The document provides information about Czechoslovakia from its formation in 1918 until its peaceful split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993. It details the country's various official names and periods of governance, including as a socialist republic under Soviet control from 1948 to 1989. Czechoslovakia was a communist state within the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War, characterized by a lack of democracy and economic issues, before transitioning to a federal democratic republic through the Velvet Revolution in 1989.
The document provides information on the geography, religion, and political system of Lithuania. It describes Lithuania as a parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea between Poland and Latvia. The majority religion is Roman Catholicism, though some Lithuanian pagan traditions remain. The political system has three branches of government - an executive branch led by the President and Prime Minister, a unicameral legislative branch called the Seimas, and an independent judicial branch. It also profiles the current President Dalia Grybauskaitė and Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius, as well as some of Lithuania's major political parties.
The document provides information about Czechoslovakia from its formation in 1918 until its peaceful split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993. It details the country's various official names and periods of governance, including as a socialist republic under Soviet control from 1948 to 1989. Czechoslovakia was a communist state within the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War, characterized by a lack of democracy and economic issues, before transitioning to a federal democratic republic through the Velvet Revolution in 1989.
The document provides information on the geography, religion, and political system of Lithuania. It describes Lithuania as a parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea between Poland and Latvia. The majority religion is Roman Catholicism, though some Lithuanian pagan traditions remain. The political system has three branches of government - an executive branch led by the President and Prime Minister, a unicameral legislative branch called the Seimas, and an independent judicial branch. It also profiles the current President Dalia Grybauskaitė and Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius, as well as some of Lithuania's major political parties.
Alexander v. berkis soviet russia's persecution of latvia, 1918 to the pres...RareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes the oppression and persecution of Latvia by Soviet Russia from 1918 to the present day. It describes how the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Latvia three times over 70 years, carrying out mass killings and deportations each time to destroy Latvian culture and nationhood. It focuses on detailing the specific oppressive acts and human rights violations committed under each occupation, including nationalization of property, forced labor, arbitrary arrests and executions. The leadership of Karlis Ulmanis, who led Latvia to independence and served as its dominant leader for decades, is also discussed.
CultureGrams
TM
World Edition
2022
Republic of
Lithuania
BACKGROUND
Land and Climate
Lithuania is larger than its Baltic neighbors, Latvia and
Estonia, and is slightly bigger than the U.S. state of West
Virginia. It lies on the western fringe of the east European
plain and has a short coastline on the Baltic Sea. It is a green
country with forests, rolling hills, and thousands of rivers and
lakes. The two longest rivers are the Nemunas and the Neris.
Forests cover about 35 percent of the country and are rich in
wild animals, mushrooms, and berries.
Lithuania has four seasons. Summers are short and rainy,
and July temperatures average 63°F (17°C). Winters are cold
and snowy, with an average temperature in January of 23°F
(-5°C). In winter, children are allowed to stay home from
school when the temperature falls below -13°F (-25°C),
which generally happens at least once a year. The general
climate is comparable to that of southeastern Canada. A
westerly breeze is common.
History
Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Union with Poland
Lithuania’s first inhabitants arrived in the 10th millennium
BC. The first mention of Lithuania is found in a medieval
German manuscript, The Annals of Quedlinburg, in the early
11th century AD. Lithuanians began to form a distinct society
in the early second century. In the mid-1200s, a tribal leader
named Duke Mindaugas united several groups to form the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The new state grew in
prominence, especially during the 14th century, when it
annexed neighboring lands (including present-day Belarus,
Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia) and was ruled by
strong monarchs. During the 14th century, Lithuania was one
of the largest countries in Europe. Vilnius became the capital
in 1323.
In 1386, reacting to a serious threat from Germanic
invaders, the Grand Duke Jogaila married the Polish crown
princess and became king. This alliance brought Lithuania
into a union with Poland, which strengthened the nations
enough to defeat the German (Teutonic) invaders in 1410;
this conflict was one of the biggest battles of the Middle
Ages. After its union with Poland, Lithuania, one of the last
pagan countries in Europe, adopted Roman Catholicism in
1387 and became increasingly open to Western culture.
