www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com has the complete class on uveitis for undergraduate medical students. This presentation is the third in the series and deals with the sequelae and complications of uveitis.
Posterior segment manifestations of blunt traumaSSSIHMS-PG
Ocular trauma is a major cause of visual impairment worldwide, with males under 40 most commonly affected. The document describes various mechanical injuries to the eye from blunt trauma and their clinical presentations, including commotio retinae, choroidal rupture, retinal detachment, retinal dialysis, and optic nerve avulsion. Several complications are discussed such as traumatic macular holes, choroidal neovascularization, and Purtscher's retinopathy. Careful ophthalmic examination and imaging are important for diagnosis and management of these ocular injuries.
This document provides information about ectopia lentis, or displacement of the crystalline lens. It begins with classifications of ectopia lentis based on location and etiology. Congenital causes like Marfan syndrome and homocystinuria are described. Presentation, examination findings, complications, workup, and management approaches are outlined. Surgical techniques depend on degree and location of lens subluxation/dislocation and may involve lens removal with or without intraocular lens implantation. Management of subluxated lenses in children poses additional challenges due to risk of complications with contact lenses or suture-fixated intraocular lenses.
This document provides an overview of cataracts, including:
- Definitions and types of cataracts such as developmental, acquired, congenital, and secondary.
- Causes of cataracts including age, genetics, trauma, toxins, and medical conditions.
- Classification systems for cataracts based on location, shape, degree of opacity.
- Symptoms such as decreased vision and glare.
- Stages of cortical and nuclear cataracts.
- Secondary cataracts that develop due to underlying ocular diseases.
This document discusses optic disc changes in glaucoma. It defines key terms like optic nerve head and lamina cribrosa. It describes physiological cupping and normal cup-to-disc ratios. Pathogenesis of optic nerve head changes in glaucoma involves mechanical effects of increased intraocular pressure and vascular effects of ischemia. Signs suggestive of glaucoma include increased cup size, asymmetry between eyes, thinning of the neuroretinal rim, notches, splinter hemorrhages, and retinal nerve fiber layer defects preceding other changes. Advanced glaucoma shows total cupping and bending of retinal vessels at the disc margin.
The document discusses retinal vein occlusion (RVO), specifically central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), including its demographics, pathogenesis, classification as either ischemic or non-ischemic CRVO, management through examination, investigation and treatment options, and guidelines on systemic evaluation and management. CRVO results from obstruction of venous outflow causing increased pressure and damage to retinal capillaries and is classified based on the location and extent of occlusion, with ischemic CRVO having a poorer visual prognosis without timely treatment.
This document discusses various types of secondary glaucoma caused by underlying ocular diseases and conditions. It describes the mechanisms of increased intraocular pressure, clinical features, and treatment approaches for different forms of secondary glaucoma including lens-induced glaucoma, inflammatory glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma, and steroid-induced glaucoma among others. Management involves treating the underlying condition causing secondary glaucoma as well as lowering intraocular pressure through medical, laser, or surgical means.
Neovascular glaucoma is a severe form of secondary glaucoma characterized by fibrovascular proliferation in the anterior chamber angle caused by chronic retinal ischemia. The most common causes are diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and ocular ischemic disease. The proliferation of new blood vessels leads to the formation of a membrane that can cause open or closed angle glaucoma with very high intraocular pressure. Treatment involves controlling the underlying cause, lowering intraocular pressure through medications, laser treatment or surgery like trabeculectomy with anti-metabolites or tube shunts, and preventing further neovascularization through panretinal photocoagulation. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment is important but successful management is challenging and
This document discusses the history and clinical presentation of pathological myopia. It notes that myopia was first described by Galen using the Greek term "mŭopia". It then outlines several key figures throughout history who contributed to the understanding and definition of pathological myopia, including von Arlt who first connected staphyloma to high myopia and Curtin who proposed a classification scheme for staphyloma. The document defines pathological myopia and lists its prevalence worldwide. It describes the genetic and growth-related etiologies and various clinical signs seen on ophthalmic examination like tilted optic discs, lacquer cracks, and choroidal neovascularization. Treatment options including refractive surgery, lens replacement, and general measures are
Posterior segment manifestations of blunt traumaSSSIHMS-PG
Ocular trauma is a major cause of visual impairment worldwide, with males under 40 most commonly affected. The document describes various mechanical injuries to the eye from blunt trauma and their clinical presentations, including commotio retinae, choroidal rupture, retinal detachment, retinal dialysis, and optic nerve avulsion. Several complications are discussed such as traumatic macular holes, choroidal neovascularization, and Purtscher's retinopathy. Careful ophthalmic examination and imaging are important for diagnosis and management of these ocular injuries.
