1. The document discusses Streptococcus pneumoniae, a gram-positive bacterium responsible for illnesses ranging from mild to severe like pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Its polysaccharide capsule enhances virulence. 2. It also discusses Influenza A virus, an RNA virus that infects humans and causes seasonal flu. It has different subtypes based on surface proteins and is transmitted through respiratory droplets, with symptoms from mild to severe respiratory complications in high-risk groups. 3. The objective of the study is to examine how NEDD4 regulates pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, occurring from co-infection of Influenza A virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

1. Kevin Esteban Duque Duque
3rd semester
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana

2. Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as
pneumococcus, is a gram-positive bacterium responsable
for various illnesses ranging from mild infections like otitis
media to severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis,
and septicemia.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Its ability to produce polysaccharide capsules enhances
virulence, making prevention through vaccination and
appropriate antibiotic use critical in combating its
potentially life-threatening effects.

3. Influenza A virus is a type of RNA virus that
infects humans, causing seasonal flu
outbreaks. It's categorized into subtypes
based on its surface proteins. Transmission
occurs through respiratory droplets, and
symptoms range from mild to severe
respiratory complications, especially in
high-risk groups.
Influenza A Virus

4. Examine how NEDD4 Regulated Pyroptosis
Occurred from Co‐infection between
Influenza A Virus and Streptococcus
pneumoniae
OBJECTIVE

5. MÉTODOS
Establecimiento de un modelo de coinfección
en BALB/c ratones.
Se administra una dosis infecciosa a los 20
ratones BALB/c, con el fin de tener el modelo de
coinfección para establecer la tasa de
mortalidad y supervivencia para el desarrollo de
la investigación.
Modelo de construcción de coinfección celular
A549.
Utilizar un modelo de coinfección con las celulas
A549 que son células epiteliales basales
alveolares humanas, usadas para investigar la
patología molecular de las células epiteliales de
las vias respiratorias en respuesta a infecciones
virales.

6. MÉTODOS
Western Blot.
Se usa para detectar la presencia de proteínas
específicas en una muestra de tejido o extracto
celular, usado en el estudio para detectar la
presencia de varios anticuerpos.
SiRNA de interferencia con NEDD4.
Se usa el RNA de interferencia para regular la
expresión génica, usado en este estudio para el
gen NEDD4.

7. RESULTS

8. RESULTS

9. Agree or disagree
Agree or disagree
Author
Author
DISCUSSION
What did they say?
What did they say?
“Our developed co-infection model accurately
captures the excess mortality caused by co-
infection, thereby validating the success of our
approach (...).”
(Bao et al., 2020)
“The airway epithelium is now considered to be central to the
orchestration of pulmonary inflammatory and immune
responses, and is also key to tissue remodelling. It acts as the
first barrier in the defense against pathogen challenges, and is
critically involved in the regulation of both innate and adaptive
immune responses to these challenges”.
(Negash et al., 2013;
Peeters et al., 2013;
Russier et al., 2020)
“Establishing a co-infection model of influenza virus and Strep-
tococcus pneumoniae using A549 cells contributes to a deeper
understanding of the potential molecular mechanisms underlying co-
infections. Numerous studies have reported individual infections of
human lung tissue cells with influenza virus or Streptococcus
pneumoniae, both domestically and internationally”.
(Han et al., 2012; Julkunen
et al., 2000; Schmeck et
al., 2004, 2006).

10. CONCLUSIONS
1.
The study of viral co-infection
and its effects on cellular
resistance provides valuable
information on the processes
of cell death and
inflammation, being of great
importance for these studies
the evidence and the
progress of molecular biology.
2.
It has been shown that the
interaction between virus and host
cells can trigger inflammatory
responses and programmed cell
death mechanisms, such as
pyroptosis, which can significantly
influence the pathogenicity and
progression of infection, these
findings highlight the importance of
understanding at the molecular level
the processes behind viral co-
infection.

11. MAPA CONCEPTUAL