This document provides an overview of software testing and debugging. It discusses the definitions and purposes of testing and debugging. Testing is the process of verifying that a system meets specified requirements, while debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors in source code. The document then covers various topics related to software testing such as the phases of a tester's work, the goals and dichotomies of testing versus debugging, models for testing, consequences of bugs, taxonomies of bugs, and test metrics.
Software Testing overview jay prakash maurya.pptxJayPrakash779563
The document provides an overview of software testing, including definitions of testing and debugging, the purpose and goals of testing, models for testing, consequences of bugs, and a taxonomy of bugs. It discusses phases in a tester's career, dichotomies between testing and debugging, prerequisites for testing, and metrics for software testing. The key topics covered include the testing process, debugging, types of bugs like requirements bugs and coding bugs, and models used in testing like the environment model and bug hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts. It discusses testing as an engineering activity and process. It introduces the Testing Maturity Model which describes stages of test process improvement. Basic definitions are provided for terms like error, fault, failure, test case, test oracle. Software testing principles and the tester's role are described. The origins and costs of defects are discussed. Defect classes are classified into requirements, design, code, and testing defects. The concept of a defect repository to catalog defect data is introduced. Examples of coin problem defects are given to illustrate defect classification.
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and best practices. It defines key terms like errors, defects, and failures. It describes different testing approaches like black box and white box testing. It also outlines different testing levels from unit to system testing. The document emphasizes that testing aims to find defects, but it's impossible to test all possibilities. It stresses the importance of test planning, test cases, defect reports, and regression testing with new versions.
The document discusses various concepts related to software errors, faults, failures, and testing. It defines that an error is made during development, a fault is the manifestation of an error in the code, and a failure occurs when the fault is triggered. Testing involves exercising the software with test cases to find failures or demonstrate correct execution. There are two main approaches to identifying test cases - functional testing based on specifications and structural testing based on code. Both approaches are needed to fully test the software.
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
Static and dynamic program analysis are techniques to analyze software without or with execution. Static analysis examines source code while dynamic analyzes programs running. Tools can automatically find defects by capturing patterns and anomalies. Defects include bugs, dead code, inefficient code, duplicate code. Analysis occurs at the unit, technology, system, and business levels. Java quality tools help with metrics, testing, coverage, and detecting issues like empty structures and wasteful practices. This aids writing standards-compliant code.
Software Testing overview jay prakash maurya.pptxJayPrakash779563
The document provides an overview of software testing, including definitions of testing and debugging, the purpose and goals of testing, models for testing, consequences of bugs, and a taxonomy of bugs. It discusses phases in a tester's career, dichotomies between testing and debugging, prerequisites for testing, and metrics for software testing. The key topics covered include the testing process, debugging, types of bugs like requirements bugs and coding bugs, and models used in testing like the environment model and bug hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts. It discusses testing as an engineering activity and process. It introduces the Testing Maturity Model which describes stages of test process improvement. Basic definitions are provided for terms like error, fault, failure, test case, test oracle. Software testing principles and the tester's role are described. The origins and costs of defects are discussed. Defect classes are classified into requirements, design, code, and testing defects. The concept of a defect repository to catalog defect data is introduced. Examples of coin problem defects are given to illustrate defect classification.
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and best practices. It defines key terms like errors, defects, and failures. It describes different testing approaches like black box and white box testing. It also outlines different testing levels from unit to system testing. The document emphasizes that testing aims to find defects, but it's impossible to test all possibilities. It stresses the importance of test planning, test cases, defect reports, and regression testing with new versions.
The document discusses various concepts related to software errors, faults, failures, and testing. It defines that an error is made during development, a fault is the manifestation of an error in the code, and a failure occurs when the fault is triggered. Testing involves exercising the software with test cases to find failures or demonstrate correct execution. There are two main approaches to identifying test cases - functional testing based on specifications and structural testing based on code. Both approaches are needed to fully test the software.
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
Static and dynamic program analysis are techniques to analyze software without or with execution. Static analysis examines source code while dynamic analyzes programs running. Tools can automatically find defects by capturing patterns and anomalies. Defects include bugs, dead code, inefficient code, duplicate code. Analysis occurs at the unit, technology, system, and business levels. Java quality tools help with metrics, testing, coverage, and detecting issues like empty structures and wasteful practices. This aids writing standards-compliant code.
Testing is necessary for software systems to ensure reliability, manage costs, and reduce risks. It is impossible to exhaustively test a system, so testing aims to detect defects and measure quality. Testing alone cannot improve quality but can identify issues to address. Different testing types exist for various stages, including unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing, and both black-box and white-box techniques are used. Rigorous planning, design, execution and tracking of test cases and results is needed. While testing shows defects, debugging is then needed to identify and address the root causes.