This document provides information about ectopia lentis, or displacement of the crystalline lens. It begins with classifications of ectopia lentis based on location and etiology. Congenital causes like Marfan syndrome and homocystinuria are described. Presentation, examination findings, complications, workup, and management approaches are outlined. Surgical techniques depend on degree and location of lens subluxation/dislocation and may involve lens removal with or without intraocular lens implantation. Management of subluxated lenses in children poses additional challenges due to risk of complications with contact lenses or suture-fixated intraocular lenses.
This document provides an overview of cataracts, including:
- Definitions and types of cataracts such as developmental, acquired, congenital, and secondary.
- Causes of cataracts including age, genetics, trauma, toxins, and medical conditions.
- Classification systems for cataracts based on location, shape, degree of opacity.
- Symptoms such as decreased vision and glare.
- Stages of cortical and nuclear cataracts.
- Secondary cataracts that develop due to underlying ocular diseases.
This document discusses optic disc changes in glaucoma. It defines key terms like optic nerve head and lamina cribrosa. It describes physiological cupping and normal cup-to-disc ratios. Pathogenesis of optic nerve head changes in glaucoma involves mechanical effects of increased intraocular pressure and vascular effects of ischemia. Signs suggestive of glaucoma include increased cup size, asymmetry between eyes, thinning of the neuroretinal rim, notches, splinter hemorrhages, and retinal nerve fiber layer defects preceding other changes. Advanced glaucoma shows total cupping and bending of retinal vessels at the disc margin.
The document discusses retinal vein occlusion (RVO), specifically central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), including its demographics, pathogenesis, classification as either ischemic or non-ischemic CRVO, management through examination, investigation and treatment options, and guidelines on systemic evaluation and management. CRVO results from obstruction of venous outflow causing increased pressure and damage to retinal capillaries and is classified based on the location and extent of occlusion, with ischemic CRVO having a poorer visual prognosis without timely treatment.
This document discusses various types of secondary glaucoma caused by underlying ocular diseases and conditions. It describes the mechanisms of increased intraocular pressure, clinical features, and treatment approaches for different forms of secondary glaucoma including lens-induced glaucoma, inflammatory glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma, and steroid-induced glaucoma among others. Management involves treating the underlying condition causing secondary glaucoma as well as lowering intraocular pressure through medical, laser, or surgical means.
Neovascular glaucoma is a severe form of secondary glaucoma characterized by fibrovascular proliferation in the anterior chamber angle caused by chronic retinal ischemia. The most common causes are diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and ocular ischemic disease. The proliferation of new blood vessels leads to the formation of a membrane that can cause open or closed angle glaucoma with very high intraocular pressure. Treatment involves controlling the underlying cause, lowering intraocular pressure through medications, laser treatment or surgery like trabeculectomy with anti-metabolites or tube shunts, and preventing further neovascularization through panretinal photocoagulation. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment is important but successful management is challenging and
This document discusses the history and clinical presentation of pathological myopia. It notes that myopia was first described by Galen using the Greek term "mŭopia". It then outlines several key figures throughout history who contributed to the understanding and definition of pathological myopia, including von Arlt who first connected staphyloma to high myopia and Curtin who proposed a classification scheme for staphyloma. The document defines pathological myopia and lists its prevalence worldwide. It describes the genetic and growth-related etiologies and various clinical signs seen on ophthalmic examination like tilted optic discs, lacquer cracks, and choroidal neovascularization. Treatment options including refractive surgery, lens replacement, and general measures are
This document provides information on angle closure glaucoma, including its causes, risk factors, stages, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Angle closure glaucoma results from obstruction of the aqueous outflow pathway due to apposition or adhesion of the iris to the trabecular meshwork. It is more common in individuals with anatomically narrow anterior chamber angles and certain ethnic groups. Treatment involves lowering intraocular pressure through medications, laser procedures such as peripheral iridotomy or iridoplasty, or incisional surgeries like goniosynechialysis or trabeculectomy if needed.
Cataract formation is commonly caused by blunt trauma to the eye and can result in flower-shaped opacities in the lens. Subluxation or dislocation of the lens may also occur due to trauma tearing the suspensory ligament. A cataract surgery may be needed to remove a visually significant cataract caused by trauma or other conditions like uveitis. Special considerations for surgery include damage to other ocular tissues, retained foreign bodies, inflammation, and zonular dehiscence.
