socio cultural perspective in psychology
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What is the Social-Cultural Perspective? The social-cultural perspective considers the way that different individuals interact with their social groups and how these social groups influence different individuals and how they develop throughout their lives.
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Socio cultural perspective
This document provides an overview of the socio-cultural perspective in psychology. It discusses how an individual's behavior and mental processes are shaped by their social and cultural environment, including factors like race, gender, and nationality. The document specifically discusses Lev Vygotsky's cultural-historical psychology theory, which focuses on how aspects of culture are transmitted between generations through social interaction and language. Vygotsky believed that social learning within an individual's "zone of proximal development" allows them to acquire skills and knowledge relevant to their particular society or culture.
Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment in 1961 to study social learning theory. In the experiment, children observed an adult acting aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The children who observed aggression were much more likely to imitate that aggressive behavior when interacting with the doll themselves later, supporting the idea that learning can occur through observation. Social learning theory posits that learning is a cognitive process that occurs within a social context through observation, imitation of models, and internal mental states, rather than just behavioral conditioning.
School Psychology
The document discusses the need for school psychology in India. It outlines many issues faced by Indian children today, such as parent-child misunderstandings, school pressures, lack of guidance, unrecognized mental health disorders, and more. These issues can lead to outcomes like depression, illegal sex, violence, and suicide. The document argues that school psychologists are needed to assess students, consult with teachers and parents, implement prevention programs, provide interventions, educate others, and provide mental health care. Their goal is to promote high achievement, positive social skills, healthy relationships, tolerance, and overall well-being for students.
Introduction, Aim, Objectives and Scope of Cross Cultural Psychology
This document provides an introduction to cross-cultural psychology, including its aim, objectives, and scope. Cross-cultural psychology compares human psychology across cultural groups and examines both differences and universals. It aims to study cultural differences and similarities using research methods, and applies findings in fields like clinical and organizational psychology. Key objectives include testing theories across cultures, understanding cultural variations, integrating results into a universal psychology, and exploring phenomena in cultural contexts. The scope of cross-cultural psychology broadly covers topics related to development, cognition, gender, emotion, language, personality, psychopathology, self and identity, social behavior, and its applications.
Humanistic Psychology
Humanistic psychology developed in the 1960s-70s as a response to behaviorism and cognitivism. It emphasizes studying the whole person from their perspective and considers humans as inherently driven towards self-actualization. The founders, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, contributed significantly through Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory and Rogers' person-centered therapy approach. Humanistic psychology views individuals as unique and believes psychology should understand individual cases rather than average group performances. It aims to promote self-direction, responsibility, creativity, curiosity, and interest in arts through education.
Bhatiabattery
Bhatia's battery test of intelligence consists of 5 subtests: Koh's block design test, Alexander pass-along test, pattern drawing test, immediate memory test, and picture construction test. It was developed in 1955 by C.M. Bhatia to test the intelligence of the Indian population. Each subtest measures different abilities like abstract reasoning, motor skills, problem solving, spatial ability, and short-term memory. Scoring is based on speed and accuracy of task completion within time limits. The full test takes less than an hour to administer individually.
Observation method of psychology
Observation is a method of collecting research data by watching and recording participants' behaviors. It can be naturalistic, observing in natural environments, or controlled, in laboratory settings. There are different types of observation including participant, where the observer participates, and non-participant, where they do not. Observation provides valuable qualitative data but has limitations such as potential to influence behaviors and inability to observe all behaviors. It is an important method that works best as part of a mixed methods approach.
Thomas szasz
The document summarizes the views of Thomas Szasz, a psychiatrist who argued that mental illness is a myth. Some of his main arguments were that mental illnesses are not real diseases because they lack physical lesions; involuntary treatment and detention in psychiatric hospitals should be abolished; and the insanity defense should be eliminated. Szasz believed that behaviors labeled as mental illnesses are really problems of living that individuals should have the right to engage in without state interference. The document also provides criticism of Szasz's views, noting that current research supports genetic and biological factors in conditions like schizophrenia. It lists some of Szasz's influential books on topics like suicide, drug use, and the power of the psychiatric profession.
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Socio cultural perspective
This document provides an overview of the socio-cultural perspective in psychology. It discusses how an individual's behavior and mental processes are shaped by their social and cultural environment, including factors like race, gender, and nationality. The document specifically discusses Lev Vygotsky's cultural-historical psychology theory, which focuses on how aspects of culture are transmitted between generations through social interaction and language. Vygotsky believed that social learning within an individual's "zone of proximal development" allows them to acquire skills and knowledge relevant to their particular society or culture.
Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment in 1961 to study social learning theory. In the experiment, children observed an adult acting aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The children who observed aggression were much more likely to imitate that aggressive behavior when interacting with the doll themselves later, supporting the idea that learning can occur through observation. Social learning theory posits that learning is a cognitive process that occurs within a social context through observation, imitation of models, and internal mental states, rather than just behavioral conditioning.
School Psychology
The document discusses the need for school psychology in India. It outlines many issues faced by Indian children today, such as parent-child misunderstandings, school pressures, lack of guidance, unrecognized mental health disorders, and more. These issues can lead to outcomes like depression, illegal sex, violence, and suicide. The document argues that school psychologists are needed to assess students, consult with teachers and parents, implement prevention programs, provide interventions, educate others, and provide mental health care. Their goal is to promote high achievement, positive social skills, healthy relationships, tolerance, and overall well-being for students.
Introduction, Aim, Objectives and Scope of Cross Cultural Psychology
This document provides an introduction to cross-cultural psychology, including its aim, objectives, and scope. Cross-cultural psychology compares human psychology across cultural groups and examines both differences and universals. It aims to study cultural differences and similarities using research methods, and applies findings in fields like clinical and organizational psychology. Key objectives include testing theories across cultures, understanding cultural variations, integrating results into a universal psychology, and exploring phenomena in cultural contexts. The scope of cross-cultural psychology broadly covers topics related to development, cognition, gender, emotion, language, personality, psychopathology, self and identity, social behavior, and its applications.