Poland and Lithuania tightened their association in 1569
when they united under the Lublin Union and became the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Russian Rule and World War I
After the Polish-Lithuanian state was partitioned by its
neighbors (in 1772, 1793, and 1795), the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania was left largely a part of the Russian Empire, which
controlled Lithuania for more than 120 years. During this
time, Russia implemented a policy known as Russification, in
which it insisted that Lithuanians speak Russian and convert
to the Russian Orthodox Church. Many attempts were made
to regain independence from Russia, but all were
unsuccessful.
During ...
The document provides a detailed overview of the history, geography, culture and politics of Lithuania. It discusses Lithuania's declaration of independence in 1918 and periods under Soviet and German occupation between World War 1 and 2. It also summarizes Lithuania's re-establishment of independence in 1990 following the fall of the Soviet Union and its entry into the European Union and NATO in 2004. Key figures and events mentioned include the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Christianization in 1387, and prominent Lithuanians such as Martynas Mažvydas and Česlovas Milošas.
Lithuania has a long history dating back to 1009. It established itself as a kingdom in the 13th century and later formed a powerful union with Poland. However, Lithuania was later partitioned and ruled by the Russian Empire for several centuries. Gediminas Castle was founded in the 13th century by Grand Duke Gediminas according to a prophetic dream. Trakai Castle was constructed in the 14th century by Grand Duke Kęstutis. In 1989, over 2 million people formed a 600km human chain across Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania known as the Baltic Way to protest the Soviet occupation and demonstrate solidarity for independence.
The document provides information on several topics related to Lithuania:
1. It discusses prominent Lithuanian painters like Antanas Žmuidzinavičius, Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Zoma Baitler, and Samuel Grodzensky.
2. It mentions Vincas Kudirka, a Lithuanian poet and physician who wrote the music and lyrics of the Lithuanian national anthem.
3. It provides brief biographical information on Lithuanian writer Agnė Marcinkevičiūte.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. It gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Latvia has a population of around 2 million people and its capital and largest city is Riga, known for its art nouveau architecture. Some key facts are that Latvia has a Baltic culture and heritage, joined the EU and NATO in 2004, and uses the euro currency since 2014.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe. Some key facts about Latvia include:
- The capital and largest city is Riga, which has over 700,000 residents.
- Latvia joined both NATO and the EU in 2004 and uses the euro currency.
- The population of Latvia is around 2 million people, with Latvian being the most widely spoken language.
- Latvia has a long history of being ruled by other countries but gained independence in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union.
- The economy struggled after independence but has grown in recent decades, especially in industries like tourism.
The document provides a historical overview of Poland and the Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It discusses how the region has been influenced by various groups over time, suffered tremendously during World Wars I and II under occupations by Germany and the Soviet Union, and struggled under Soviet domination until gaining independence in the 1990s. Today, the countries continue working to develop their economies and infrastructure while seeking to strengthen ties within Europe.
This document summarizes several successful secession movements throughout history:
- Croatia and Slovenia successfully seceded from Yugoslavia in the 1990s after holding independence referendums and declarations. Similar events led to the dissolution of Czechoslovakia and the separation of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
- The Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia regained independence in the late 1980s and early 1990s after decades of Soviet occupation, through non-violent resistance movements and independence referendums.
- Switzerland has existed as a confederation of independent cantons since 1291 after seceding from Austrian rule, becoming one of the oldest republics in the world.
Poland is a country located in Central Europe bordering Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast. It has a population of over 38 million people and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Poland first became a kingdom in 1025 and formed a union with Lithuania in 1569, though it lost its independence in 1795 when its territory was partitioned among Prussia, Russia, and Austria. Poland regained independence after World War I but was then occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II. It became a socialist republic dependent on the Soviet Union after the war until transitioning to a parliamentary democracy and market economy in 1989.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe bordered by Estonia, Lithuania, Russia, and Belarus. It has a population of nearly 2 million people and its capital and largest city is Riga. Some key facts are its currency is the euro, its official language is Latvian, and it gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
Lithuania has a long history dating back 12,000 years when the first settlers arrived. In the Middle Ages, Lithuania established the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and adopted Christianity in 1387. Lithuania experienced its peak of power in the 15th century when it defeated the Teutonic Knights and stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. Lithuania established the first written constitution in Europe in 1791 but was later partitioned and occupied by Russia. Lithuania declared independence again in 1918 but was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. It endured Soviet repression until reestablishing independence in 1990 through peaceful protests in the Singing Revolution. Lithuania then joined the EU and NATO in 2004.
