The document discusses the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which is India's central bank. It was established in 1935 and is headquartered in Mumbai. The RBI regulates monetary policy, controls the country's money supply and foreign exchange, acts as a bank for the government and other banks, and oversees the banking system. It uses various tools like interest rates, cash reserve ratios, and open market operations to influence monetary policy and inflation. The RBI also facilitates foreign trade and manages foreign exchange reserves.
-The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central banking institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee.
-It commenced its operations on 1st April 1935 in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
-Started as a Shareholders Bank with original share capital divided into shares of 100 each fully paid, which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders.
-The general superintendence and direction of the RBI is entrusted with the 21-member Central Board of Directors.
MAJOR Functions-
1.Issue of Bank Notes
2.Banker to Government
3.Custodian of Cash Reserves of Commercial Banks
4.Custodian of Country's Foreign Currency Reserves
5.Lender of Last Resort
6.Central Clearance and Accounts Settlement
7.Controller of Credit
This presentation has two parts RBI & Monetary Policy.
It covers in detail the RBI, its history, preamble, organization structure, objectives, its functions in detail, its subsidiaries and all its publications with their links.
In the second part it covers Monetary Policy from Indian perspective. It starts with definition, Policy process followed in India, Goals, Framework. It covers the instruments of Monetary Policy in detail. It covers the future framework envisaged by RBI. In the last leg it covers the Contractionary & Expansionary monetary policy with their execution challenges.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
-The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central banking institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee.
-It commenced its operations on 1st April 1935 in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
-Started as a Shareholders Bank with original share capital divided into shares of 100 each fully paid, which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders.
-The general superintendence and direction of the RBI is entrusted with the 21-member Central Board of Directors.
MAJOR Functions-
1.Issue of Bank Notes
2.Banker to Government
3.Custodian of Cash Reserves of Commercial Banks
4.Custodian of Country's Foreign Currency Reserves
5.Lender of Last Resort
6.Central Clearance and Accounts Settlement
7.Controller of Credit
This presentation has two parts RBI & Monetary Policy.
It covers in detail the RBI, its history, preamble, organization structure, objectives, its functions in detail, its subsidiaries and all its publications with their links.
In the second part it covers Monetary Policy from Indian perspective. It starts with definition, Policy process followed in India, Goals, Framework. It covers the instruments of Monetary Policy in detail. It covers the future framework envisaged by RBI. In the last leg it covers the Contractionary & Expansionary monetary policy with their execution challenges.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
2. INTRODUCTION
It is the Central Bank of
India Established in “1st April
1935” under the “RESERVE
BANK OF INDIA ACT”.
Its head quarter is in
Mumbai (Maharashtra). Its
present governor is “
Shaktikanta Das”.
3. History of RBI
1935–1950
The bank was founded in 1935 to respond to economic troubles
after the First World War. The Preamble of the Reserve Bank of
India describes the basic functions of the Reserve Bank as to
regulate the issue of bank notes, to keep reserves with a view to
securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the
currency and credit system in the best interests of the country.
The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established
in Kolkata, Bengal, but was permanently moved to Mumbai in
1937.
1960–1969
As a result of bank crashes, the reserve bank was requested to
establish and monitor a deposit insurance system. It should
restore the trust in the national bank system and was initialized
on 7 December 1961.
4. 1969–1985
Between 1969 and 1980, the Indian government nationalized 6
more commercial banks; following 14 major commercial banks
being nationalized in 1969 . The branch was forced to establish
two new offices in the country for every newly established office
in a town. The oil crises in 1973 resulted in increasing inflation,
and the RBI restricted monetary policy to reduce the effects.
1985–1991
A lot of committees analyzed the Indian economy between 1985
and 1991. Their results had an effect on the RBI.
5. 1991–2000
The national economy came down in July 1991 and the Indian rupee was
devalued. The currency lost 18% relative to the US, and
the Narsimahmam Committee advised restructuring the financial sector
by a temporal reduced reserve ratio as well as the statutory liquidity ratio.
published in 1993 to establish a private banking sector. This turning point
should reinforce the market and was often called liberal. The central bank
deregulated bank interests and some sectors of the financial market like
the trust and property markets.
Since 2000
The Foreign Exchange Management Act from 1999 came into force in June
2000. It should improve the foreign exchange market, international
investments in India and transactions. The RBI promoted the
development of the financial market in the last years, allowed online
banking in 2001 and established a new payment system in 2004–2005
6. PREAMBLE :-
The Preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes
the basic functions of the Reserve Bank as :-
“…To regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves
with a view to securing monetary stability in India and
generally to operate the currency and credit system of the
country to its advantage."
7. FUNCTIONS OF RBI
Issue of currency
Development role
Banker to government
Banker to bank
Role of RBI in inflation control
Formulate monetary policy
Manager of foreign reserve
Clearing house functions
Regulations of banking system
8. Issue of Currency
To ensure adequate quantity of supplies of currency notes and
coins of good quality.
Issues new currency and destroys currency and coins not fit for
circulation.
It has to keep in forms of gold and foreign securities as per
statutory rules against notes & coins issued.
Developmental Role
To develop the quality of banking system in India.
Performs a wide range of promotional functions to support
national objectives.
To establish financial institutions of national importance, for e.g:
NABARD,IDBI etc.
9. Banker to the Government:
Performs all banking function for the central and the state
governments and also acts as their banker excepting that of
Jammu and Kashmir. It makes loans and advances to the States
and local authorities. It acts as adviser to the Government on all
monetary and banking matters.
10. Banker to banks:
Maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks.