This document provides an overview of software testing, including why it is necessary, what it entails, and key concepts like the software testing life cycle and different types of testing. Testing is needed because software will inevitably contain defects due to human errors. A thorough testing process that incorporates different techniques can help ensure software meets requirements and quality standards. The document discusses principles of testing such as starting early in the development process and focusing testing efforts based on risk.
The document discusses test planning and management. It covers topics like test strategy, test plan, test automation, mutation testing, defects in software engineering, manual vs automation testing challenges, skills of quality testers, agile testing, and the Selenium testing tool. It provides information on creating test plans according to IEEE standards and discusses the components, requirements, and benefits of test automation frameworks and tools.
Testing is the process of validating and verifying software to ensure it meets specifications and functions as intended. There are different levels of testing including unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing. An important part of testing is having a test plan that outlines the test strategy, cases, and process to be followed. Testing helps find defects so the product can be improved.
The document discusses software testing concepts including:
1. It defines key terms related to software defects such as errors, defects, failures, and faults.
2. It outlines the different phases of software testing from component/unit testing to acceptance testing and discusses principles of good testability.
3. It provides guidance on writing test plans and cases, including reviewing requirements, identifying test suites, and transforming use cases into test cases.
This document discusses various software testing techniques. It begins by explaining the goals of verification and validation as establishing confidence that software is fit for its intended use. It then covers different testing phases from component to integration testing. The document discusses both static and dynamic verification methods like inspections, walkthroughs, and testing. It details test case development techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis. Finally, it covers white-box and structural testing methods that derive test cases from examining a program's internal structure.
Slides from Software Testing Techniques course offered at Kansas State University in Spring'16 and Spring'17. Entire course material can be found at https://github.com/rvprasad/software-testing-course.
White box testing involves testing internal program structure and code. It includes static testing like code reviews and structural testing like unit testing. Static testing checks code against requirements without executing. Structural testing executes code to test paths and conditions. Code coverage metrics like statement coverage measure what code is executed by tests. Code complexity metrics like cyclomatic complexity quantify complexity to determine necessary test cases. White box testing finds defects from incorrect code but may miss realistic errors and developers can overlook own code issues.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing including:
1) Phases in a tester's mental life from debugging-oriented to prevention-oriented.
2) Types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, and system testing.
3) Limitations of testing including inability to test every path or condition.
4) Consequences of bugs ranging from mild to catastrophic based on factors like frequency and correction cost.
Unit 8 discusses software testing concepts including definitions of testing, who performs testing, test characteristics, levels of testing, and testing approaches. Unit testing focuses on individual program units while integration testing combines units. System testing evaluates a complete integrated system. Testing strategies integrate testing into a planned series of steps from requirements to deployment. Verification ensures correct development while validation confirms the product meets user needs.
This document discusses software testing principles and concepts. It defines key terms like validation, verification, defects, failures, and metrics. It outlines 11 testing principles like testing being a creative task and test results needing meticulous inspection. The roles of testers are discussed in collaborating with other teams. Defect classes are defined at different stages and types of defects are provided. Quality factors, process maturity models, and defect prevention strategies are also summarized.
Capability Building for Cyber Defense: Software Walk through and Screening Maven Logix
Dr. Fahim Arif who is the Director R&D at MCS, principal investigator and GHQ authorized consultant for Nexsource Pak (Pvt) Ltd) discussed the capability of building cyber defense in the Data Protection and Cyber Security event that was hosted recently by Maven Logix. In his session he gave the audience valuable information about the life cycle of a cyber-threat discussing what and how to take measures by performing formal code reviews, code inspections. He discussed essential elements of code review, paired programming and alternatives to treat and tackle cyber-threat
Computer programming involves designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining source code to create a program that exhibits desired behaviors. There are three main types of programming errors: syntax errors due to incorrect language usage, logic errors involving flawed program design, and arithmetic errors from inappropriate mathematical operations like division by zero. Testing is the process of executing programs to find errors and ensure requirements are met. It helps improve quality, verify functionality, estimate reliability, and validate exceptional handling. Alpha and beta testing involve simulated or limited real-world use before public release. Black box testing examines external functions without viewing internal structures, while white box testing uses internal knowledge to design test cases. Interface testing verifies connections between components.
Unit testing is a method where developers write code to test individual units or components of an application to determine if they are working as intended. The document discusses various aspects of unit testing including:
- What unit testing is and why it is important for finding defects early in development.
- Common unit testing techniques like statement coverage, branch coverage, and path coverage which aim to test all possible paths through the code.
- How unit testing fits into the software development lifecycle and is typically done by developers before handing code over for formal testing.
- Popular unit testing frameworks for different programming languages like JUnit for Java and NUnit for .NET.
The document provides examples to illustrate white box testing techniques
The document provides an overview of software testing concepts including:
- The differences between errors, faults, failures, and bugs and where they originate from in the development process.
- The four main levels of testing: unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and regression testing.
- The importance of testing and the large costs associated with not adequately testing software as evidenced by the Ariane 5 rocket example.