Congenital glaucomas are a group of disorders where abnormal high intraocular pressure results from developmental abnormalities of the anterior chamber angle that obstruct aqueous humor drainage. They can be primary, caused by trabecular meshwork maldevelopment, or secondary, associated with other ocular or systemic anomalies. Surgical treatment via goniotomy or trabeculotomy aims to create a drainage pathway and lower pressure. Medications may be used before or after surgery to control pressure. Early diagnosis and treatment leads to the best visual prognosis.
Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) occurs when the central retinal vein that drains blood from the retina becomes blocked. This causes blood and fluid to spill into the retina, which can lead to swelling of the macula and loss of central vision. CRVO is classified as either ischemic or non-ischemic. Treatment aims to prevent further swelling and seal leaking blood vessels through medications, laser treatment, or injections into the eye. While some vision can be regained, CRVO often results in long-term vision loss or legal blindness without prompt treatment.
This document discusses various congenital anomalies that can occur in the eye. It covers anomalies of the eyelid, cornea, lens, uveal tract, retina, choroid, lacrimal apparatus, orbit, and optic nerve. For each structure, it provides examples of specific anomalies such as ptosis, coloboma, aniridia, persistent pupillary membrane, optic nerve hypoplasia, and more. It describes the signs, causes, and other clinical features of each congenital ocular anomaly.
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) results from obstruction of blood flow through the central retinal artery, causing ischemia of the inner retina. It presents with sudden, painless vision loss. Examination typically reveals a cherry red spot at the macula and whitening of the inner retina. Ancillary testing such as OCT, FFA, and ERG can help evaluate the extent of retinal damage. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of underlying causes is important to prevent further vascular events.
Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a common cause of tearing in infants, where the nasolacrimal duct fails to fully canalize after birth. Signs include tearing and eye discharge, especially with colds. Treatment first involves massage and antibiotics, with probing of the duct under anesthesia if not resolved by 12-18 months. Probing has a high success rate when done early. Surgery like dacryocystorhinostomy may be needed if probing fails or for membranous obstructions. The procedure involves creating a passage from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity with good long-term success rates over 90% typically.
Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory condition where the cornea progressively thins and changes from a dome shape to a cone shape. It typically develops between ages 8-45. The cornea thins and breaks occur in the Bowman's layer and Descemet's membrane. Diagnosis involves examining for Fleischer's ring, Vogt's striae, and irregular topography. Mild cases are treated with glasses or soft contacts while more severe cases require rigid gas permeable contacts or surgical interventions like intracorneal ring segments, lamellar keratoplasty, or penetrating keratoplasty.
This document discusses fungal corneal ulcers. It begins by describing the signs and symptoms of fungal ulcers, including pain, redness, defective vision, lid edema, and corneal opacity staining with fluorescein. Diagnosis involves smears, cultures and microscopy to identify causative fungi. Common fungi include Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Candida. Treatment involves topical natamycin or voriconazole drops. Prognosis includes potential complications like scar formation, astigmatism, perforation and fistula formation. Close monitoring is needed due to the difficulty treating fungal infections.
This document discusses watering eye (epiphora) and its causes including hyperlacrimation and obstruction of tear outflow. It describes various mechanical obstructions that can cause epiphora such as punctal, canalicular, lacrimal sac or nasolacrimal duct obstructions. Clinical evaluation methods are outlined. Dacryocystitis, an infection of the lacrimal sac, is discussed including its congenital and acquired forms. Congenital dacryocystitis presents in newborns with epiphora, positive regurgitation test and swelling. Acquired dacryocystitis can be chronic or acute, with chronic forms including catarrhal dacryocystitis, lacrimal
This document provides information on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment including:
- The pathogenesis which involves vitreoretinal traction from liquefaction of the vitreous gel creating a hole that allows fluid into the subretinal space.
- Symptoms include photopsia, floaters, and visual field defects.
- Signs include Marcus Gunn pupil, low intraocular pressure, retinal breaks, and mild iritis.
- Treatment options depend on factors like location and size of retinal break, state of vitreous gel, and include laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, and drainage of subretinal fluid in
This document discusses neovascular glaucoma, also known as rubeotic glaucoma. It begins by defining the terminology and describing the clinical features. The main causes of neovascular glaucoma are diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and carotid artery occlusive disease, all of which result in ocular tissue hypoxia. This hypoxia leads to the release of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor that induce new blood vessel growth on the iris and in the anterior chamber angle, causing glaucoma. Later sections discuss theories of neovasculogenesis, angiogenic and vasoinhibitory factors, clinical course, differential diagnosis, medical management, and surgical options.
Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare bilateral granulomatous panuveitis that occurs after trauma or surgery to one eye. It results from an immune response against ocular antigens that spreads from the injured eye to the other eye. The main symptoms are blurred vision, pain, and photophobia in the uninjured eye. Treatment involves high-dose oral corticosteroids and immunosuppressants to prevent vision loss in both eyes. Prompt diagnosis and treatment usually leads to a good visual prognosis.
This document discusses pupillary evaluation techniques including the direct and consensual light reflex test and near reflex test. It describes the anatomy of the pupil and visual pathway. The light reflex and near reflex are examined to assess the integrity of the pupillary light reflex pathway. An afferent pupillary defect can indicate damage anywhere along the visual pathway from the retina to the lateral geniculate body and presents as a reduction in pupil contraction when one eye is stimulated compared to the other. The document grades the severity of relative afferent pupillary defects and lists potential causes.
Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
This document discusses complications that can occur during and after cataract surgery. It begins by providing background on the increasing rates of cataract surgery worldwide. It then describes potential intraoperative complications related to anesthesia blocks, surgical wounds, capsulotomies, and more. Postoperative complications that can occur early or late after surgery are also reviewed. The document aims to help surgeons understand and prevent complications by selecting appropriate patients, maintaining sterility, performing safe surgery, and properly correcting refractive errors post-op.
- The document discusses the evaluation of proptosis, which is the abnormal forward protrusion of the eyeball. It defines different types of orbital abnormalities and provides the approach to examining a patient with proptosis, including taking a thorough history, performing a local and systemic examination, ordering appropriate imaging and lab tests, and considering histopathological studies if needed. The causes of proptosis can be divided into categories such as inflammatory, mass effect, vascular changes, and infiltrative processes. Key aspects of the evaluation are to determine if the proptosis is unilateral or bilateral and whether there are associated signs and symptoms to suggest an underlying cause.
Cystoid macular edema is a pathological accumulation of fluid in the macula that can be caused by conditions like diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, or following cataract surgery. It is diagnosed using optical coherence tomography or fluorescein angiography and treated initially with anti-inflammatory eye drops, corticosteroid injections, or anti-VEGF drugs to reduce fluid accumulation. Laser therapy or vitrectomy may also be used in some cases to treat underlying causes like vitreomacular traction.
Dr. TP Chhangte discusses anterior uveitis, including its definition, epidemiology, classification, pathology, clinical features, complications, and differential diagnosis. Some key points:
- Anterior uveitis is inflammation of the iris and anterior part of the ciliary body. Its prevalence has been increasing and it commonly affects people aged 20-50.
- Uveitis can be classified anatomically, clinically, etiologically, and pathologically. The anatomical classification divides uveitis into anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis based on location of inflammation.
- Clinical features of anterior uveitis include eye pain, redness, photophobia, and decreased vision. On examination
This document discusses the signs and symptoms of uveitis, an inflammatory condition of the uveal tract of the eye. It describes the classical triad of uveitis as acute onset pain, redness, and photophobia. Slit lamp examination may reveal keratic precipitates, aqueous cells and flare, miosis, iris nodules, and posterior synechiae. Inflammation can occur in the iris, ciliary body, vitreous base, choroid, or retina, presenting with symptoms like floaters, blurred vision, or visual disturbances. Specific signs include snowballs/snowbanking in the vitreous, yellow-white infiltrates in the choroid, and infiltrates or
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com has the complete class on uveitis for undergraduate medical students. This presentation is the first in the series and deals with the classification of uveitis.
This document provides information on angle closure glaucoma, including its causes, risk factors, stages, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Angle closure glaucoma results from obstruction of the aqueous outflow pathway due to apposition or adhesion of the iris to the trabecular meshwork. It is more common in individuals with anatomically narrow anterior chamber angles and certain ethnic groups. Treatment involves lowering intraocular pressure through medications, laser procedures such as peripheral iridotomy or iridoplasty, or incisional surgeries like goniosynechialysis or trabeculectomy if needed.
Cataract formation is commonly caused by blunt trauma to the eye and can result in flower-shaped opacities in the lens. Subluxation or dislocation of the lens may also occur due to trauma tearing the suspensory ligament. A cataract surgery may be needed to remove a visually significant cataract caused by trauma or other conditions like uveitis. Special considerations for surgery include damage to other ocular tissues, retained foreign bodies, inflammation, and zonular dehiscence.
Congenital glaucomas are a group of disorders where abnormal high intraocular pressure results from developmental abnormalities of the anterior chamber angle that obstruct aqueous humor drainage. They can be primary, caused by trabecular meshwork maldevelopment, or secondary, associated with other ocular or systemic anomalies. Surgical treatment via goniotomy or trabeculotomy aims to create a drainage pathway and lower pressure. Medications may be used before or after surgery to control pressure. Early diagnosis and treatment leads to the best visual prognosis.
Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) occurs when the central retinal vein that drains blood from the retina becomes blocked. This causes blood and fluid to spill into the retina, which can lead to swelling of the macula and loss of central vision. CRVO is classified as either ischemic or non-ischemic. Treatment aims to prevent further swelling and seal leaking blood vessels through medications, laser treatment, or injections into the eye. While some vision can be regained, CRVO often results in long-term vision loss or legal blindness without prompt treatment.
This document discusses various congenital anomalies that can occur in the eye. It covers anomalies of the eyelid, cornea, lens, uveal tract, retina, choroid, lacrimal apparatus, orbit, and optic nerve. For each structure, it provides examples of specific anomalies such as ptosis, coloboma, aniridia, persistent pupillary membrane, optic nerve hypoplasia, and more. It describes the signs, causes, and other clinical features of each congenital ocular anomaly.
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) results from obstruction of blood flow through the central retinal artery, causing ischemia of the inner retina. It presents with sudden, painless vision loss. Examination typically reveals a cherry red spot at the macula and whitening of the inner retina. Ancillary testing such as OCT, FFA, and ERG can help evaluate the extent of retinal damage. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of underlying causes is important to prevent further vascular events.
Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a common cause of tearing in infants, where the nasolacrimal duct fails to fully canalize after birth. Signs include tearing and eye discharge, especially with colds. Treatment first involves massage and antibiotics, with probing of the duct under anesthesia if not resolved by 12-18 months. Probing has a high success rate when done early. Surgery like dacryocystorhinostomy may be needed if probing fails or for membranous obstructions. The procedure involves creating a passage from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity with good long-term success rates over 90% typically.
Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory condition where the cornea progressively thins and changes from a dome shape to a cone shape. It typically develops between ages 8-45. The cornea thins and breaks occur in the Bowman's layer and Descemet's membrane. Diagnosis involves examining for Fleischer's ring, Vogt's striae, and irregular topography. Mild cases are treated with glasses or soft contacts while more severe cases require rigid gas permeable contacts or surgical interventions like intracorneal ring segments, lamellar keratoplasty, or penetrating keratoplasty.
This document discusses fungal corneal ulcers. It begins by describing the signs and symptoms of fungal ulcers, including pain, redness, defective vision, lid edema, and corneal opacity staining with fluorescein. Diagnosis involves smears, cultures and microscopy to identify causative fungi. Common fungi include Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Candida. Treatment involves topical natamycin or voriconazole drops. Prognosis includes potential complications like scar formation, astigmatism, perforation and fistula formation. Close monitoring is needed due to the difficulty treating fungal infections.
This document discusses watering eye (epiphora) and its causes including hyperlacrimation and obstruction of tear outflow. It describes various mechanical obstructions that can cause epiphora such as punctal, canalicular, lacrimal sac or nasolacrimal duct obstructions. Clinical evaluation methods are outlined. Dacryocystitis, an infection of the lacrimal sac, is discussed including its congenital and acquired forms. Congenital dacryocystitis presents in newborns with epiphora, positive regurgitation test and swelling. Acquired dacryocystitis can be chronic or acute, with chronic forms including catarrhal dacryocystitis, lacrimal
This document provides information on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment including:
- The pathogenesis which involves vitreoretinal traction from liquefaction of the vitreous gel creating a hole that allows fluid into the subretinal space.
- Symptoms include photopsia, floaters, and visual field defects.
- Signs include Marcus Gunn pupil, low intraocular pressure, retinal breaks, and mild iritis.
- Treatment options depend on factors like location and size of retinal break, state of vitreous gel, and include laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, and drainage of subretinal fluid in
This document discusses neovascular glaucoma, also known as rubeotic glaucoma. It begins by defining the terminology and describing the clinical features. The main causes of neovascular glaucoma are diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and carotid artery occlusive disease, all of which result in ocular tissue hypoxia. This hypoxia leads to the release of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor that induce new blood vessel growth on the iris and in the anterior chamber angle, causing glaucoma. Later sections discuss theories of neovasculogenesis, angiogenic and vasoinhibitory factors, clinical course, differential diagnosis, medical management, and surgical options.
Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare bilateral granulomatous panuveitis that occurs after trauma or surgery to one eye. It results from an immune response against ocular antigens that spreads from the injured eye to the other eye. The main symptoms are blurred vision, pain, and photophobia in the uninjured eye. Treatment involves high-dose oral corticosteroids and immunosuppressants to prevent vision loss in both eyes. Prompt diagnosis and treatment usually leads to a good visual prognosis.