Humanistic Psychology
Humanistic psychology developed in the 1960s-70s as a response to behaviorism and cognitivism. It emphasizes studying the whole person from their perspective and considers humans as inherently driven towards self-actualization. The founders, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, contributed significantly through Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory and Rogers' person-centered therapy approach. Humanistic psychology views individuals as unique and believes psychology should understand individual cases rather than average group performances. It aims to promote self-direction, responsibility, creativity, curiosity, and interest in arts through education.
Bhatiabattery
Bhatia's battery test of intelligence consists of 5 subtests: Koh's block design test, Alexander pass-along test, pattern drawing test, immediate memory test, and picture construction test. It was developed in 1955 by C.M. Bhatia to test the intelligence of the Indian population. Each subtest measures different abilities like abstract reasoning, motor skills, problem solving, spatial ability, and short-term memory. Scoring is based on speed and accuracy of task completion within time limits. The full test takes less than an hour to administer individually.
Observation method of psychology
Observation is a method of collecting research data by watching and recording participants' behaviors. It can be naturalistic, observing in natural environments, or controlled, in laboratory settings. There are different types of observation including participant, where the observer participates, and non-participant, where they do not. Observation provides valuable qualitative data but has limitations such as potential to influence behaviors and inability to observe all behaviors. It is an important method that works best as part of a mixed methods approach.
Thomas szasz
The document summarizes the views of Thomas Szasz, a psychiatrist who argued that mental illness is a myth. Some of his main arguments were that mental illnesses are not real diseases because they lack physical lesions; involuntary treatment and detention in psychiatric hospitals should be abolished; and the insanity defense should be eliminated. Szasz believed that behaviors labeled as mental illnesses are really problems of living that individuals should have the right to engage in without state interference. The document also provides criticism of Szasz's views, noting that current research supports genetic and biological factors in conditions like schizophrenia. It lists some of Szasz's influential books on topics like suicide, drug use, and the power of the psychiatric profession.
Hull's Theory of Learning
Clark Hull developed a drive-reduction theory of learning that stated drives create arousal or tension that motivates behavior to reduce the drive, and learning occurs through conditioning when behaviors are associated with drive reduction. His theory proposed several concepts including habit strength, reaction inhibition, and effective reaction potential to explain learning quantitatively. Although influential, Hull's theory faced criticisms for not fully explaining real-world behavior and inconsistencies in its predictions.
Guilford's structure of intellect model
J.P. Guilford proposed the Structure of Intellect (SOI) model to describe 180 different types of intellectual abilities. The SOI model categorizes abilities into three dimensions: operations (6 types of thinking processes), content (5 types of information), and products (6 types of outcomes). Each combination of one operation, one content, and one product defines a specific intellectual ability. The model suggests intelligence involves distinct skills that can be improved through training. It also implies curriculum should incorporate different combinations of operations, content, and products to develop students' intellects based on their individual differences.
Schools of psychology.pptx
This document provides an overview of the major schools of thought in psychology, including their key ideas and contributors. It discusses early schools like structuralism and functionalism, as well as behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, and Gestalt psychology. Each school made important contributions to the field of psychology and influenced approaches to education. While some schools have declined, elements of different approaches remain relevant today as psychologists often take an eclectic approach.
Social cognitive theory
Social Cognitive Theory posits that people learn from observing others within the context of social interactions and experiences. Key aspects of the theory include:
- Observational learning, in which behavior is learned through observing models being rewarded or punished.
- Reciprocal determinism, emphasizing the dynamic interaction between personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior.
- Self-efficacy, referring to one's confidence in their ability to perform a behavior, which influences whether they will engage in it.
The theory has been widely used in health promotion for its emphasis on both individual and environmental factors impacting behavior. However, it does not account for biological influences and could be difficult to fully operationalize.
PERSONALITY INVENTORIES
The document discusses two commonly used personality inventories: the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). The MMPI is one of the most frequently used personality tests in mental health. It has several versions including the original MMPI, MMPI-2, MMPI-A for adolescents, and the newer MMPI-2-RF. The 16PF measures 16 normal-range personality traits and 5 broad dimensions based on years of factor-analytic research. Both tests provide objective assessments of personality and psychopathology through self-report questionnaires.
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Piaget's theory of cognitive development outlines four stages from birth through adolescence:
1) Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) - Infants rely on senses and motor skills to understand world without mental representations.
2) Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years) - Children develop language and symbolic thought but logic remains intuitive rather than concrete.
3) Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years) - Children can think logically about concrete events and perceive multiple attributes of objects.
4) Formal operational stage (11 years onward) - Children develop abstract reasoning abilities and can consider hypotheses. Piaget's theory emphasizes how children construct knowledge through interactions with their environments.
Schools of Thought in Psychology
Schools of Thought in Psychology
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
What is Psychology?
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. There are many fields and areas of focus within psychology, including clinical, counseling, school, developmental, cognitive, and social psychology. Psychologists conduct research using various methods and theoretical orientations to better understand human thought and behavior. Today, psychology integrates perspectives from biology, cognition, humanism, psychodynamics, learning, and sociocultural influences.
Meaning and definition of psychology
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. It has evolved from the study of the soul to focusing on observable behaviour. As a science, it uses scientific methods like systematic observation and experimentation. Psychology can be classified as a positive science that studies facts objectively. As a behavioural science, it is not as exact as natural sciences due to the complex nature of human behaviour. The scope of psychology includes studying all aspects of behaviour across species through various branches like developmental, social, abnormal and applied psychology in fields like education, health and industry.
Theories of intelligence
There are many theories of intelligence that attempt to define and categorize different aspects of human intelligence. The document outlines 10 major theories: 1) Faculty theory, 2) Spearman's two-factor theory, 3) Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities, 4) Guilford's structure of intellect model, 5) Vernon's hierarchical theory, 6) Cattell's fluid and crystallized theory, 7) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, 8) Sternberg's triarchic theory, and 9) Anderson's theory of cognitive development. Each theory proposes a different framework for understanding intelligence, from a single general intelligence to multiple intelligences in different domains.
