized bus structure and multiplexers. It explains memory transfer operations including reading from and writing to memory by loading the memory address register and using read and write control signals. It provides examples of register transfer language notation and summarizes the four main types of micro-operations: register transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
This document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in a computer system. It describes how registers are connected using a centralized bus and control circuits. It also explains different types of micro-operations including register transfer operations to move data between registers and memory, arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction, logic operations, and shift operations. Memory is accessed using a memory address register and read/write controls. The key components that enable data transfer and processing in a computer are registers, buses, memory, and the micro-operations that define the basic instructions.
This document provides an overview of the chapters and content covered in a textbook on computer organization and architecture. The chapters cover digital logic circuits, digital components, data representation, register transfer and microoperations, basic computer organization and design, programming and instruction sets, control units, processor design, pipelining and parallel processing, arithmetic, input/output, and memory organization. Key concepts discussed include logic gates, boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuits, registers, buses, arithmetic and logic operations, and memory.
This document provides an overview of the chapters and content covered in a textbook on computer organization and architecture. The chapters cover digital logic circuits, digital components, data representation, register transfer and microoperations, basic computer organization and design, programming and instruction sets, control units, processor design, pipelining and parallelism, arithmetic, input/output, and memory organization. Key concepts discussed include logic gates, boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuits, registers, buses, arithmetic and logic units, and memory.
overview of register transfer, micro operations and basic computer organizati...Rai University
This document provides an overview of register transfer, micro-operations, and basic computer organization and design. It discusses how digital systems can be characterized by their registers and operations. Micro-operations are the elementary operations performed on register data during each clock cycle. A computer's organization is defined by its registers, micro-operation set, and control signals. Registers are designated symbolically and can represent whole registers, portions, or individual bits. Basic register transfer operations include unconditional and conditional loading of data between registers. Micro-operations include data transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
Mca i-u-2-overview of register transfer, micro operations and basic computer ...Rai University
This document provides an overview of register transfer, micro-operations, and basic computer organization and design. It discusses how digital systems can be characterized by their registers and operations. Micro-operations are the elementary operations performed on register data during each clock cycle. A computer's organization is defined by its registers, micro-operation set, and control signals. Registers are designated symbolically and bits can be individually referenced. Basic register transfer operations involve copying data between registers, which can be unconditional or conditional. Common micro-operation types include data transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
LEC 2-register transfer and register transfer language.pptmailmynew202
The document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in computer architecture. It defines register transfer language (RTL) as a symbolic notation used to describe microoperations and the transfer of data between registers. The key microoperations covered are register-to-register transfer, conditional transfer, bus and memory transfers. Register transfer language provides a way to define the internal hardware operations of a computer through specifications of its registers, the microoperation sequences performed, and the control logic.
The document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in digital computers. It defines register transfer language as a symbolic notation used to describe microoperation transfers among registers. Microoperations are elementary operations performed on information stored in registers, and include register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Common arithmetic microoperations include addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement.
This document discusses different types of register transfer language (RTL) instructions. It defines registers and describes how RTL is used to symbolically represent micro-operations and data transfers between registers. The document categorizes different types of RTL instructions including three address, two address, one address, and zero address instructions. It provides examples of RTL statements to transfer data between registers under certain control conditions.
Register transfer and microoperations part 1Prasenjit Dey
Register transfer language, hardware implementation of bus transfer using multiplexer and three state buffer, hardware implementation of memory transfer e.g., memory read and memory write.
Bca 2nd sem-u-2.1-overview of register transfer, micro operations and basic c...Rai University
This document provides an overview of register transfer, microoperations, and basic computer organization and design. It discusses how simple digital systems can be characterized by their registers and operations. Microoperations are the elementary operations performed on register data during each clock cycle. A computer's organization is defined by its registers, microoperation set, and control signals. The register transfer level views a system in terms of its registers, data transformations within registers, and data transfers between registers. Register transfer language can describe a computer's functions using microoperations.