This document discusses pupillary evaluation techniques including the direct and consensual light reflex test and near reflex test. It describes the anatomy of the pupil and visual pathway. The light reflex and near reflex are examined to assess the integrity of the pupillary light reflex pathway. An afferent pupillary defect can indicate damage anywhere along the visual pathway from the retina to the lateral geniculate body and presents as a reduction in pupil contraction when one eye is stimulated compared to the other. The document grades the severity of relative afferent pupillary defects and lists potential causes.
Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
This document discusses complications that can occur during and after cataract surgery. It begins by providing background on the increasing rates of cataract surgery worldwide. It then describes potential intraoperative complications related to anesthesia blocks, surgical wounds, capsulotomies, and more. Postoperative complications that can occur early or late after surgery are also reviewed. The document aims to help surgeons understand and prevent complications by selecting appropriate patients, maintaining sterility, performing safe surgery, and properly correcting refractive errors post-op.
- The document discusses the evaluation of proptosis, which is the abnormal forward protrusion of the eyeball. It defines different types of orbital abnormalities and provides the approach to examining a patient with proptosis, including taking a thorough history, performing a local and systemic examination, ordering appropriate imaging and lab tests, and considering histopathological studies if needed. The causes of proptosis can be divided into categories such as inflammatory, mass effect, vascular changes, and infiltrative processes. Key aspects of the evaluation are to determine if the proptosis is unilateral or bilateral and whether there are associated signs and symptoms to suggest an underlying cause.
Cystoid macular edema is a pathological accumulation of fluid in the macula that can be caused by conditions like diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, or following cataract surgery. It is diagnosed using optical coherence tomography or fluorescein angiography and treated initially with anti-inflammatory eye drops, corticosteroid injections, or anti-VEGF drugs to reduce fluid accumulation. Laser therapy or vitrectomy may also be used in some cases to treat underlying causes like vitreomacular traction.
Dr. TP Chhangte discusses anterior uveitis, including its definition, epidemiology, classification, pathology, clinical features, complications, and differential diagnosis. Some key points:
- Anterior uveitis is inflammation of the iris and anterior part of the ciliary body. Its prevalence has been increasing and it commonly affects people aged 20-50.
- Uveitis can be classified anatomically, clinically, etiologically, and pathologically. The anatomical classification divides uveitis into anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis based on location of inflammation.
- Clinical features of anterior uveitis include eye pain, redness, photophobia, and decreased vision. On examination
This document discusses the signs and symptoms of uveitis, an inflammatory condition of the uveal tract of the eye. It describes the classical triad of uveitis as acute onset pain, redness, and photophobia. Slit lamp examination may reveal keratic precipitates, aqueous cells and flare, miosis, iris nodules, and posterior synechiae. Inflammation can occur in the iris, ciliary body, vitreous base, choroid, or retina, presenting with symptoms like floaters, blurred vision, or visual disturbances. Specific signs include snowballs/snowbanking in the vitreous, yellow-white infiltrates in the choroid, and infiltrates or
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com has the complete class on uveitis for undergraduate medical students. This presentation is the first in the series and deals with the classification of uveitis.
The basic concepts about refractive errors and their corrective options are explained in this lecture. It was taken at Central Park Medical College Lahore Pakistan for fourth year medical students
Leprosy part 2 - a presentation at www.eyenirvaan.comEyenirvaan
This document discusses ocular complications of leprosy, including potential blinding lesions. It describes how various structures of the eye can be involved like the cornea, iris, and lens. Complications discussed include lagophthalmos, exposure keratitis, corneal hypoesthesia, acute iritis, scleritis, and cataracts. Treatment options are provided for each complication. The document emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of leprosy and reactions to prevent blindness.
Leprosy - Part 2 - a presentation at www.eyenirvaan.comEyenirvaan
This document discusses ocular complications of leprosy, including potential blinding lesions. It describes how various structures of the eye can be involved like the cornea, iris, and lens. Complications discussed in detail include lagophthalmos, exposure keratitis, corneal hypoesthesia, acute iritis, scleritis, and cataracts. Treatment options are provided for each complication. The document emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of leprosy and reactions to prevent blindness.
This document discusses myopia (nearsightedness), including its definition, types, causes, signs and symptoms, complications, and treatment options. The main types of myopia are axial, curvatural, and index myopia. Causes include genetics, excessive eye growth, and changes in the eye's shape or refractive index. Signs include prominent eyeballs and myopic degeneration in advanced cases. Treatments include glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery such LASIK, and low vision aids for severe vision loss.
Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a vision condition where light focuses in front of the retina rather than directly on it. There are several types and causes of myopia. Simple or developmental myopia is the most common, typically developing during childhood and adolescence due to increased axial length of the eyeball. Pathological myopia is a more severe form where high degrees of nearsightedness lead to degenerative changes in the retina and choroid. Complications can include retinal detachment, macular holes, and glaucoma. Treatment involves prescribing corrective lenses or refractive surgery to clearly see distant objects.
Angle-closure glaucoma is caused by apposition of the peripheral iris to the trabecular meshwork, reducing drainage of aqueous humor from the eye. Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) has no underlying cause and is due to anatomic factors. It is a leading cause of glaucoma worldwide. PACG presents with acute symptoms like eye pain and blurred vision due to sudden rise in pressure from pupillary block. Treatment involves lowering pressure with medications or iridectomy to prevent future attacks. Long-term management focuses on screening and treatment to prevent angle closure in the fellow eye.
Chronic visual loss can result from problems in the pre-retinal, retinal, or post-retinal structures. In the pre-retinal region, common causes are corneal dystrophy, scarring, or edema, and lens conditions like cataracts. Retinal problems include diabetic retinopathy, vascular issues, tumors, and macular degeneration. Post-retinal causes involve the optic nerve, such as compressive neuropathies or nutritional deficiencies. Glaucoma is another frequent cause, resulting from increased intraocular pressure damaging the optic nerve over time. A thorough eye exam is needed to determine the location and underlying reason for chronic visual disturbance or loss.
This document provides information on the anatomy and diseases of the vitreous humor. It discusses that the vitreous humor is a jelly-like structure that fills the back of the eye and provides support. Common diseases include vitreous liquefaction, detachment, hemorrhage, and opacities. Vitreous liquefaction is the most common degenerative change and causes floaters. Posterior vitreous detachment often occurs in older individuals and may lead to retinal tears or breaks. Vitreous opacities can result from inflammatory cells, aggregates, tumors or hemorrhages. Vitreous hemorrhage usually stems from retinal vessels and can cause vision loss.
Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina separates from its underlying supportive layer. Symptoms include an increase in floaters, flashes of light, and worsening vision. Without treatment, permanent vision loss can occur. Retinal detachment is commonly caused by breaks or tears in the retina that allow fluid from the eye to enter and separate the retina. Risk factors include nearsightedness, eye injuries or surgeries, and family history. Diagnosis involves examination of the eye and retina using instruments like an ophthalmoscope or ultrasound.
This document discusses myopia, including its optics, classification, treatment, and prognosis. It defines myopia as a refractive error where parallel light rays focus in front of the retina. Myopia is classified as axial, curvatural, index, or acquired. Treatment options include optical correction with concave lenses, surgery, general measures like visual hygiene, and low vision aids for high myopia. Pathological myopia is a form characterized by a rapidly progressive refractive error and increased risks of retinal detachment and other complications.
The vitreous body serves optical and mechanical functions in the eye. It develops from neuroectoderm and provides a pathway for nutrients. Vitreous opacities appear as floating spots and are caused by developmental remnants, degeneration, inflammation or trauma. Vitreous detachment involves separation from the retina and can cause flashes or floaters, occasionally leading to retinal tears or detachment. Vitrectomy techniques such as three-port pars plana removal are used to treat various vitreous pathologies or as part of retinal surgery.
Glaucoma is a disorder caused by increased intraocular pressure damaging the optic nerve. It has two main types - open angle glaucoma where the angle remains open, and angle closure glaucoma where the angle becomes narrow or closed. Angle closure glaucoma occurs when the iris blocks the drainage angle, commonly due to pupillary block or narrowing of the angle with age. It presents with sudden severe eye pain, blurred vision, headache, and eye redness. Gonioscopy is used to examine the angle structure and grade its width.
This document discusses various types of cataracts and examination findings related to cataracts. It begins with descriptions and images of different types of cataracts such as hypermature, morgagnian, rosette, lamellar, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. It then discusses examination considerations for cataracts in young patients. Other sections discuss findings related to diabetic cataracts, types of glaucoma that can result from cataracts, different intraocular lenses, and complications after cataract surgery.
USMLE NEUROANATOMY 020 Orbit and globe anatomical structures of the eye soc...AHMED ASHOUR
he orbit and globe refer to the anatomical structures of the eye socket (orbit) and the eyeball (globe). Understanding the surgical anatomy of these structures is crucial for procedures related to ophthalmology and orbital surgery.