Existential perspective
- Existentialism focuses on finding meaning and purpose in life, and emphasizes that people must make choices about their life while knowing they are mortal. It was started by Soren Kierkegaard and focuses on existence preceding essence.
- Existential psychology views people as responsible for their own existence and emphasizes authentic experience over objective states of being. Education in this view should help students develop themselves and their capacities through free choice and problem solving.
- There are stages of existential development from innocence to rebellion to becoming an authentic, creative adult who faces life's anxieties with courage. Existentialism differs from humanism in its view of inherent human qualities.
OPERANT CONDITIONING - SKINNER
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who developed the theory of behaviorism and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning looks at how behaviors are influenced by their consequences. Skinner showed that behaviors followed by positive reinforcement, like food rewards, will increase, while behaviors followed by punishment will decrease. He developed a Skinner box to experimentally demonstrate how rats learned behaviors that were reinforced. Operant conditioning principles can be applied to education by reinforcing desired student behaviors, like answering questions, with praise or approval, while ignoring unwanted behaviors.
History Of Cognitive Psychology
1. History Of Cognitive Psychology
2. Definition
3. Assumptions
4. History
5. Philosophical Roots
6. Empiricism
7. Descartes/JohnLocke
8. Immanuel Kant
9. Structuralism
10. Functionalism
11. Behaviorism
12. Cognitive Approach
13. Applications
14. Questions
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Vygotsky
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory posits that cognitive development occurs through social interaction and is mediated by language and culture. It emphasizes how learning occurs in the Zone of Proximal Development through collaboration with more knowledgeable others. According to the theory, higher order thinking develops first on a social level through interaction, then on an individual level. The implications for education include using strategies like scaffolding that support student learning within their ZPD.
What is Cognitive Psychology?
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
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Field theory proposes that an individual's psychological environment, or life space, is composed of the person and all external factors influencing their behavior, both consciously and unconsciously. A person's life space includes their needs, motives, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and physical surroundings. Their movement and learning within this life space is determined by vectors of motivation toward or away from goals, and the positive or negative valences of different regions. Conflicts can arise when opposing vectors create approach-approach, approach-avoidance, or avoidance-avoidance dilemmas. Barriers may also restrict a person's movement toward their goals. According to field theory, learning occurs through perceptual reorganization of one's life space via locomotion between regions as their cognitive
Observational Learning by Albert Bandura
Observational learning describes the process of learning through watching others, retaining the information and then later replicating the behaviors that were observed.
Guilford
J.P. Guilford was a 20th century American psychologist best known for his study of human intelligence and the distinction between convergent and divergent thinking. He developed a detailed model of intelligence in the 1950s that categorized intellectual abilities into three dimensions: operations, content, and products. Guilford's model proposed that intelligence involves diverse mental abilities beyond just analytical reasoning, including creativity. However, his Structure of Intellect model was criticized and is not widely accepted today.
Sociocultural theory zahra farajnezhad
Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. (Vygotsky, 1978, p.57)
“the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers.”
UCSP PPT Q1 W6.1.pptx
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Hull's Theory of Learning
Clark Hull developed a drive-reduction theory of learning that stated drives create arousal or tension that motivates behavior to reduce the drive, and learning occurs through conditioning when behaviors are associated with drive reduction. His theory proposed several concepts including habit strength, reaction inhibition, and effective reaction potential to explain learning quantitatively. Although influential, Hull's theory faced criticisms for not fully explaining real-world behavior and inconsistencies in its predictions.
Guilford's structure of intellect model
J.P. Guilford proposed the Structure of Intellect (SOI) model to describe 180 different types of intellectual abilities. The SOI model categorizes abilities into three dimensions: operations (6 types of thinking processes), content (5 types of information), and products (6 types of outcomes). Each combination of one operation, one content, and one product defines a specific intellectual ability. The model suggests intelligence involves distinct skills that can be improved through training. It also implies curriculum should incorporate different combinations of operations, content, and products to develop students' intellects based on their individual differences.
Schools of psychology.pptx
This document provides an overview of the major schools of thought in psychology, including their key ideas and contributors. It discusses early schools like structuralism and functionalism, as well as behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, and Gestalt psychology. Each school made important contributions to the field of psychology and influenced approaches to education. While some schools have declined, elements of different approaches remain relevant today as psychologists often take an eclectic approach.
Social cognitive theory
Social Cognitive Theory posits that people learn from observing others within the context of social interactions and experiences. Key aspects of the theory include:
- Observational learning, in which behavior is learned through observing models being rewarded or punished.
- Reciprocal determinism, emphasizing the dynamic interaction between personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior.
- Self-efficacy, referring to one's confidence in their ability to perform a behavior, which influences whether they will engage in it.
The theory has been widely used in health promotion for its emphasis on both individual and environmental factors impacting behavior. However, it does not account for biological influences and could be difficult to fully operationalize.
PERSONALITY INVENTORIES
The document discusses two commonly used personality inventories: the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). The MMPI is one of the most frequently used personality tests in mental health. It has several versions including the original MMPI, MMPI-2, MMPI-A for adolescents, and the newer MMPI-2-RF. The 16PF measures 16 normal-range personality traits and 5 broad dimensions based on years of factor-analytic research. Both tests provide objective assessments of personality and psychopathology through self-report questionnaires.
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Piaget's theory of cognitive development outlines four stages from birth through adolescence:
1) Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) - Infants rely on senses and motor skills to understand world without mental representations.
2) Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years) - Children develop language and symbolic thought but logic remains intuitive rather than concrete.
3) Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years) - Children can think logically about concrete events and perceive multiple attributes of objects.
4) Formal operational stage (11 years onward) - Children develop abstract reasoning abilities and can consider hypotheses. Piaget's theory emphasizes how children construct knowledge through interactions with their environments.
Schools of Thought in Psychology
Schools of Thought in Psychology
When psychology first emerged as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology.
What is Psychology?