- Key testing activities like test case design, test execution, and analyzing results.
- When verification and validation occur in the software development lifecycle.
- Common testing strategies, metrics, and challenges.
This lecture is about the detail definition of software quality and quality assurance. Provide details about software tesing and its types. Clear the basic concepts of software quality and software testing.
The document discusses common software problems, objectives of testing, and different levels of testing. The most common software problems include incorrect calculations, data issues, and incorrect processing. Objectives of testing are to find errors, ensure requirements are met, and check the software is fit for purpose. There are different levels of testing including unit testing of individual functions, integration testing of modules, system testing of the full system, and acceptance testing. White box and black box testing approaches are also described.
This presentation is about the following points ,
Introduction to Manual Software testing,
What is Testing,
What is Quality,
How to define Software Testing Principles,
What are the types of Software Tests,
What is Test Planning,
Test Execution and Reporting,
Real-Time Testing,
Testing is a process used to identify the correctness, completeness and quality of developed computer software. It involves finding differences between expected and observed behavior by executing the system with different inputs. The goal of testing is to maximize the number of discovered faults and increase reliability. Testing techniques include unit testing of individual components, integration testing of combined components, and system testing of the full application. Fault avoidance techniques like code reviews aim to prevent errors from being introduced.
When it is all about ERP solutions, companies typically meet their needs with common ERP solutions like SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft Dynamics. These big players have demonstrated that ERP systems can be either simple or highly comprehensive. This remains true today, but there are new factors to consider, including a promising new contender in the market that’s Odoo. This blog compares Odoo ERP with traditional ERP systems and explains why many companies now see Odoo ERP as the best choice.
What are ERP Systems?
An ERP, or Enterprise Resource Planning, system provides your company with valuable information to help you make better decisions and boost your ROI. You should choose an ERP system based on your company’s specific needs. For instance, if you run a manufacturing or retail business, you will need an ERP system that efficiently manages inventory. A consulting firm, on the other hand, would benefit from an ERP system that enhances daily operations. Similarly, eCommerce stores would select an ERP system tailored to their needs.
Because different businesses have different requirements, ERP system functionalities can vary. Among the various ERP systems available, Odoo ERP is considered one of the best in the ERp market with more than 12 million global users today.
Odoo is an open-source ERP system initially designed for small to medium-sized businesses but now suitable for a wide range of companies. Odoo offers a scalable and configurable point-of-sale management solution and allows you to create customised modules for specific industries. Odoo is gaining more popularity because it is built in a way that allows easy customisation, has a user-friendly interface, and is affordable. Here, you will cover the main differences and get to know why Odoo is gaining attention despite the many other ERP systems available in the market.
Testing is necessary for software systems to ensure reliability, manage costs, and reduce risks. It is impossible to exhaustively test a system, so testing aims to detect defects and measure quality. Testing alone cannot improve quality but can identify issues to address. Different testing types exist for various stages, including unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing, and both black-box and white-box techniques are used. Rigorous planning, design, execution and tracking of test cases and results is needed. While testing shows defects, debugging is then needed to identify and address the root causes.
This document provides an overview of software testing, including why it is necessary, what it entails, and key concepts like the software testing life cycle and different types of testing. Testing is needed because software will inevitably contain defects due to human errors. A thorough testing process that incorporates different techniques can help ensure software meets requirements and quality standards. The document discusses principles of testing such as starting early in the development process and focusing testing efforts based on risk.
The document discusses test planning and management. It covers topics like test strategy, test plan, test automation, mutation testing, defects in software engineering, manual vs automation testing challenges, skills of quality testers, agile testing, and the Selenium testing tool. It provides information on creating test plans according to IEEE standards and discusses the components, requirements, and benefits of test automation frameworks and tools.
Testing is the process of validating and verifying software to ensure it meets specifications and functions as intended. There are different levels of testing including unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing. An important part of testing is having a test plan that outlines the test strategy, cases, and process to be followed. Testing helps find defects so the product can be improved.
The document discusses software testing concepts including:
1. It defines key terms related to software defects such as errors, defects, failures, and faults.
2. It outlines the different phases of software testing from component/unit testing to acceptance testing and discusses principles of good testability.
3. It provides guidance on writing test plans and cases, including reviewing requirements, identifying test suites, and transforming use cases into test cases.
This document discusses various software testing techniques. It begins by explaining the goals of verification and validation as establishing confidence that software is fit for its intended use. It then covers different testing phases from component to integration testing. The document discusses both static and dynamic verification methods like inspections, walkthroughs, and testing. It details test case development techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis. Finally, it covers white-box and structural testing methods that derive test cases from examining a program's internal structure.
Slides from Software Testing Techniques course offered at Kansas State University in Spring'16 and Spring'17. Entire course material can be found at https://github.com/rvprasad/software-testing-course.