Understanding the surgical anatomy of the orbit and globe is vital for ophthalmic surgeons and other professionals involved in eye-related procedures. Surgical interventions aim to address various eye conditions, improve vision, and restore or enhance the aesthetic appearance of the eye and surrounding structures.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an introduction to ophthalmology, including:
1. An overview of eye anatomy and the structures that make up the eyeball like the sclera, cornea, iris, lens, vitreous humor, and visual pathway.
2. A brief discussion of eye embryology and how the eye develops from the optic vesicle and surface ectoderm during pregnancy.
3. An outline of common ocular examinations, diagnostic tools, and treatments for refractive errors, glaucoma, and cataracts.
Similar a Sequelae & Complications of Uveitis (20)
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com has the complete class and MCQs on lids and adnexa for undergraduate medical students. The third class in this series deals with blepheroptosis. The subtopics include diagnosis of ptosis, pseudoptosis, classification of ptosis into congenital and acquired ptosis and finally a brief discussion on the management of ptosis. Clinical features of congenital myogenic ptosis, Marcus jaw winking phenomenon, aponeurotic ptosis, neurogenic ptosis (III nerve palsy and Horner’s syndrome), CPEO, myasthenia gravis, traumatic and mechanical ptosis are explained.
The document discusses different types of eyelid malpositions including ptosis, ectropion, and entropion. Ectropion and entropion result from an imbalance between the forces on the anterior and posterior lamellae of the eyelid. The most common type of ectropion in practice is involutional ectropion, which is primarily caused by horizontal eyelid laxity. Involutional entropion of the lower eyelid is also common. Surgical procedures to correct ectropion include medial conjunctivoplasty and lateral canthoplasty, while procedures for entropion include transverse lid everting sutures and margin rotation by transverse tarsotomy.
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com has the complete class and MCQs on lids and adnexa for undergraduate medical students. Part A of the second class on lids deals with the palpebral fissure, eyelid retractors (levator aponeurosis and Muller’s muscle) and protractors (orbicularis oculi). It discusses the lid to globe apposition, factors responsible for vertical and horizontal tautness of the lids, including the canthal ligaments and tarsus. Horizontal lid laxity leading to entropion and ectropion is explained. A brief outline of management of involutional ectropion and entropion is given.
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com has the complete class and MCQs on lids and adnexa for undergraduate medical students. Class 1 in the series deals with the basic anatomy of the eyelid and the eyelid margin. A few of the congenital eyelid disorders are mentioned. Special emphasis is given to blepharitis – inflammation of the eyelid margin, its types, clinical features and management. Next, common causes of eyelid swellings including hordeolum or stye and chalazion are discussed. Finally a brief mention is made about disorders of the eyelashes – trichiasis, poliosis, madarosis and distichiasis.
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com has the complete class and MCQs on uveitis for undergraduate medical students. Class 5 in the series of classes on uveitis deals with the common causes of panuveitis and briefly discusses their management. The clinical feature of each of the disease entities is explained with the help of case studies.
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com has the complete class on uveitis for undergraduate medical students. This presentation is the fourth in the series and deals with the management of uveitis.
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com has the complete post.
In Part1 the topics discussed are the causes of anterior, intermediate, posterior and panuveitis. There is also a section on the associated features like history, demographics and examination findings that help to narrow down the differential diagnosis.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Sequelae & Complications of Uveitis
1. Sequelae and complications
of uveitis
DR. ANUPAMA KARANTH
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com
2. Uveitis
Fourth leading cause of blindness in the developed
countries
Complications
Cataract
Glaucoma
Cystoid macular edema
Hypotony
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com
3. Uveitis
Inflammation in the uveal tract
Exudation and cellular infiltration
Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid / retina
Consequences
Organization of exudates
Fibroblastic activity
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com
14. Peripheral anterior synechiae
Peripheral Closure of
anterior trabecular
synechiae meshwork
Secondary Block to
angle aqueous
closure drainage
Gonioscopy to visualize angle in every case of uveitis www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com
15. Sequelae…
Extensive exudation in iris and ciliary body
‘Plastic’ iridocyclitis
Organizes into membranes
Pupil
Retrolental space
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com
17. Fibrous membranes
Retrolental space
Cyclitic membrane
Posterior lens, vitreous base and pars plicata
Hypotony
Retinal detachment
Ciliary body atrophy and shrunken eye
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com
25. Causes of glaucoma
Closed angle
Posterior synechiae
Peripheral anterior synechiae
Open angle
Cells and protein blockage of trabecular meshwork
Trabeculitis
Corticosteroid induced
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com
26. Causes of hypotony
Acute inflammation of ciliary body - temporary
hyposecretion
Chronic ciliary body damage – permanent hypotony
Ciliary body traction from a cyclitic membrane
Hypotony more dangerous in chronic uveitis than glaucoma www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com