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. There are many fields and areas of focus within psychology, including clinical, counseling, school, developmental, cognitive, and social psychology. Psychologists conduct research using various methods and theoretical orientations to better understand human thought and behavior. Today, psychology integrates perspectives from biology, cognition, humanism, psychodynamics, learning, and sociocultural influences.
Meaning and definition of psychology
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. It has evolved from the study of the soul to focusing on observable behaviour. As a science, it uses scientific methods like systematic observation and experimentation. Psychology can be classified as a positive science that studies facts objectively. As a behavioural science, it is not as exact as natural sciences due to the complex nature of human behaviour. The scope of psychology includes studying all aspects of behaviour across species through various branches like developmental, social, abnormal and applied psychology in fields like education, health and industry.
Theories of intelligence
There are many theories of intelligence that attempt to define and categorize different aspects of human intelligence. The document outlines 10 major theories: 1) Faculty theory, 2) Spearman's two-factor theory, 3) Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities, 4) Guilford's structure of intellect model, 5) Vernon's hierarchical theory, 6) Cattell's fluid and crystallized theory, 7) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, 8) Sternberg's triarchic theory, and 9) Anderson's theory of cognitive development. Each theory proposes a different framework for understanding intelligence, from a single general intelligence to multiple intelligences in different domains.
Existential perspective
- Existentialism focuses on finding meaning and purpose in life, and emphasizes that people must make choices about their life while knowing they are mortal. It was started by Soren Kierkegaard and focuses on existence preceding essence.
- Existential psychology views people as responsible for their own existence and emphasizes authentic experience over objective states of being. Education in this view should help students develop themselves and their capacities through free choice and problem solving.
- There are stages of existential development from innocence to rebellion to becoming an authentic, creative adult who faces life's anxieties with courage. Existentialism differs from humanism in its view of inherent human qualities.
OPERANT CONDITIONING - SKINNER
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who developed the theory of behaviorism and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning looks at how behaviors are influenced by their consequences. Skinner showed that behaviors followed by positive reinforcement, like food rewards, will increase, while behaviors followed by punishment will decrease. He developed a Skinner box to experimentally demonstrate how rats learned behaviors that were reinforced. Operant conditioning principles can be applied to education by reinforcing desired student behaviors, like answering questions, with praise or approval, while ignoring unwanted behaviors.
History Of Cognitive Psychology
1. History Of Cognitive Psychology
2. Definition
3. Assumptions
4. History
5. Philosophical Roots
6. Empiricism
7. Descartes/JohnLocke
8. Immanuel Kant
9. Structuralism
10. Functionalism
11. Behaviorism
12. Cognitive Approach
13. Applications
14. Questions
Psychophysics - Siddhartha
A short graduate level presentation on the topic of psycho-physics.
Presented by:
A Siddhartha
MA Psychology, JNVU
Jodhpur
Vygotsky Theory
Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist who developed the sociocultural theory of cognitive development, which emphasizes how social interaction and culture impact cognitive development. He believed that community plays a central role in the process of "making meaning." A key concept is the Zone of Proximal Development, which is a child's potential development when aided by a more knowledgeable other such as a teacher or peer. Vygotsky argued that optimal learning occurs in the Zone of Proximal Development through guided collaboration with others.
Vygotsky
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory posits that cognitive development occurs through social interaction and is mediated by language and culture. It emphasizes how learning occurs in the Zone of Proximal Development through collaboration with more knowledgeable others. According to the theory, higher order thinking develops first on a social level through interaction, then on an individual level. The implications for education include using strategies like scaffolding that support student learning within their ZPD.
What is Cognitive Psychology?
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
Field theory of Kurt lewin ppt
Field theory proposes that an individual's psychological environment, or life space, is composed of the person and all external factors influencing their behavior, both consciously and unconsciously. A person's life space includes their needs, motives, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and physical surroundings. Their movement and learning within this life space is determined by vectors of motivation toward or away from goals, and the positive or negative valences of different regions. Conflicts can arise when opposing vectors create approach-approach, approach-avoidance, or avoidance-avoidance dilemmas. Barriers may also restrict a person's movement toward their goals. According to field theory, learning occurs through perceptual reorganization of one's life space via locomotion between regions as their cognitive
Observational Learning by Albert Bandura
Observational learning describes the process of learning through watching others, retaining the information and then later replicating the behaviors that were observed.
Guilford
J.P. Guilford was a 20th century American psychologist best known for his study of human intelligence and the distinction between convergent and divergent thinking. He developed a detailed model of intelligence in the 1950s that categorized intellectual abilities into three dimensions: operations, content, and products. Guilford's model proposed that intelligence involves diverse mental abilities beyond just analytical reasoning, including creativity. However, his Structure of Intellect model was criticized and is not widely accepted today.
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Similar a socio cultural perspective in psychology
Sociocultural theory zahra farajnezhad
Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. (Vygotsky, 1978, p.57)
“the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers.”
UCSP PPT Q1 W6.1.pptx
This document discusses the context, processes, and consequences of socialization. It defines socialization as the process by which new members of a society learn the norms, values, and behaviors expected of them. The context of socialization includes the biological, psychological, and social factors. The processes include explicit instruction, conditioning, modeling, and internalization. The consequences can include learning behaviors, attitudes, values, language, and cultural rules. Socialization occurs through various agents like family, schools, peers and media.
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This document provides an overview of identity formation through socialization and enculturation. It discusses several key theories of identity development, including Freud's psychodynamic theory, Piaget's cognitive development stages, Kohlberg's moral development theory, Erikson's post-Freudian theory involving 8 stages of development, and Mead's social self theory emphasizing the role of social experience. The document also contrasts nature vs nurture perspectives and explains that contemporary views see both biological and environmental factors as important in identity formation. Norms and values are discussed as influences of socialization and culture.
ETHICS-mid-moral-character-developed.pptx
This document discusses the development of moral character. It covers factors that affect moral development like early experiences, family, peers, school, community and culture. It also outlines the objectives and stages of moral development. The key points are:
1. Moral character is developed through early experiences and is influenced by one's environment including family, peers and community.