White box testing involves testing internal program structure and code. It includes static testing like code reviews and structural testing like unit testing. Static testing checks code against requirements without executing. Structural testing executes code to test paths and conditions. Code coverage metrics like statement coverage measure what code is executed by tests. Code complexity metrics like cyclomatic complexity quantify complexity to determine necessary test cases. White box testing finds defects from incorrect code but may miss realistic errors and developers can overlook own code issues.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing including:
1) Phases in a tester's mental life from debugging-oriented to prevention-oriented.
2) Types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, and system testing.
3) Limitations of testing including inability to test every path or condition.
4) Consequences of bugs ranging from mild to catastrophic based on factors like frequency and correction cost.
Unit 8 discusses software testing concepts including definitions of testing, who performs testing, test characteristics, levels of testing, and testing approaches. Unit testing focuses on individual program units while integration testing combines units. System testing evaluates a complete integrated system. Testing strategies integrate testing into a planned series of steps from requirements to deployment. Verification ensures correct development while validation confirms the product meets user needs.
This document discusses software testing principles and concepts. It defines key terms like validation, verification, defects, failures, and metrics. It outlines 11 testing principles like testing being a creative task and test results needing meticulous inspection. The roles of testers are discussed in collaborating with other teams. Defect classes are defined at different stages and types of defects are provided. Quality factors, process maturity models, and defect prevention strategies are also summarized.
Capability Building for Cyber Defense: Software Walk through and Screening Maven Logix
Dr. Fahim Arif who is the Director R&D at MCS, principal investigator and GHQ authorized consultant for Nexsource Pak (Pvt) Ltd) discussed the capability of building cyber defense in the Data Protection and Cyber Security event that was hosted recently by Maven Logix. In his session he gave the audience valuable information about the life cycle of a cyber-threat discussing what and how to take measures by performing formal code reviews, code inspections. He discussed essential elements of code review, paired programming and alternatives to treat and tackle cyber-threat
Computer programming involves designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining source code to create a program that exhibits desired behaviors. There are three main types of programming errors: syntax errors due to incorrect language usage, logic errors involving flawed program design, and arithmetic errors from inappropriate mathematical operations like division by zero. Testing is the process of executing programs to find errors and ensure requirements are met. It helps improve quality, verify functionality, estimate reliability, and validate exceptional handling. Alpha and beta testing involve simulated or limited real-world use before public release. Black box testing examines external functions without viewing internal structures, while white box testing uses internal knowledge to design test cases. Interface testing verifies connections between components.
Unit testing is a method where developers write code to test individual units or components of an application to determine if they are working as intended. The document discusses various aspects of unit testing including:
- What unit testing is and why it is important for finding defects early in development.
- Common unit testing techniques like statement coverage, branch coverage, and path coverage which aim to test all possible paths through the code.
- How unit testing fits into the software development lifecycle and is typically done by developers before handing code over for formal testing.
- Popular unit testing frameworks for different programming languages like JUnit for Java and NUnit for .NET.
The document provides examples to illustrate white box testing techniques
The document provides an overview of software testing concepts including:
- The differences between errors, faults, failures, and bugs and where they originate from in the development process.
- The four main levels of testing: unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and regression testing.
- The importance of testing and the large costs associated with not adequately testing software as evidenced by the Ariane 5 rocket example.
- Key testing activities like test case design, test execution, and analyzing results.
- When verification and validation occur in the software development lifecycle.
- Common testing strategies, metrics, and challenges.
This lecture is about the detail definition of software quality and quality assurance. Provide details about software tesing and its types. Clear the basic concepts of software quality and software testing.
The document discusses common software problems, objectives of testing, and different levels of testing. The most common software problems include incorrect calculations, data issues, and incorrect processing. Objectives of testing are to find errors, ensure requirements are met, and check the software is fit for purpose. There are different levels of testing including unit testing of individual functions, integration testing of modules, system testing of the full system, and acceptance testing. White box and black box testing approaches are also described.
This presentation is about the following points ,
Introduction to Manual Software testing,
What is Testing,
What is Quality,
How to define Software Testing Principles,
What are the types of Software Tests,
What is Test Planning,
Test Execution and Reporting,
Real-Time Testing,
Testing is a process used to identify the correctness, completeness and quality of developed computer software. It involves finding differences between expected and observed behavior by executing the system with different inputs. The goal of testing is to maximize the number of discovered faults and increase reliability. Testing techniques include unit testing of individual components, integration testing of combined components, and system testing of the full application. Fault avoidance techniques like code reviews aim to prevent errors from being introduced.
When it is all about ERP solutions, companies typically meet their needs with common ERP solutions like SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft Dynamics. These big players have demonstrated that ERP systems can be either simple or highly comprehensive. This remains true today, but there are new factors to consider, including a promising new contender in the market that’s Odoo. This blog compares Odoo ERP with traditional ERP systems and explains why many companies now see Odoo ERP as the best choice.