Latvia is located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea. The capital and largest city is Riga. The population is around 2.3 million, with Latvians making up around 60% and Russians around 30%. The official language is Latvian, but Russian is also widely spoken. The economy was previously centered around industry and manufacturing but is now focused more on services. Healthcare and education are provided through a combination of public and private systems. Latvia joined both the EU and NATO in 2004.
Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe located along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea. It borders Latvia, Belarus, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad. The first settlers arrived in Lithuania over 10,000 years ago after the last ice age. By the end of the 14th century, Lithuania was one of the largest countries in Europe and included much of modern-day Belarus, Ukraine, Poland and Russia. Lithuania has a relatively mild climate and offers natural and cultural attractions that can be visited year-round. Basketball is Lithuania's national sport and the national team has found significant success in international competitions.
The history of Latvia spans several millennia, with Finno-Ugric and Baltic peoples inhabiting the region as early as 3000 BC. From the 9th to 11th centuries, Vikings raided the Baltic lands, and in the late 12th century German merchants and Christian missionaries arrived. Riga was founded by Germans in 1201 and became an important trading post in 1282. Latvia came under Polish-Lithuanian rule in the 14th century before being conquered by Sweden. Russia gained influence over Latvia in the 18th century during the Great Northern War. Latvia declared independence in 1918 after World War I but was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and Nazi Germany from 1941-1944 before being reoccupied by the Soviet Union until 1991
8/12
France has a semi-presidential republic system of government with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The president appoints the prime minister and other government ministers. The bicameral parliament consists of the lower National Assembly and upper Senate. Bills must pass both houses to become law. France is also part of the European Union and elects representatives to its parliament.
An hour in comparative history of Baltic countriesEdgars Engizers
While the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia share some common history as part of the former Soviet Union, they also have distinct linguistic and cultural differences. Estonians are linguistically Finno-Ugric while Latvians and Lithuanians are Baltic. The earliest settlers arrived after the last ice age ended over 10,000 years ago. Germany established dominance in the 13th century and the lands became part of the Russian Empire in the 18th century before gaining independence in the early 20th century. They were then occupied by the Soviet Union in World War 2 before reestablishing independence in the early 1990s.
Poland has a population of around 39 million people, most of whom are ethnic Poles. However, there are some minority groups like Germans, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Roma, and Jews. The official language is Polish, which belongs to the Slavic language family. Poland has a diverse landscape and borders several countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Culturally, Poland has been influenced by neighboring Germanic and Slavic cultures over the centuries.
Polish culture originated from the Polanie tribe near Poznan in the 10th century. Poland is located in Central Europe, bordered by Germany, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Slovakia and Czech Republic. The population is predominantly Polish, with largest minorities including Germans, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Roma, and Lithuanians. The official language is Polish, which belongs to the Slavic language family. Regional dialects still exist but differences are becoming less prominent. The main staples of Polish cuisine include meat, bread, and potatoes.
The Problem with School Uniforms and the Possible FixesCharlie
I talk about how school uniforms can be disruptive for autistic people and people with learning disabilities and look into what can be done to improve the situation.
The Possible Implications of Sky AdvertisingCharlie
1. A Candy Crush advertisement displayed in the sky over New York City using drones sparked discussion about the potential implications of sky advertising.
2. Regulations currently focus on drone safety and security, but sky advertising is new and unregulated. Advertisers may be interested in using colorful, moving light shows at night to reach massive audiences.
3. Regulations could be needed to limit when and where sky ads occur to prevent overcommercialization of the night sky and impacts on wildlife, while also addressing citizen concerns about losing clear night skies.
Alexander v. berkis soviet russia's persecution of latvia, 1918 to the pres...RareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes the oppression and persecution of Latvia by Soviet Russia from 1918 to the present day. It describes how the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Latvia three times over 70 years, carrying out mass killings and deportations each time to destroy Latvian culture and nationhood. It focuses on detailing the specific oppressive acts and human rights violations committed under each occupation, including nationalization of property, forced labor, arbitrary arrests and executions. The leadership of Karlis Ulmanis, who led Latvia to independence and served as its dominant leader for decades, is also discussed.