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3. Developing good moral character involves practicing virtuous behaviors and leading by positive example for others.
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pdf
This document provides an overview of enculturation and socialization as they relate to identity formation. It discusses key theories around how identities are formed, including psychodynamic, cognitive, and social theories proposed by Freud, Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson, and Mead. Norms and values are also defined, with norms representing rules that guide behavior and values representing culturally defined standards of what is good. The document aims to explain how socialization and enculturation enable culture and identities to form through experience and observation of social groups.
Enculturation and socialization lecture (monday)
This document provides an overview of enculturation and socialization as they relate to identity formation. It discusses key theories around how identities are formed, including psychodynamic, cognitive, and social theories proposed by Freud, Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson, and Mead. Norms and values are also defined, with norms representing rules that guide behavior and values representing culturally defined standards of what is good. The document aims to explain how socialization and enculturation enable culture and identities to form through experience and observation of social groups.
Natrure of Intelligence
The document discusses several theories of intelligence, including multiple intelligences, practical intelligence, and emotional intelligence. Multiple intelligences theory identifies eight types of intelligence including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. Practical intelligence involves adapting to one's environment through experience. Emotional intelligence comprises self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. Culture impacts the development and expression of different types of intelligences.
Online Presentation Nyathi.pptx
Sociocultural theory proposes that social interaction and cultural beliefs strongly influence cognitive development. Lev Vygotsky argued that learning occurs through interactions with others in social contexts, and that culture plays an important role in knowledge acquisition. According to sociocultural theory, human cognitive development can only be understood in relation to the social and cultural context in which it occurs, as social and cultural mediators are prominent in cognitive development.
socio-cultural dimensions of learning
This document discusses the socio-cultural dimensions of learning. It states that learning is influenced by social interactions and relationships with others. Learning can be enhanced when learners interact and collaborate with others on instructional tasks. Positive relationships provide stability and trust, creating a supportive environment for learning. Family support and teaching self-motivation can overcome barriers to learning. Culture refers to the shared values, beliefs and behaviors learned within a society or group. Social constructivism emphasizes that learning occurs within a socio-cultural context through collaboration with more knowledgeable others and the use of cultural tools.
SocioCultural Dimensions of Learning
The document discusses sociocultural dimensions of learning. It states that learning is influenced by social interactions and relationships with others. When learners can interact and collaborate with others on tasks, their learning can be enhanced. Social learning settings that respect diversity can encourage flexible thinking and social skills. Interactive and collaborative contexts allow individuals to gain new perspectives and reflective thinking, which can boost cognitive, social, and moral development as well as self-esteem. Positive relationships that provide stability and trust can increase learner self-respect and sense of belonging, creating a supportive climate for learning.
Social psychology.pptx
Social psychology is the study of how individuals and groups influence each other. It seeks to understand how social interactions shape perceptions, decisions, and behavior. Key topics in social psychology include leadership, aggression, social perception, group behavior, conformity, prejudice, and social cognition. Social cognition looks at how people develop self-perceptions and understand others, while social identity theory explores how group membership influences individual identity and behavior.
Lev Vygotsky And Sociocultural Theory 119509432132812 1
This document provides an overview of Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, including its four basic principles: 1) language plays a central role in development, 2) development cannot be separated from its social context, 3) learning can lead development, and 4) children construct their own knowledge. It discusses key concepts such as the zone of proximal development and internalization. The history of sociocultural theory is also briefly outlined, noting contributions from Vygotsky, Luria, Leontiev, and Lantolf.
Lev Vygotsky And Sociocultural Theory
This document provides an overview of Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, including its four basic principles: 1) language plays a central role in development, 2) development cannot be separated from its social context, 3) learning can lead development, and 4) children construct their own knowledge. It discusses key concepts such as the zone of proximal development and internalization. The history of sociocultural theory is also briefly outlined, noting contributions from Vygotsky, Luria, Leontiev, and Lantolf.
Socialization
Socialization is the lifelong process by which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for their culture. It is influenced by several agents including family, schools, peers, media, and the workplace. Socialization affects both cultural practices in society and individuals' self-images. Several theorists have contributed to our understanding of socialization including Cooley, who introduced the concept of the looking-glass self, and Mead, who discussed the importance of generalized and significant others.
DIASS REPORTES NO 1.pptx
This document discusses social science and applied social science. It defines social science as the study of society and human behavior. The goals of social science are to answer questions about society and improve the human condition. Some basic social science disciplines discussed include anthropology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, psychology, sociology, demographics, and political science. Applied social science uses theories and methods from basic social sciences to understand society and address real-world problems. The three applied social sciences covered are communication, social work, and counseling. Counseling aims to empower people to achieve goals by helping them make changes through a relationship using psychological theories and communication skills. Counseling is considered an applied social science discipline because it relies on social sciences
Socialization.pptx
This document summarizes several major social-psychological theories of human development:
1) Freud's psychoanalytic theory which views development occurring through the id, ego, and superego.
2) Piaget's stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to formal operations.
3) Cooley's looking-glass self and Mead's role-taking which see the self developing through interactions and assuming social roles.
4) Agents of socialization like family, school, and peers which teach individuals to participate in society.
Chapter 4Chapter Outline22IM – 4 1
Chapter 4
Chapter Outline
2
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Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION
Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation
The Influence of Heredity
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATION
Sociological Approaches to the Self
Psychological Approaches to the Self
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Family
School
Peer Group
Mass Media and Technology
Workplace
Religion and the State
SOCIALIZATION THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE
The Life Course
Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization
ROLE TRANSITIONS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE COURSE
The Sandwich Generation
Adjusting to Retirement
SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIALIZATION: CHILD CARE AROUND THE WORLD
Boxes
Sociology on Campus: Impression Management by Students
Research Today: Rum Springa: Raising Children Amish Style
Taking Sociology to Work: Rakefet Avramovitz, Program Administrator, Child Care Law Center
Sociology on Campus: Unplugging the Media: What Happens?