Commputer organization and assembly .pptamanterefe99
The document describes the contents of a textbook on digital systems. It outlines 3 chapters that will be covered:
1) Logic gates, Boolean algebra, and basic digital components in 6 hours
2) Number systems and codes in 4 hours
3) Common digital components like integrated circuits, decoders and counters in 6 hours. It provides the topics that will be discussed in each chapter.
B.sc cs-ii-u-2.1-overview of register transfer, micro operations and basic co...Rai University
This document provides an overview of register transfer, microoperations, and basic computer organization and design. It defines microoperations as elementary operations performed during one clock pulse on information stored in registers. The organization of a digital computer is specified by the registers it contains, the sequence of microoperations performed, and control functions that initiate operations. Common microoperation types include data transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations. Register transfer language is used to describe sequences of microoperations.
Register transfer and microoperations involve three main components:
1. Register transfer language uses symbolic notation to describe micro-operations that transfer data between registers in a way similar to assembly language. Common operations include simple transfers that copy data between registers without changing the source register.
2. Buses and memory transfers allow efficient movement of data by using common lines to transfer data bits between registers and memory. Read operations transfer data from memory to registers while write operations transfer data from registers to memory.
3. Arithmetic and logic microoperations perform numeric and bitwise operations on data stored in registers, including addition, subtraction, shifting bits left or right, and complementing values. Shift operations serially move bits between positions in a
• Register Transfer Language
• Register Transfer
• Bus and Memory Transfers
• Arithmetic Microoperations
• Logic Microoperations
• Shift Microoperations
• Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit
CS304PC:Computer Organization and Architecture Session 2 Registers .pptxAsst.prof M.Gokilavani
This document summarizes the topics covered in Session 2 of the CS307PC course on Computer Organization and Architecture. It discusses register transfer language and microoperations, including register transfer, bus and memory transfers, and different types of microoperations like arithmetic, logic, and shift. It provides examples of register transfer operations and how bus and memory transfers work. The next session will cover microoperations in more detail.
I am working as a Assistant Professor in ITS, Ghaziabad.This is very useful to U.P.Technical University,Uttrakhand Technical University students. Give feedback to rakeshroshan@its.edu.in
The document discusses register transfer language (RTL), which describes the internal organization and operations of digital computers at the register transfer level. RTL uses symbols to represent registers, transfers of data between registers, and control functions. It can describe the microoperations that make up functions of a computer system, such as arithmetic and logic operations. RTL provides a way to design digital systems through specification of registers, data transfers, and control signals.
This document discusses register transfer language and micro-operations. It describes how digital systems can be characterized by the registers they contain and operations performed on the data. Micro-operations like shift and load are executed on register data. Register transfer language uses symbols to describe the transfer of data between registers. It allows the internal organization of computers to be described concisely and facilitates digital system design.
This document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in computer systems. It describes how registers are connected using a centralized bus structure and multiplexers. It explains memory transfer operations including reading from and writing to memory by loading the memory address register and using read and write control signals. It provides examples of register transfer language notation and summarizes the four main types of micro-operations: register transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
This document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in a computer system. It describes how registers are connected using a centralized bus and control circuits. It also explains different types of micro-operations including register transfer operations to move data between registers and memory, arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction, logic operations, and shift operations. Memory is accessed using a memory address register and read/write controls. The key components that enable data transfer and processing in a computer are registers, buses, memory, and the micro-operations that define the basic instructions.
This document provides an overview of the chapters and content covered in a textbook on computer organization and architecture. The chapters cover digital logic circuits, digital components, data representation, register transfer and microoperations, basic computer organization and design, programming and instruction sets, control units, processor design, pipelining and parallel processing, arithmetic, input/output, and memory organization. Key concepts discussed include logic gates, boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuits, registers, buses, arithmetic and logic operations, and memory.