What are ERP Systems?
An ERP, or Enterprise Resource Planning, system provides your company with valuable information to help you make better decisions and boost your ROI. You should choose an ERP system based on your company’s specific needs. For instance, if you run a manufacturing or retail business, you will need an ERP system that efficiently manages inventory. A consulting firm, on the other hand, would benefit from an ERP system that enhances daily operations. Similarly, eCommerce stores would select an ERP system tailored to their needs.
Because different businesses have different requirements, ERP system functionalities can vary. Among the various ERP systems available, Odoo ERP is considered one of the best in the ERp market with more than 12 million global users today.
Odoo is an open-source ERP system initially designed for small to medium-sized businesses but now suitable for a wide range of companies. Odoo offers a scalable and configurable point-of-sale management solution and allows you to create customised modules for specific industries. Odoo is gaining more popularity because it is built in a way that allows easy customisation, has a user-friendly interface, and is affordable. Here, you will cover the main differences and get to know why Odoo is gaining attention despite the many other ERP systems available in the market.
UI5con 2024 - Bring Your Own Design SystemPeter Muessig
How do you combine the OpenUI5/SAPUI5 programming model with a design system that makes its controls available as Web Components? Since OpenUI5/SAPUI5 1.120, the framework supports the integration of any Web Components. This makes it possible, for example, to natively embed own Web Components of your design system which are created with Stencil. The integration embeds the Web Components in a way that they can be used naturally in XMLViews, like with standard UI5 controls, and can be bound with data binding. Learn how you can also make use of the Web Components base class in OpenUI5/SAPUI5 to also integrate your Web Components and get inspired by the solution to generate a custom UI5 library providing the Web Components control wrappers for the native ones.
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we workSven Peters
A lot of technical challenges and complexity come with building a cloud-native and distributed architecture. The way we develop backend software has fundamentally changed in the last ten years. Managing a microservices architecture demands a lot of us to ensure observability and operational resiliency. But did you also change the way you run your development teams?
Sven will talk about Atlassian’s journey from a monolith to a multi-tenanted architecture and how it affected the way the engineering teams work. You will learn how we shifted to service ownership, moved to more autonomous teams (and its challenges), and established platform and enablement teams.
Hand Rolled Applicative User ValidationCode KataPhilip Schwarz
Could you use a simple piece of Scala validation code (granted, a very simplistic one too!) that you can rewrite, now and again, to refresh your basic understanding of Applicative operators <*>, <*, *>?
The goal is not to write perfect code showcasing validation, but rather, to provide a small, rough-and ready exercise to reinforce your muscle-memory.
Despite its grandiose-sounding title, this deck consists of just three slides showing the Scala 3 code to be rewritten whenever the details of the operators begin to fade away.
The code is my rough and ready translation of a Haskell user-validation program found in a book called Finding Success (and Failure) in Haskell - Fall in love with applicative functors.
Do you want Software for your Business? Visit Deuglo
Deuglo has top Software Developers in India. They are experts in software development and help design and create custom Software solutions.
Deuglo follows seven steps methods for delivering their services to their customers. They called it the Software development life cycle process (SDLC).
Requirement — Collecting the Requirements is the first Phase in the SSLC process.
Feasibility Study — after completing the requirement process they move to the design phase.
Design — in this phase, they start designing the software.
Coding — when designing is completed, the developers start coding for the software.
Testing — in this phase when the coding of the software is done the testing team will start testing.
Installation — after completion of testing, the application opens to the live server and launches!
Maintenance — after completing the software development, customers start using the software.
A Study of Variable-Role-based Feature Enrichment in Neural Models of CodeAftab Hussain
Understanding variable roles in code has been found to be helpful by students
in learning programming -- could variable roles help deep neural models in
performing coding tasks? We do an exploratory study.
- These are slides of the talk given at InteNSE'23: The 1st International Workshop on Interpretability and Robustness in Neural Software Engineering, co-located with the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2023, Melbourne Australia
UI5con 2024 - Keynote: Latest News about UI5 and it’s EcosystemPeter Muessig
Learn about the latest innovations in and around OpenUI5/SAPUI5: UI5 Tooling, UI5 linter, UI5 Web Components, Web Components Integration, UI5 2.x, UI5 GenAI.
Recording:
https://www.youtube.com/live/MSdGLG2zLy8?si=INxBHTqkwHhxV5Ta&t=0
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissancesNeo4j
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissances
Allez au-delà du battage médiatique autour de l’IA et découvrez des techniques pratiques pour utiliser l’IA de manière responsable à travers les données de votre organisation. Explorez comment utiliser les graphes de connaissances pour augmenter la précision, la transparence et la capacité d’explication dans les systèmes d’IA générative. Vous partirez avec une expérience pratique combinant les relations entre les données et les LLM pour apporter du contexte spécifique à votre domaine et améliorer votre raisonnement.