Chapter Summary
Socializationis the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. Socialization occurs through human interaction and helps us to discover how to behave properly. It provides for the transmission of culture from one generation to the next, to ensure the long-term continuance of a society. Socialization experiences help to shape personality—a person’s typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.
Under normal circumstances, environmental factors interact with hereditary factors in influencing the socialization process. Case studies—such as those of Isabelle and the Romanian orphans—and primate studies support the necessity of socialization in development. Conversely, twin studies have addressed the influence of hereditary factors on personality development.
The self is a distinct identity that sets us apart from others. It continues to develop and change throughout our lives. Sociologists Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead (pioneers of the interactionist approach), and Erving Goffman have all furthered our understanding about development of the self. Cooley’s looking-glass self suggests that our sense of self results from how we present ourselves to others, how others evaluate us, and how we internalize or assess those evaluations. Mead outlined a process by which the self emerges in early childhood: the preparatory stage, in which children merely imitate those around them; the play stage, in which children become aware of symbols and begin to act out the roles of other people; and the game stage, in which children become involved in complex social situations involving multiple positions or roles. Instrumental to Mead’s view are the concepts of the generalized other (attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society) and significant others (individuals most important in development of the ...
Chapter 1 introducing social psychology
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology:
- Social psychology attempts to understand how individuals are influenced by others and examines social thinking, influence, and relations.
- Major themes include that we construct our social reality, social intuitions can be powerful but sometimes perilous, and social influences shape our behavior.
- Social behavior has biological roots in evolution and social neuroscience, and social psychology principles apply to everyday life.
Behavior and its modification techniques
This document provides an overview of techniques for modifying human behavior. It discusses several factors that influence behavior, including culture, attitudes, emotions, values, and authority. It also outlines various theoretical approaches to understanding behavior, such as psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches. Finally, it describes several social modification techniques including positive and negative reinforcement, punishment, meditation, cognitive behavioral therapy, and more. The overall document aims to understand why people behave the way they do and how problem behaviors can be addressed.
Similar a socio cultural perspective in psychology (20)
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pptx
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pptx
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pdf
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pdf
Lev Vygotsky And Sociocultural Theory 119509432132812 1
Lev Vygotsky And Sociocultural Theory 119509432132812 1
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Behaviorism
Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior.
John B. Watson is known as the founder of behaviorism. Though others had similar ideas in the early 1900s, when behavioral theory began, some suggest that Watson is credited as behavioral psychology's founder due to being "an attractive, strong, scientifically accomplished, and forceful speaker and an engaging writer" who was willing to share this behavioral approach when other psychologists were less likely to speak up.
Behaviorism can be used to help elicit positive behaviors or responses in students, such as by using reinforcement. Teachers with a behavioral approach often use "skill and drill" exercises to reinforce correct responses through consistent repetition, for instance.
Other ways reinforcement-based behaviorism can be used in education include praising students for getting the right answer and providing prizes for those who do well. Using tests to measure performance enables teachers to measure observable behaviors and is, therefore, another behavioral approach.
Cognitive Perspective.pptx
This approach focuses on how internal thoughts and feelings influence one's behavior. The cognitive approach emphasizes the importance of memory, perception and attention, language, decision-making and problem-solving. This approach often compares the human mind to that of a computer.The cognitive perspective, operates on the belief that the brain is the most important aspect in relation to the way that an individual behaves or thinks. This perspective states that to understand someone, you must first be able to understand what is happening in their mind.An example of a way that cognitive researchers study perception is by examining how students study information in preparation for exams.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY.pptx
Gestalt psychology, school of psychology founded in the 20th century that provided the foundation for the modern study of perception. Gestalt theory emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts. That is, the attributes of the whole are not deducible from analysis of the parts in isolation.Gestalt Psychology Founder: Wolfgang Köhler, Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka are the gestalt psychology founder.
Thinking.pptx
Thinking, also known as 'cognition', refers to the ability to process information, hold attention, store and retrieve memories and select appropriate responses and actions. The ability to understand other people, and express oneself to others can also be categorised under thinking.Thought (also called thinking) is the mental process in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of thinking, produces more thoughts.
Pro social behavior
Prosocial behavior was defined as behavior through which people benefit others (Eisenberg, 1982), including helping, cooperating, comforting, sharing, and donating (Eisenberg and Fabes, 1998; Greener and Crick, 1999).Prosocial behaviours refer to voluntary actions specifically intended to benefit or improve the well-being of another individual or group of individuals. Examples of such behaviours include helping, sharing, consoling, comforting, cooperating, and protecting someone from any potential harm.
Religion may reduce likelihood of certain diseases. Studies suggest that it guards against cardiovascular disease by reducing blood pressure, and also improves immune system functioning. Similar studies have been done investigating religious emotions and health.Spirituality can be defined generally as an individual's search for ultimate or sacred meaning, and purpose in life. Additionally it can mean to seek out or search for personal growth, religious experience, belief in a supernatural realm or afterlife, or to make sense of one's own "inner dimension".
Forgiveness
Forgiveness means different things to different people. But in general, it involves an intentional decision to let go of resentment and anger. The act that hurt or offended you might always be with you.The three types of forgiveness are: exoneration, forbearance and release. Let's take each in turn. Exoneration is the closest to what we usually think of when we say “forgiveness”.
REBT-notes .doc
REBT is a therapeutic approach that views people's irrational beliefs as the primary cause of emotional disturbances. It uses cognitive, emotional, and behavioral techniques to help clients identify and dispute their irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational and adaptive beliefs. The goal of REBT is not just to help clients feel better temporarily but to make profound philosophical changes that help them be less susceptible to future disturbances. Key techniques include identifying clients' core irrational beliefs, disputing those beliefs through different questioning methods, and helping clients develop rational coping statements.
Positive Cognitive States and Processes.pptx
Positive Cognitive States and Processes:Resilience•Resilience-Thecapacitytowithstandexceptional stresses and demands without developing stress-related problems.
Coping strategies and emotional intelligence-Group 5.pptx
Emotional intelligence (otherwise known as emotional quotient or EQ) is the ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict.