This document provides an overview of the chapters and content covered in a textbook on computer organization and architecture. The chapters cover digital logic circuits, digital components, data representation, register transfer and microoperations, basic computer organization and design, programming and instruction sets, control units, processor design, pipelining and parallelism, arithmetic, input/output, and memory organization. Key concepts discussed include logic gates, boolean algebra, combinational and sequential circuits, registers, buses, arithmetic and logic units, and memory.
overview of register transfer, micro operations and basic computer organizati...Rai University
This document provides an overview of register transfer, micro-operations, and basic computer organization and design. It discusses how digital systems can be characterized by their registers and operations. Micro-operations are the elementary operations performed on register data during each clock cycle. A computer's organization is defined by its registers, micro-operation set, and control signals. Registers are designated symbolically and can represent whole registers, portions, or individual bits. Basic register transfer operations include unconditional and conditional loading of data between registers. Micro-operations include data transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
Mca i-u-2-overview of register transfer, micro operations and basic computer ...Rai University
This document provides an overview of register transfer, micro-operations, and basic computer organization and design. It discusses how digital systems can be characterized by their registers and operations. Micro-operations are the elementary operations performed on register data during each clock cycle. A computer's organization is defined by its registers, micro-operation set, and control signals. Registers are designated symbolically and bits can be individually referenced. Basic register transfer operations involve copying data between registers, which can be unconditional or conditional. Common micro-operation types include data transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations.
LEC 2-register transfer and register transfer language.pptmailmynew202
The document discusses register transfer and micro-operations in computer architecture. It defines register transfer language (RTL) as a symbolic notation used to describe microoperations and the transfer of data between registers. The key microoperations covered are register-to-register transfer, conditional transfer, bus and memory transfers. Register transfer language provides a way to define the internal hardware operations of a computer through specifications of its registers, the microoperation sequences performed, and the control logic.
The document discusses register transfer language and microoperations in digital computers. It defines register transfer language as a symbolic notation used to describe microoperation transfers among registers. Microoperations are elementary operations performed on information stored in registers, and include register transfers, arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations. Common arithmetic microoperations include addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement.
This document discusses different types of register transfer language (RTL) instructions. It defines registers and describes how RTL is used to symbolically represent micro-operations and data transfers between registers. The document categorizes different types of RTL instructions including three address, two address, one address, and zero address instructions. It provides examples of RTL statements to transfer data between registers under certain control conditions.
Register transfer and microoperations part 1Prasenjit Dey
Register transfer language, hardware implementation of bus transfer using multiplexer and three state buffer, hardware implementation of memory transfer e.g., memory read and memory write.
Bca 2nd sem-u-2.1-overview of register transfer, micro operations and basic c...Rai University
This document provides an overview of register transfer, microoperations, and basic computer organization and design. It discusses how simple digital systems can be characterized by their registers and operations. Microoperations are the elementary operations performed on register data during each clock cycle. A computer's organization is defined by its registers, microoperation set, and control signals. The register transfer level views a system in terms of its registers, data transformations within registers, and data transfers between registers. Register transfer language can describe a computer's functions using microoperations.
Commputer organization and assembly .pptamanterefe99
The document describes the contents of a textbook on digital systems. It outlines 3 chapters that will be covered:
1) Logic gates, Boolean algebra, and basic digital components in 6 hours
2) Number systems and codes in 4 hours
3) Common digital components like integrated circuits, decoders and counters in 6 hours. It provides the topics that will be discussed in each chapter.
B.sc cs-ii-u-2.1-overview of register transfer, micro operations and basic co...Rai University
This document provides an overview of register transfer, microoperations, and basic computer organization and design. It defines microoperations as elementary operations performed during one clock pulse on information stored in registers. The organization of a digital computer is specified by the registers it contains, the sequence of microoperations performed, and control functions that initiate operations. Common microoperation types include data transfer, arithmetic, logic, and shift operations. Register transfer language is used to describe sequences of microoperations.