Amenez votre ordinateur portable et nous vous guiderons sur la mise en place de votre propre pile d’IA générative, en vous fournissant des exemples pratiques et codés pour démarrer en quelques minutes.
Everything You Need to Know About X-Sign: The eSign Functionality of XfilesPr...XfilesPro
Wondering how X-Sign gained popularity in a quick time span? This eSign functionality of XfilesPro DocuPrime has many advancements to offer for Salesforce users. Explore them now!
Measures in SQL (SIGMOD 2024, Santiago, Chile)Julian Hyde
SQL has attained widespread adoption, but Business Intelligence tools still use their own higher level languages based upon a multidimensional paradigm. Composable calculations are what is missing from SQL, and we propose a new kind of column, called a measure, that attaches a calculation to a table. Like regular tables, tables with measures are composable and closed when used in queries.
SQL-with-measures has the power, conciseness and reusability of multidimensional languages but retains SQL semantics. Measure invocations can be expanded in place to simple, clear SQL.
To define the evaluation semantics for measures, we introduce context-sensitive expressions (a way to evaluate multidimensional expressions that is consistent with existing SQL semantics), a concept called evaluation context, and several operations for setting and modifying the evaluation context.
A talk at SIGMOD, June 9–15, 2024, Santiago, Chile
Authors: Julian Hyde (Google) and John Fremlin (Google)
https://doi.org/10.1145/3626246.3653374
Mobile App Development Company In Noida | Drona InfotechDrona Infotech
Drona Infotech is a premier mobile app development company in Noida, providing cutting-edge solutions for businesses.
Visit Us For : https://www.dronainfotech.com/mobile-application-development/
E-Invoicing Implementation: A Step-by-Step Guide for Saudi Arabian CompaniesQuickdice ERP
Explore the seamless transition to e-invoicing with this comprehensive guide tailored for Saudi Arabian businesses. Navigate the process effortlessly with step-by-step instructions designed to streamline implementation and enhance efficiency.
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension FunctionsOctavian Nadolu
The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of how you can use AI from XSLT, XQuery, Schematron, or XML Refactoring operations, the potential benefits of using AI, and some of the challenges we face.
Flutter is a popular open source, cross-platform framework developed by Google. In this webinar we'll explore Flutter and its architecture, delve into the Flutter Embedder and Flutter’s Dart language, discover how to leverage Flutter for embedded device development, learn about Automotive Grade Linux (AGL) and its consortium and understand the rationale behind AGL's choice of Flutter for next-gen IVI systems. Don’t miss this opportunity to discover whether Flutter is right for your project.
2. Outlines
• Introduction to Testing
• Debugging
• Purpose and goal of Testing
• Dichotomies
• Testing and Debugging
• Model for Testing
• Consequences of Bugs
• Taxonomy of Bugs
4. Testing
• Testing is the process of exercising or evaluating a
system or system components by manual or
automated means to verify that it satisfies specified
requirements.
Debugging
• Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors
or bugs in the source code of any software. When
software does not work as expected, computer
programmers study the code to determine why any
errors occurred. They use debugging tools to run the
software in a controlled environment, check the code
step by step, and analyze and fix the issue.
5. • MYTH: Good
programmers write code
without bugs. (It’s
wrong!!!)
• History says that even
well written programs still
have 1-3 bugs per
hundred statements.
7. Purpose of Testing
• To identify and show
program has bugs.
• To show program/
software works.
• To show
program/software
doesn’t work.
Goal of Testing
• Bug Prevention
(Primary Goal)
• Bug Discovery
(Secondary)
• Test Design
Bug is manifested in deviation from Expected behaviour.
13. • Environment Model: Hardware Software (OS, linkage
editor, loader, compiler, utility routines)
• Program Model: In order to simplify the order to test.
Complicated enough to test unexpected behavior.
• Bug Hypothesis:
• Benign Bug Hypothesis: bugs are nice, tame and logical
• Bug Locality Hypothesis: bug discovered with in a component affects only that
component's behavior
• Control Bug Dominance: errors in the control structures
• Code / Data Separation: bugs respect the separation of code and data
• Lingua Salvatore Est: language syntax and semantics eliminate bugs
• Corrections Abide: corrected bug remains corrected
• Silver Bullets: Language, Design method, representation, environment grants immunity
from bugs.
• Sadism Suffices: Tough bugs need methodology and techniques.
• Angelic Testers: testers are better at test design, Programmer for code design
14. Test
• Tests are formal procedures, Inputs must be prepared,
Outcomes should predict, tests should be documented,
commands need to be executed, and results are to be
observed. All these errors are subjected to error.
• Unit / Component Testing:
• Integration Testing:
• System Testing:
15. Role of Models:
• The art of testing consists of creating, selecting,
exploring, and revising models. Our ability to go
through this process depends on the number of
different models we have at hand and their ability to
express a program's behavior.
16.