Language (1)[1].pptx
language, a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves.
ProblemSolving(L-2).pdf
The first step in the problem space theory is to identify the problem. The problem cannot be solved if the initial problem is never identified or if the problem is incorrectly defined. This initial stage should focus on the problem itself and not the symptoms of the problem. Some methods involved in identifying and then defining the problem are:.........................
The purpose of the problem space is to identify the problem and develop steps to figure out the problem. This process can be used to help individuals work through problems. The problem space theory can also be used by businesses to enact ways to identify problem areas and make corrections. Businesses and individuals use the problem space to find answers to issues they encounter. Trial-and-error methods are a common practice in problem space theory. Problem space theory can be known as an inside-out solution where a breakdown of the process can solve the issue that a person or business may be facing.
reasoning ppt.pptx
Cognitive reasoning is the ability to analyze and perceive any given information from different perspectives by breaking it down into manageable components and structuring the information in a logical order. Cognitive reasoning is an integral part of cognitive ability.
grp 8 cognitive ppt.pptx
Problem solving is a cognitive process of the brain that searches or infers a solution for a given problem in the form of a set of paths to reach a set of expected goals.
Life is beautifull.pptx
But "Life Is Beautiful" is not about Nazis and Fascists, but about the human spirit. It is about rescuing whatever is good and hopeful from the wreckage of dreams. About hope for the future. About the necessary human conviction, or delusion, that things will be better for our children than they are right now.Life Is Beautiful (Italian: La vita è bella, Italian pronunciation: [la ˈviːta ˈɛ bˈbɛlla]) is a 1997 Italian comedy drama film directed by and starring Roberto Benigni, who co-wrote the film with Vincenzo Cerami. Benigni plays Guido Orefice, a Jewish Italian bookshop owner, who employs his fertile imagination to shield his son from the horrors of internment in a Nazi concentration camp. The film was partially inspired by the book In the End, I Beat Hitler by Rubino Romeo Salmonì and by Benigni's father, who spent two years in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp during World War II.
Intro and Defininition of Positive Psychology.pdf
Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on human flourishing and optimal functioning. It studies how people can become happier and lead more fulfilling lives. Positive psychology operates at three levels - subjective well-being, individual virtues and strengths, and community-level qualities like responsibility. It has applications in education, therapy, self-help, and workplaces. Leading researchers established positive psychology to understand thriving and build interventions to cultivate optimism, gratitude, and meaning.
Historical Roots of Positive Psychology (1).pdf
This document summarizes the historical roots and evolution of positive psychology. It discusses how positive psychology emerged from humanistic psychology as a response to early psychology's narrow focus on pathology. The document then outlines the four waves of psychology: (1) the disease model, (2) behaviorism, (3) humanistic psychology, and (4) positive psychology. It profiles the key founders and influential researchers in positive psychology, including Maslow, Seligman, Csikszentmihalyi, and Peterson. The document also discusses early Islamic philosophers' concepts of happiness, such as Ghazali's view of achieving happiness through self-knowledge and purification of desires.
Educational psychology.pptx
Educational psychology is the study of how people learn, including teaching methods, instructional processes, and individual differences in learning. The goal is to understand how people learn and retain information. Psychologists working in the field of education study how people learn and retain knowledge. They apply psychological science to improve the learning .Educational psychology is that branch of psychology in which the findings of psychology are applied in the field of education. It is the scientific study of human behaviour in educational setting.
(RISB).pptxRotter’s Incomplete Sentences Blank Test
1. The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) test is a semi-structured projective personality test that requires respondents to complete sentences with the first few words provided.
2. Responses are assumed to reflect individuals' desires, fears, attitudes, and provide insights for assessment of adjustment.
3. The RISB was developed from an experimental Army test to provide an objective screening measure for adjustment as well as diagnostic information for treatment. Scores are evaluated according to empirical examples to assess overall adjustment.
(Raven’s Progressive Matrices) Standard Progressive Matrices
Cognitive ability tests assess abilities involved in thinking (e.g., reasoning, perception, memory, verbal and mathematical ability, and problem solving). Such tests pose questions designed to estimate applicants' potential to use mental processes to solve work-related problems or to acquire new job knowledge.
Ability tests (or aptitude tests) are standardised methods of assessing an individual's performance in different work related tasks or situations. They measure potential rather than just academic performance, and are frequently used by employers as indicators of how people will perform in a work setting.
sleep wake disorder.pptx
Sleep difficulties are linked to both physical and emotional problems. Sleep problems can both contribute to or exacerbate mental health conditions and can be a symptom of other mental health conditions.
About one-third of adults report insomnia symptoms and 6-10 percent meet the criteria for insomnia disorder.
Sleep helps your brain function properly. Not getting enough sleep or poor quality sleep has many potential consequences. The most obvious concerns are fatigue and decreased energy, irritability and problems focusing. The ability to make decisions and your mood can also be affected. Sleep problems often coexist with symptoms of depression or anxiety. Sleep problems can exacerbate depression or anxiety, and depression or anxiety can lead to sleep problems.
To be diagnosed with insomnia disorder, the sleep difficulties must occur at least three nights a week for at least three months and cause significant distress or problems at work, school or other important areas of a person's daily functioning. Not all individuals with sleep disturbances are distressed or have problems functioning.
To diagnose insomnia, a physician will rule out other sleep disorders (see Related Conditions below), medication side-effects, substance misuse, depression and other physical and mental illnesses. Some medications and medical conditions can affect sleep.
A comprehensive assessment for insomnia or other sleep problems may involve a patient history, a physical exam, a sleep diary and clinical testing (a sleep study). A sleep study allows the physician to identify how long and how well you’re sleeping and to detect specific sleep problems. A sleep diary is a record of your sleep habits to discuss with your physician. It includes information such as when you go to bed, get to sleep, wake up, get out of bed, take naps, exercise, eat and consume alcohol and caffeinated beverages.