Register transfer and microoperations involve three main components:
1. Register transfer language uses symbolic notation to describe micro-operations that transfer data between registers in a way similar to assembly language. Common operations include simple transfers that copy data between registers without changing the source register.
2. Buses and memory transfers allow efficient movement of data by using common lines to transfer data bits between registers and memory. Read operations transfer data from memory to registers while write operations transfer data from registers to memory.
3. Arithmetic and logic microoperations perform numeric and bitwise operations on data stored in registers, including addition, subtraction, shifting bits left or right, and complementing values. Shift operations serially move bits between positions in a
• Register Transfer Language
• Register Transfer
• Bus and Memory Transfers
• Arithmetic Microoperations
• Logic Microoperations
• Shift Microoperations
• Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit
CS304PC:Computer Organization and Architecture Session 2 Registers .pptxAsst.prof M.Gokilavani
This document summarizes the topics covered in Session 2 of the CS307PC course on Computer Organization and Architecture. It discusses register transfer language and microoperations, including register transfer, bus and memory transfers, and different types of microoperations like arithmetic, logic, and shift. It provides examples of register transfer operations and how bus and memory transfers work. The next session will cover microoperations in more detail.
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2. REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICROOPERATIONS
• Register Transfer Language
• Register Transfer
• Bus and Memory Transfers
• Arithmetic Microoperations
• Logic Microoperations
• Shift Microoperations
• Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit
3. SIMPLE DIGITAL SYSTEMS
• Combinational and sequential circuits can be used to create simple
digital systems.
• These are the low-level building blocks of a digital computer.
• Simple digital systems are frequently characterized in terms of
– the registers they contain, and
– the operations that they perform.
• Typically,
– What operations are performed on the data in the registers
– What information is passed between registers
4. MICROOPERATIONS (1)
Register Transfer Language
• The operations on the data in registers are called
microoperations.
• The functions built into registers are examples of
microoperations
– Shift
– Load
– Clear
– Increment
– …
5. MICROOPERATION (2)
An elementary operation performed (during
one clock pulse), on the information stored
in one or more registers
R f(R, R)
f: shift, load, clear, increment, add, subtract, complement,
and, or, xor, …
ALU
(f)
Registers
(R) 1 clock cycle
Register Transfer Language
6. ORGANIZATION OF A DIGITAL SYSTEM
- Set of registers and their functions
- Microoperations set
Set of allowable microoperations provided
by the organization of the computer
- Control signals that initiate the sequence of
microoperations (to perform the functions)
• Definition of the (internal) organization of a computer
Register Transfer Language
7. REGISTER TRANSFER LEVEL
Register Transfer Language
• Viewing a computer, or any digital system, in this way is
called the register transfer level
• This is because we’re focusing on
– The system’s registers
– The data transformations in them, and
– The data transfers between them.
8. REGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE
Register Transfer Language
• Rather than specifying a digital system in words, a specific
notation is used, register transfer language
• For any function of the computer, the register transfer
language can be used to describe the (sequence of)
microoperations
• Register transfer language
– A symbolic language
– A convenient tool for describing the internal organization of digital
computers
– Can also be used to facilitate the design process of digital systems.