17. Task-1 [Class activity]
• Focus on types of bugs in the software development
process and how to handle these bugs.
• https://web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rubio/includes/ase17.pd
f
• Software bug prediction using object-oriented metrics
(ias.ac.in)
18. Consequence of Bugs
Damage Depends on :
• Frequency
• Correction Cost
• Installation Cost
• Consequences
Importance= ($) = Frequency * (Correction cost + Installation cost +
Consequential cost)
Consequences of bugs:
• Mild
• Moderate
• Annoying
• Disturbing
• Serious
• Very Serious
• Extreme
• Intolerable
• Catastrophic
• Infectious
19. Software Testing Metrics
• Process Metrics
• Product Metrics
• Project Metrics
• Base Metrics
• Calculated Metrics
20. Taxonomy of Bugs
• There is no universally correct way to categorize bugs.
The taxonomy is not rigid.
• A given bug can be put into one or another category
depending on its history and the programmer's state of
mind.
• The major categories are:
(1) Requirements, Features, and Functionality Bugs
(2) Structural Bugs
(3) Data Bugs
(4) Coding Bugs
(5) Interface, Integration, and System Bugs
(6) Test and Test Design Bugs.
21. Requirements and Specifications Bugs:
• Requirements and specifications developed from them can
be incomplete ambiguous, or self-contradictory. They can be
misunderstood or impossible to understand.
• The specifications that don't have flaws in them may change
while the design is in progress. The features are added,
modified and deleted.
• Requirements, especially, as expressed in specifications are a
major source of expensive bugs.
• The range is from a few percentages to more than 50%,
depending on the application 10 and environment.
• What hurts most about the bugs is that they are the earliest
to invade the system and the last to leave.
22. Feature Bugs:
• Specification problems usually create corresponding
feature problems.
• A feature can be wrong, missing, or superfluous
(serving no useful purpose). A missing feature or case
is easier to detect and correct. A wrong feature could
have deep design implications.
• Removing the features might complicate the
software, consume more resources, and foster more
bugs.
23. Feature Interaction Bugs:
• Providing correct, clear, implementable and testable feature
specifications is not enough.
• Features usually come in groups or related features. The
features of each group and the interaction of features within
the group are usually well tested.
• The problem is unpredictable interactions between feature
groups or even between individual features. For example,
your telephone is provided with call holding and call
forwarding. The interactions between these two features
may have bugs.
• Every application has its peculiar set of features and a much
bigger set of unspecified feature interaction potentials and
therefore result in feature interaction bugs
24. Control and Sequence Bugs:
• Control and sequence bugs include paths left out,
unreachable code, improper nesting of loops, loop-back
or loop termination criteria incorrect, missing process
steps, duplicated processing, unnecessary processing,
rampaging, GOTO's, ill-conceived (not properly planned)
switches, spaghetti code, and worst of all, pachinko code.
• One reason for control flow bugs is that this area is
amenable (supportive) to theoretical treatment.
• Most of the control flow bugs are easily tested and
caught in unit testing
25. Logic Bugs:
• Bugs in logic, especially those related to misunderstanding
how case statements and logic operators behave singly and
combinations
• Also includes evaluation of boolean expressions in deeply
nested IF-THEN-ELSE constructs.
• If the bugs are parts of logical (i.e. boolean) processing not
related to control flow, they are characterized as
processing bugs.
• If the bugs are parts of a logical expression (i.e. control-
flow statement) which is used to direct the control flow,
then they are categorized as control-flow bugs.
26. Processing Bugs:
• Processing bugs include arithmetic bugs, algebraic,
mathematical function evaluation, algorithm
selection and general processing.
• Examples of Processing bugs include: Incorrect
conversion from one data representation to other,
ignoring overflow, improper use of greater-than-or-
equal etc
• Although these bugs are frequent (12%), they tend to
be caught in good unit testing.
27. Initialization Bugs:
• Initialization bugs are common. Initialization bugs can
be improper and superfluous.
• Superfluous bugs are generally less harmful but can
affect performance.
• Typical initialization bugs include: Forgetting to
initialize the variables before first use, assuming that
they are initialized elsewhere, initializing to the wrong
format, representation or type etc
• Explicit declaration of all variables, as in Pascal, can
reduce some initialization problems.
28. Data-Flow Bugs and Anomalies:
• Most initialization bugs are special case of data flow
anomalies.
• A data flow anomaly occurs where there is a path
along which we expect to do something unreasonable
with data, such as using an uninitialized variable,
attempting to use a variable before it exists,
modifying and then not storing or using the result, or
initializing twice without an intermediate use
29. Data Bugs
• Data bugs include all bugs that arise from the
specification of data objects, their formats, the number
of such objects, and their initial values.
• Data Bugs are at least as common as bugs in code, but
they are often treated as if they did not exist at all.
• Code migrates data: Software is evolving towards
programs in which more and more of the control and
processing functions are stored in tables.