Sleep problems can occur at any age but most commonly start in young adulthood. The type of insomnia often varies with age. Problems getting to sleep are more common among young adults. Problems staying asleep are more common among middle-age and older adults.
Symptoms of insomnia can be:
1-Episodic (with an episode of symptoms lasting one to three months)
2-Persistent (with symptoms lasting three months or more)
3-Recurrent (with two or more episodes within a year)
Most over-the-counter sleep medicines contain antihistamines, which are commonly used to treat allergies. They are not addictive, but they can become less effective over time. They may also contribute to confusion, blurred vision, urinary retention, and falls in the elderly and should be used with caution in this population.
Obstructive sleep apnea involves breathing interruptions during sleep. A person with sleep apnea will have repeated episodes of airway obstruction during sleep causing snoring, snorting/gasping or breathing pauses. This interrupted sleep causes daytime sleepiness and fatigue.
Más de AQSA SHAHID (20)
Coping strategies and emotional intelligence-Group 5.pptx
Coping strategies and emotional intelligence-Group 5.pptx
(RISB).pptxRotter’s Incomplete Sentences Blank Test
(RISB).pptxRotter’s Incomplete Sentences Blank Test
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
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Biomimicry in agriculture: Nature-Inspired Solutions for a Greener Future
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socio cultural perspective in psychology
- 1. Socio-cultural Perspective Group 4 Group member Aqsa shahid Hina majeed Arifa Bashir
- 2. Socio-cultural Perspective Broad or Infinite ?
- 3. Socio-cultural Perspective • A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior. It is the influence that a culture and society has on a person'sworldview and perspective. • This perspective includes: Social psychology or the study of socail rules, roles, groups and relationships) Cultural psychology or the study of cultural norms, socioeconomic status, gender ,values and expectations.
- 4. Examples?
- 5. Assumptions Examines how culture and politics effect our behavior. A major influence on people’s behavior, thought processes and emotions are other people and the society they have created. How we communicate, understand, relate and cope with one another is partially based on this theory. Our spiritual, mental, physical, emotional, physiological being are all influenced by sociocultural perspective theory. Human’s ability to recall information is a result of our understanding of complex language.
- 6. Vygotsky • Lev Vygotsky is the pioneer of the sociocultural perspective in psychology.Vygotsky developed the sociocultural theory of cognitive development which focuses on how a child's mind develops as a result of interacting with their social environment.. • Important aspects : 1-Socail Interaction 2-Language 3-Culture important • Important terms: 1-Terms zone of proximal development (ZPD) 2-Scaffolding
- 7. Socail –Cultural theory of development According to Vygotsky, social interaction-especially involvement with knowledgeable community or family members-helps children toacquire the thought processes and behaviors specific to their cultureand/or society.
- 8. Socail –Cultural theory of development • Socail interaction • Vygotsky emphasized that effective learning happens through participation in social activifies. • Parents, teachers and other adults in the learner's environment all contribute fo the process. They explain, model, assist, givedirections and provide feed back. • Peers, on the other hand, cooperate and Collaborate and enrich the learning experience. • Language • Language can be viewed as a verbal expression of Culfure • Every culture has the words it needs for its lifestyle.It opens the door for leaners to acquire knowledgethat others already have. • It is use to know and understand the world and solveproblems.If servesa social function but it also has an importantindividual function. • It helps the learner to regulateand reflect on his own fhiinking.
- 9. Cultural context: • Vygotsky believed that human activities take place in cultural settings and cannot be understood apart from the settings-our specific mental structures and processes can be traced to our interactions with others. • In Vygotsky's system, children's cognitive development is affected by culture in two ways. First, children acquire most of their knowledge (the contents of thought) through culture. In addition, not only does culture teach children what to think but also how to think.
- 10. Zone of proximal Development • Vygotsky is also credited with developing the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) which includes the skills that learners can develop with the help of someone who already knows that specific skill. • Vygotsky believed that the ZPD was a far better way to gauge. A child’s intelligence than through the standard academic testing, which can often fail to account for cultural differences with regards to learning. Vygotsky claims that there are three cultural tools which children use to inform their cognitive abilities.
- 11. Scaffolding • Vygotsky coined a definition of instructional scaffolding that focused on teacher practices. He defined this as, 'the role of teachers and others in supporting the learner's development and providing support structures to get to that next stage or level' (Raymond, 2000). •
- 12. Impact on personality & behaviors? • Gender influences our behavior. • Job’s opportunities to influence people’s goals and ambition. • This approach helps us understand how behaviour can be influenced by other people, and the situation they find themselves in. • It helps us understand that people’s behaviour may change if their situation changes. • The Social Approach underestimates the influence of individual differences in behaviour – it doesn’t explain why some people differ from the norm expected in any given social situation. • It helps us understand extreme human behaviours; this is good because if we can understand the causes of behaviour (such as power abuse by prison guards, SPE) then we can take steps to prevent it. •
- 14. Strength of sociocultural theory • Vygotsky's sociocultural approach provided an alternative viewpoint about cognitive development from that of developmental psychologist Jean Piaget whose work focused on cognitive development via interactions with the physical environment. • In general, the theories within psychology are great tools to help us better understand and explain why we act and think the way we do. Theories may also help us predict behavior. • Our sociocultural settings teach us things that are flexible. From an early age, we may internalise and accept notions that we acquire from our environment, but as we become older, we may encounter various cultures and social settings that could ultimately affect what we choose to internalise and accept as our own.Raise button
- 15. Weaknessess of sociocultural theory • The sociocultural perspective in psychology tends to downplay personal respThe sociocultural approach doesn't account for all factors that play a part in cognitive development. • Even though there are sociocultural factors that influence our behavior and mental processes, there are other factors as well, and each person is unique. • Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural cognitive development places a lot of importance on the power of language. Scaffolding is heavily dependent on verbal instructions. However, this may not be as important or relevant in all cultures and all types of learning. • The sociocultural approach doesn't account for all factors that play a part in cognitive development. • Vygotsky's theory is hard to evaluate scientifically. •
- 16. Thank you for listening
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