9. DESIGNATION OF REGISTERS
Register Transfer Language
• Registers are designated by capital letters, sometimes
followed by numbers (e.g., A, R13, IR)
• Often the names indicate function:
– MAR - memory address register
– PC - program counter
– IR - instruction register
• Registers and their contents can be viewed and represented in
various ways
– A register can be viewed as a single entity:
– Registers may also be represented showing the bits of data they contain
MAR
10. DESIGNATION OF REGISTERS
Register Transfer Language
R1
Register
Numbering of bits
Showing individual bits
Subfields
PC(H) PC(L)
15 8 7 0
- a register
- portion of a register
- a bit of a register
• Common ways of drawing the block diagram of a register
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
R2
15 0
• Designation of a register
11. REGISTER TRANSFER
Register Transfer
• Copying the contents of one register to another is a register
transfer
• A register transfer is indicated as
R2 R1
– In this case the contents of register R1 are copied (loaded) into
register R2
– A simultaneous transfer of all bits from the source R1 to the
destination register R2, during one clock pulse
– Note that this is a non-destructive; i.e. the contents of R1 are not
altered by copying (loading) them to R2
12. REGISTER TRANSFER
Register Transfer
• A register transfer such as
R3 R5
Implies that the digital system has
– the data lines from the source register (R5) to the destination
register (R3)
– Parallel load in the destination register (R3)
– Control lines to perform the action
13. CONTROL FUNCTIONS
Register Transfer
• Often actions need to only occur if a certain condition is true
• This is similar to an “if” statement in a programming language
• In digital systems, this is often done via a control signal, called
a control function
– If the signal is 1, the action takes place
• This is represented as:
P: R2 R1
Which means “if P = 1, then load the contents of register R1 into
register R2”, i.e., if (P = 1) then (R2 R1)
14. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTROLLED TRANSFERS
Implementation of controlled transfer
P: R2 R1
Block diagram
Timing diagram
Clock
Register Transfer
Transfer occurs here
R2
R1
Control
Circuit
Load
P
n
Clock
Load
t t+1
• The same clock controls the circuits that generate the control function
and the destination register
• Registers are assumed to use positive-edge-triggered flip-flops
15. SIMULTANEOUS OPERATIONS
Register Transfer
• If two or more operations are to occur
simultaneously, they are separated with commas
P: R3 R5, MAR IR
• Here, if the control function P = 1, load the contents
of R5 into R3, and at the same time (clock), load the
contents of register IR into register MAR
16. BASIC SYMBOLS FOR REGISTER TRANSFERS
Capital letters Denotes a register MAR, R2
& numerals
Parentheses () Denotes a part of a register R2(0-7), R2(L)
Arrow Denotes transfer of information R2 R1
Colon : Denotes termination of control function P:
Comma , Separates two micro-operations A B, B A
Symbols Description Examples
Register Transfer
17. CONNECTING REGISTRS
Register Transfer
• In a digital system with many registers, it is impractical to
have data and control lines to directly allow each register
to be loaded with the contents of every possible other
registers
• To completely connect n registers n(n-1) lines
• O(n2) cost
– This is not a realistic approach to use in a large digital system
• Instead, take a different approach
• Have one centralized set of circuits for data transfer – the
bus
• Have control circuits to select which register is the source,
and which is the destination
18. BUS AND BUS TRANSFER
Bus is a path(of a group of wires) over which information is
transferred, from any of several sources to any of several destinations.
From a register to bus: BUS R
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Register A Register B Register C Register D
B C D
1 1 1
4 x1
MUX
B C D
2 2 2
4 x1
MUX
B C D
3 3 3
4 x1
MUX
B C D
4 4 4
4 x1
MUX
4-line bus
x
y
select
0 0 0 0
Register A Register B Register C Register D
Bus lines
Bus and Memory Transfers
19. TRANSFER FROM BUS TO A DESTINATION REGISTER
Three-State Bus Buffers
Bus line with three-state buffers
Reg. R0 Reg. R1 Reg. R2 Reg. R3
Bus lines
2 x 4
Decoder
Load
D0 D1 D2 D3
z
w
Select E (enable)
Output Y=A if C=1
High-impedence if C=0
Normal input A
Control input C
Select
Enable
0
1
2
3
S0
S1
A0
B0
C0
D0
Bus line for bit 0
Bus and Memory Transfers
20. BUS TRANSFER IN RTL
Bus and Memory Transfers
• Depending on whether the bus is to be mentioned
explicitly or not, register transfer can be indicated as
either
or
• In the former case the bus is implicit, but in the latter, it is
explicitly indicated
R2 R1
BUS R1, R2 BUS
21. MEMORY (RAM)
Bus and Memory Transfers
• Memory (RAM) can be thought as a sequential circuits
containing some number of registers
• These registers hold the words of memory
• Each of the r registers is indicated by an address
• These addresses range from 0 to r-1
• Each register (word) can hold n bits of data
• Assume the RAM contains r = 2k words. It needs the
following
– n data input lines
– n data output lines
– k address lines
– A Read control line
– A Write control line
data input lines
data output lines
n
n
k
address lines
Read
Write
RAM
unit
22. MEMORY TRANSFER
Bus and Memory Transfers
• Collectively, the memory is viewed at the register level as
a device, M.