• Because of this, there is an increasing awareness that
bugs in code are only half the battle and the data
problems should be given equal attention.
30. Coding bugs:
• Coding errors of all kinds can create any of the other
kind of bugs.
• Syntax errors are generally not important in the
scheme of things if the source language translator has
adequate syntax checking.
• If a program has many syntax errors, then we should
expect many logic and coding bugs.
• The documentation bugs are also considered as
coding bugs which may mislead the maintenance
programmers
31. Interface, integration, and system
bugs:
• External Interface
• Internal Interface
• Hardware Architecture
• O/S Bug
• Software Architecture
• Control and sequence bugs
• Resourse management Problems
• Integration bugs
• System bugs
32. TEST AND TEST DESIGN BUGS:
• Testing: testers have no immunity to bugs. Tests
require complicated scenarios and databases.
• They require code or the equivalent to execute and
consequently they can have bugs.
• Test criteria: if the specification is correct, it is
correctly interpreted and implemented, and a proper
test has been designed;
33. Test Metrics
Generation of Software Test Metrics is the most important responsibility of the
Software Test Lead/Manager.
Test Metrics are used to,
1.Take the decision for the next phase of activities such as, estimate the cost &
schedule of future projects.
2.Understand the kind of improvement required to success the project
3.Take a decision on the Process or Technology to be modified etc.
34. Example of Test Report
• How many test cases have been designed per requirement?
• How many test cases are yet to design?
• How many test cases are executed?
• How many test cases are passed/failed/blocked?
• How many test cases are not yet executed?
• How many defects are identified & what is the severity of
those defects?
• How many test cases are failed due to one particular defect?
etc.
35. • Example of Software Test Metrics Calculation
S No. Testing Metric
Data retrieved during test case
development
1 No. of requirements 5
2
The average number of test
cases written per requirement
40
3
Total no. of Test cases written
for all requirements
200
4 Total no. of Test cases executed 164
5 No. of Test cases passed 100
6 No. of Test cases failed 60
7 No. of Test cases blocked 4
8 No. of Test cases unexecuted 36
9 Total no. of defects identified 20
10
Defects accepted as valid by the
dev team
15
11
Defects deferred for future
releases
5
12 Defects fixed 12
Percentage test cases execu
Test Case Effectiveness
Failed Test Cases Percentag
Blocked Test Cases Percenta
Fixed Defects Percentage
Accepted Defects Percentage
Defects Deferred Percentage
36. 1. Percentage test cases executed = (No of test cases executed / Total no of test cases written) x 100
= (164 / 200) x 100
= 82
2. Test Case Effectiveness = (Number of defects detected
/ Number of test cases run) x 100
= (20 / 164) x 100
= 12.2
3. Failed Test Cases Percentage = (Total number of failed test cases / Total number of tests executed) x 100
= (60 / 164) * 100
= 36.59
4. Blocked Test Cases Percentage = (Total number of blocked tests / Total number of tests executed) x 100
= (4 / 164) * 100
= 2.44
5. Fixed Defects Percentage = (Total number of flaws fixed / Number of defects reported) x 100
= (12 / 20) * 100
= 60
6. Accepted Defects Percentage = (Defects Accepted as Valid by Dev Team / Total Defects Reported) x 100
= (15 / 20) * 100
= 75
7. Defects Deferred Percentage = (Defects deferred for future releases / Total Defects Reported) x 100
= (5 / 20) * 100
= 25
39. How to estimate?
Software Testing Estimation
Techniques
• Work Breakdown Structure
• 3-Point Software Testing
Estimation Technique
• Wideband Delphi
technique
• Function Point/Testing
Point Analysis
• Use – Case Point Method
• Percentage distribution
• Ad-hoc method
41. • Divide the whole project task into subtasks
• Allocate each task to team member
• Effort Estimation For Tasks
• Functional Point Method
• Three Point Estimation
42. Function Point Method
• Total Effort: The effort to
completely test all the
functions.
• Total Function Points:
Total modules.
• Estimate defined per
Function Points: The
average effort to
complete one function
points. This value
depends on
the productivity of the
member who will take in
charge this task.
43. Total Effort and cost.
Weightage
# of Function
Points
Total
Complex 5 3 15
Medium 3 5 15
Simple 1 4 4
Function Total Points 34
Estimate define per point 5
Total Estimated Effort (Person Hours) 170
Estimate the cost for the tasks: Suppose, on average your team salary
is $5 per hour. The time required for “Create Test Specs” task is 170
hours. Accordingly, the cost for the task is 5*170= $850.
44. Three Point Estimation
• Test Manager needs to provide
three values, as specified above.
The three values identified,
estimate what happens in
an optimal state, what is
the most likely, or what we think
it would be the worst
case scenario.
parameter E is known
as Weighted Average. It is the
estimation of the task “Create the test
specification”.
A possible and not a certain value, we
must know about the probability that
the estimation is correct.