RBI also regulates the opening /installation of ATM Fresh
currency notes for ATMs are supplied by RBI.
RBI regulates the opening of branches by banks.
It ensures that all the N.B.F.S follow the Know Your
Customer guidelines.
11. The Reserve Bank of India also regulates the trade of gold.
Currently 17 Indian banks are involved in the trade of gold in
India.
RBI has invited applications from more banks for direct import
of gold to curb illegal trade in gold and increase competition in
the market.
Collection and publication of data.
It issues guidelines and directives for the commercial banks.
12. Role of RBI in inflation
control
Inflation arises when the demand increases and there is a shortage
of supply There are two policies in the hands of the RBI.
Monetary Policy: It includes the interest rates. When the bank
increases the interest rates than there is reduction in the
borrowers and people try to save more as the rate of interest has
increased.
Fiscal Policy: It is related to direct taxes and government spending.
When direct taxes increased and government spending increased
than the disposable Income of the people reduces and hence the
demand reduces.
13. Formulate monetary policy
Maintain price stability and ensuring adequate flow of credit
in the economy.
It formulates implements and monitors the monetary policy.
Instruments: qualitative & quantitative.
14. Quantitative Measures
Quantitative Measures “BANK RATE” also called “Discount
Rate”.
It also includes “Repo Rate”.
“Open Market Operations” buying and selling of government
securities.
“Variable Reserve Ratio” it includes C.R.R and S.L.R
Qualitative Measures
1. Direct Action
2. Moral persuasion
3. Legislation
4. Publicity
15. BANK RATE
It’s the interest rate that is charged by a country’s central
bank on loans and advances to control money supply in the
economy and the banking sector.
This is typically done on a quarterly basis to control inflation
and stabilize the country’s exchange rates.
A fluctuation in bank rates Triggers a Ripple-Effect as it
impacts every sector of a country’s economy.
A change in bank rates affects customers as it influences
Prime Interest Rates for personal loans.
The present bank rate is 9%
16. REPO RATE
Whenever the banks have any shortage of funds they can
borrow it from the central bank. Repo rate is the rate at which
our banks borrow currency from the central bank.
A reduction in the repo rate will help banks to get Money at a
cheaper rate.
When the repo rate increases borrowing from the central
bank becomes more expensive.
In order to increse the liquidity in the market, the central
bank does it.
The present repo rate is 8%
17. REVERSE REPO RATE
It’s the rate at which the banks park surplus funds with reserve
bank.
While the Repo rate is the rate at which the banks borrow from
the central bank.
It is mostly done , when there is surplus liquidity in the market
by the central bank.
The present reverse repo rate is 7%
18. • Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the amount of Cash(liquid cash like
gold)that the banks have to keep with RBI.
•This Ratio is basically to secure solvency of the bank and to drain
out the excessive money from the banks.
•The present CRR rate is 4%.
CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio)
19. SLR ( Statutory Liquidity
Ratio)
•It is the amount a commercial bank needs to maintain in the
form of cash, or gold or govt. approved securities (Bonds)
before providing credit to its customers.
•SLR rate is determined and maintained by the RBI (Reserve
Bank of India) in order to control the expansion of bank credit.
•The present SLR rate is 23%.
20. Current bank rates
Bank Rate 5.15%
Repo Rate 6.5%
Reverse Repo Rate 3.35%
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) 4.5%
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) 18.0%
Marginal Standing Facility Rate(MSF) 6.75%
Base Rate. 8.65% to 9.40%.
Saving Deposit Rate. 2.70% to 3.00%.
Term Deposit Rate. 6.00% to 7.25%
21. QUALITATIVE MEASURES
1. Direct Action: The central bank may take direct action against
commercial banks that violate the rules, orders or advice of the
central bank. This punishment is very severe of a commercial
bank.
2. Moral persuasion: It is another method by which central bank
may get credit supply expanded or contracted. By moral pressure
it may prohibit or dissuade commercial banks to deal in
speculative business.
22. 3. Legislation:
The central bank may also adopt necessary legislation for
expanding or contracting credit money in the market.
4. Publicity:
The central bank may resort to massive advertising campaign
in the news papers, magazines and journals depicting the
poor economic conditions of the country suggesting
commercial banks and other financial institutions to control
credit either by expansion or by contraction.
23. Manager of Foreign Exchange
To facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly
development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in
India.
It acts as a custodian and Manages the Foreign Exchange
Management Act,(FEMA) 1999.
RBI buys and sells foreign currency to maintain the exchange
rate of Indian Rupee v/s foreign currencies like the US Dollar,
Euro, Pound and Japanese yen.
24. Clearing House Functions
The RBI operates
clearing houses to
settle banking
transactions. The
RBI manages 14
major clearing
houses of the
country situated in
different major
cities. The State
Bank of India and its
associates look after
clearing houses
function in other
parts of the country
as an agent of RBI.
25. :
Regulation of Banking System
The prime duty of the reserve Bank is to regulate the banking
system of our country in such a way that the people of the
country can trust in the banking Up to perform its duty.
The Reserve Bank has following powers in this regard:
•Licensing:
According to the section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act,
every bank has to obtain license from the Reserve Bank. The
Reserve Bank issues such license only to those banks which
fulfill condition of the bank.
26. Management:
Section 10 of the Banking Regulation Act embowered the
Reserve Bank to change manager or director of any bank if it
considers it necessary or desirable.
Branch Expansion:
Section 23 requires every bank to take prior permission from
Reserve Bank to open new places of business in India.
Power of inspection of Bank:
Under Section 35, the Reserve Bank may inspect any bank and
its books and accounts either at its own initiative or at the
instance of the Central Government.