• Since it contains multiple locations, we must specify
which address in memory we will be using
• This is done by indexing memory references
• Memory is usually accessed in computer systems by
putting the desired address in a special register, the
Memory Address Register (MAR, or AR)
• When memory is accessed, the contents of the MAR get
sent to the memory unit’s address lines
AR
Memory
unit
Read
Write
Data in
Data out
M
23. MEMORY READ
Bus and Memory Transfers
• To read a value from a location in memory and load it into
a register, the register transfer language notation looks
like this:
• This causes the following to occur
– The contents of the MAR get sent to the memory address lines
– A Read (= 1) gets sent to the memory unit
– The contents of the specified address are put on the memory’s
output data lines
– These get sent over the bus to be loaded into register R1
R1 M[MAR]
24. MEMORY WRITE
Bus and Memory Transfers
• To write a value from a register to a location in memory
looks like this in register transfer language:
• This causes the following to occur
– The contents of the MAR get sent to the memory address lines
– A Write (= 1) gets sent to the memory unit
– The values in register R1 get sent over the bus to the data input lines
of the memory
– The values get loaded into the specified address in the memory
M[MAR] R1
25. SUMMARY OF R. TRANSFER MICROOPERATIONS
Bus and Memory Transfers
A B Transfer content of reg. B into reg. A
AR DR(AD) Transfer content of AD portion of reg. DR into reg. AR
A constant Transfer a binary constant into reg. A
ABUS R1, Transfer content of R1 into bus A and, at the same time,
R2 ABUS transfer content of bus A into R2
AR Address register
DR Data register
M[R] Memory word specified by reg. R
M Equivalent to M[AR]
DR M Memory read operation: transfers content of
memory word specified by AR into DR
M DR Memory write operation: transfers content of
DR into memory word specified by AR
26. MICROOPERATIONS
• Computer system microoperations are of four types:
- Register transfer microoperations
- Arithmetic microoperations
- Logic microoperations
- Shift microoperations
Arithmetic Microoperations
27. ARITHMETIC MICROOPERATIONS
Summary of Typical Arithmetic Micro-Operations
Arithmetic Microoperations
R3 R1 + R2 Contents of R1 plus R2 transferred to R3
R3 R1 - R2 Contents of R1 minus R2 transferred to R3
R2 R2’ Complement the contents of R2
R2 R2’+ 1 2's complement the contents of R2 (negate)
R3 R1 + R2’+ 1 subtraction
R1 R1 + 1 Increment
R1 R1 - 1 Decrement
• The basic arithmetic microoperations are
– Addition
– Subtraction
– Increment
– Decrement
• The additional arithmetic microoperations are
– Add with carry
– Subtract with borrow
– Transfer/Load
– etc. …
28. BINARY ADDER / SUBTRACTOR / INCREMENTER
FA
B0 A0
S0
C0
FA
B1 A1
S1
C1
FA
B2 A2
S2
C2
FA
B3 A3
S3
C3
C4
Binary Adder-Subtractor
FA
B0 A0
S0
C0
C1
FA
B1 A1
S1
C2
FA
B2 A2
S2
C3
FA
B3 A3
S3
C4
M
Binary Incrementer
HA
x y
C S
A0 1
S0
HA
x y
C S
A1
S1
HA
x y
C S
A2
S2
HA
x y
C S
A3
S3
C4
Binary Adder
Arithmetic Microoperations
30. LOGIC MICROOPERATIONS
Logic Microoperations
• Specify binary operations on the strings of bits in registers
– Logic microoperations are bit-wise operations, i.e., they work on the
individual bits of data
– useful for bit manipulations on binary data
– useful for making logical decisions based on the bit value
• There are, in principle, 16 different logic functions that can
be defined over two binary input variables
• However, most systems only implement four of these
– AND (), OR (), XOR (), Complement/NOT
• The others can be created from combination of these
0 0 0 0 0 … 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 … 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 … 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 … 1 0 1
A B F0 F1 F2 … F13 F14 F15
31. LIST OF LOGIC MICROOPERATIONS
• List of Logic Microoperations
- 16 different logic operations with 2 binary vars.
- n binary vars → functions
2 2 n
• Truth tables for 16 functions of 2 variables and the
corresponding 16 logic micro-operations
Boolean
Function
Micro-
Operations
Name
x 0 0 1 1
y 0 1 0 1
Logic Microoperations
0 0 0 0 F0 = 0 F 0 Clear
0 0 0 1 F1 = xy F A B AND
0 0 1 0 F2 = xy' F A B’
0 0 1 1 F3 = x F A Transfer A
0 1 0 0 F4 = x'y F A’ B
0 1 0 1 F5 = y F B Transfer B
0 1 1 0 F6 = x y F A B Exclusive-OR
0 1 1 1 F7 = x + y F A B OR
1 0 0 0 F8 = (x + y)' F A B)’ NOR
1 0 0 1 F9 = (x y)' F (A B)’ Exclusive-NOR
1 0 1 0 F10 = y' F B’ Complement B
1 0 1 1 F11 = x + y' F A B
1 1 0 0 F12 = x' F A’ Complement A
1 1 0 1 F13 = x' + y F A’ B
1 1 1 0 F14 = (xy)' F (A B)’ NAND
1 1 1 1 F15 = 1 F all 1's Set to all 1's
32. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF LOGIC MICROOPERATIONS
0 0 F = A B AND
0 1 F = AB OR
1 0 F = A B XOR
1 1 F = A’ Complement
S1 S0 Output -operation
Function table
Logic Microoperations
B
A
S
S
F
1
0
i
i
i
0
1
2
3
4 X 1
MUX
Select
33. APPLICATIONS OF LOGIC MICROOPERATIONS
Logic Microoperations
• Logic microoperations can be used to manipulate individual
bits or a portions of a word in a register
• Consider the data in a register A. In another register, B, is bit
data that will be used to modify the contents of A
– Selective-set A A + B
– Selective-complement A A B
– Selective-clear A A • B’
– Mask (Delete) A A • B
– Clear A A B
– Insert A (A • B) + C
– Compare A A B
– . . .
34. SELECTIVE SET
Logic Microoperations
• In a selective set operation, the bit pattern in B is used to set
certain bits in A
1 1 0 0 At
1 0 1 0 B
1 1 1 0 At+1 (A A + B)
• If a bit in B is set to 1, that same position in A gets set to 1,
otherwise that bit in A keeps its previous value
35. SELECTIVE COMPLEMENT
Logic Microoperations
• In a selective complement operation, the bit pattern in B is
used to complement certain bits in A
1 1 0 0 At
1 0 1 0 B
0 1 1 0 At+1 (A A B)
• If a bit in B is set to 1, that same position in A gets
complemented from its original value, otherwise it is
unchanged
36. SELECTIVE CLEAR
Logic Microoperations
• In a selective clear operation, the bit pattern in B is used to
clear certain bits in A
1 1 0 0 At
1 0 1 0 B
0 1 0 0 At+1 (A A B’)
• If a bit in B is set to 1, that same position in A gets set to 0,
otherwise it is unchanged
37. MASK OPERATION
Logic Microoperations
• In a mask operation, the bit pattern in B is used to clear
certain bits in A
1 1 0 0 At
1 0 1 0 B
1 0 0 0 At+1 (A A B)
• If a bit in B is set to 0, that same position in A gets set to 0,
otherwise it is unchanged
38. CLEAR OPERATION
Logic Microoperations
• In a clear operation, if the bits in the same position in A and
B are the same, they are cleared in A, otherwise they are set
in A
1 1 0 0 At
1 0 1 0 B
0 1 1 0 At+1 (A A B)
39. INSERT OPERATION
Logic Microoperations
• An insert operation is used to introduce a specific bit pattern
into A register, leaving the other bit positions unchanged
• This is done as
– A mask operation to clear the desired bit positions, followed by
– An OR operation to introduce the new bits into the desired
positions
– Example
» Suppose you wanted to introduce 1010 into the low order
four bits of A: 1101 1000 1011 0001 A (Original)
1101 1000 1011 1010 A (Desired)
» 1101 1000 1011 0001 A (Original)
1111 1111 1111 0000 Mask
1101 1000 1011 0000 A (Intermediate)
0000 0000 0000 1010 Added bits
1101 1000 1011 1010 A (Desired)
40. LOGICAL SHIFT
Shift Microoperations
• In a logical shift the serial input to the shift is a 0.
• A right logical shift operation:
• A left logical shift operation:
• In a Register Transfer Language, the following notation is used
– shl for a logical shift left
– shr for a logical shift right
– Examples:
» R2 shr R2
» R3 shl R3
0
0
41. CIRCULAR SHIFT
Shift Microoperations
• In a circular shift the serial input is the bit that is shifted out of
the other end of the register.
• A right circular shift operation:
• A left circular shift operation:
• In a RTL, the following notation is used
– cil for a circular shift left
– cir for a circular shift right
– Examples:
» R2 cir R2
» R3 cil R3
42. Logical versus Arithmetic Shift
• A logical shift fills the newly created bit position with
zero:
• An arithmetic shift fills the newly created bit
position with a copy of the number’s sign bit:
CF
0
CF
43. ARITHMETIC SHIFT
Shift Microoperations
• An left arithmetic shift operation must be checked for the
overflow
0
V
Before the shift, if the leftmost two
bits differ, the shift will result in an
overflow
• In a RTL, the following notation is used
– ashl for an arithmetic shift left
– ashr for an arithmetic shift right
– Examples:
» R2 ashr R2
» R3 ashl R3
sign
bit
44. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT MICROOPERATIONS
Shift Microoperations
S
0
1
H0
MUX
S
0
1
H1
MUX
S
0
1
H2
MUX
S
0
1
H3
MUX
Select
0 for shift right (down)
1 for shift left (up)
Serial
input (IR)
A0
A1
A2
A3
Serial
input (IL)
45. ARITHMETIC LOGIC SHIFT UNIT
S3 S2 S1 S0 Cin Operation Function
0 0 0 0 0 F = A Transfer A
0 0 0 0 1 F = A + 1 Increment A
0 0 0 1 0 F = A + B Addition
0 0 0 1 1 F = A + B + 1 Add with carry
0 0 1 0 0 F = A + B’ Subtract with borrow
0 0 1 0 1 F = A + B’+ 1 Subtraction
0 0 1 1 0 F = A - 1 Decrement A
0 0 1 1 1 F = A TransferA
0 1 0 0 X F = A B AND
0 1 0 1 X F = A B OR
0 1 1 0 X F = A B XOR
0 1 1 1 X F = A’ Complement A
1 0 X X X F = shr A Shift right A into F
1 1 X X X F = shl A Shift left A into F
Shift Microoperations
Arithmetic
Circuit
Logic
Circuit
C
C 4 x 1
MUX
Select
0
1
2
3
F
S3
S2
S1
S0
B
A
i
A
D
A
E
shr
shl
i+1 i
i
i
i+1
i-1
i
i
46. HW 7
1. Use D-type flip flops and gates to design a counter
with the following repeated binary sequence: 0, 1, 3,
2, 4, 6.