CultureGrams
TM
World Edition
2022
Republic of
Lithuania
BACKGROUND
Land and Climate
Lithuania is larger than its Baltic neighbors, Latvia and
Estonia, and is slightly bigger than the U.S. state of West
Virginia. It lies on the western fringe of the east European
plain and has a short coastline on the Baltic Sea. It is a green
country with forests, rolling hills, and thousands of rivers and
lakes. The two longest rivers are the Nemunas and the Neris.
Forests cover about 35 percent of the country and are rich in
wild animals, mushrooms, and berries.
Lithuania has four seasons. Summers are short and rainy,
and July temperatures average 63°F (17°C). Winters are cold
and snowy, with an average temperature in January of 23°F
(-5°C). In winter, children are allowed to stay home from
school when the temperature falls below -13°F (-25°C),
which generally happens at least once a year. The general
climate is comparable to that of southeastern Canada. A
westerly breeze is common.
History
Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Union with Poland
Lithuania’s first inhabitants arrived in the 10th millennium
BC. The first mention of Lithuania is found in a medieval
German manuscript, The Annals of Quedlinburg, in the early
11th century AD. Lithuanians began to form a distinct society
in the early second century. In the mid-1200s, a tribal leader
named Duke Mindaugas united several groups to form the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The new state grew in
prominence, especially during the 14th century, when it
annexed neighboring lands (including present-day Belarus,
Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia) and was ruled by
strong monarchs. During the 14th century, Lithuania was one
of the largest countries in Europe. Vilnius became the capital
in 1323.
In 1386, reacting to a serious threat from Germanic
invaders, the Grand Duke Jogaila married the Polish crown
princess and became king. This alliance brought Lithuania
into a union with Poland, which strengthened the nations
enough to defeat the German (Teutonic) invaders in 1410;
this conflict was one of the biggest battles of the Middle
Ages. After its union with Poland, Lithuania, one of the last
pagan countries in Europe, adopted Roman Catholicism in
1387 and became increasingly open to Western culture.
Poland and Lithuania tightened their association in 1569
when they united under the Lublin Union and became the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Russian Rule and World War I
After the Polish-Lithuanian state was partitioned by its
neighbors (in 1772, 1793, and 1795), the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania was left largely a part of the Russian Empire, which
controlled Lithuania for more than 120 years. During this
time, Russia implemented a policy known as Russification, in
which it insisted that Lithuanians speak Russian and convert
to the Russian Orthodox Church. Many attempts were made
to regain independence from Russia, but all were
unsuccessful.
During ...
The document provides a detailed overview of the history, geography, culture and politics of Lithuania. It discusses Lithuania's declaration of independence in 1918 and periods under Soviet and German occupation between World War 1 and 2. It also summarizes Lithuania's re-establishment of independence in 1990 following the fall of the Soviet Union and its entry into the European Union and NATO in 2004. Key figures and events mentioned include the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Christianization in 1387, and prominent Lithuanians such as Martynas Mažvydas and Česlovas Milošas.
Lithuania has a long history dating back to 1009. It established itself as a kingdom in the 13th century and later formed a powerful union with Poland. However, Lithuania was later partitioned and ruled by the Russian Empire for several centuries. Gediminas Castle was founded in the 13th century by Grand Duke Gediminas according to a prophetic dream. Trakai Castle was constructed in the 14th century by Grand Duke Kęstutis. In 1989, over 2 million people formed a 600km human chain across Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania known as the Baltic Way to protest the Soviet occupation and demonstrate solidarity for independence.
The document provides information on several topics related to Lithuania:
1. It discusses prominent Lithuanian painters like Antanas Žmuidzinavičius, Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Zoma Baitler, and Samuel Grodzensky.
2. It mentions Vincas Kudirka, a Lithuanian poet and physician who wrote the music and lyrics of the Lithuanian national anthem.
3. It provides brief biographical information on Lithuanian writer Agnė Marcinkevičiūte.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. It gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Latvia has a population of around 2 million people and its capital and largest city is Riga, known for its art nouveau architecture. Some key facts are that Latvia has a Baltic culture and heritage, joined the EU and NATO in 2004, and uses the euro currency since 2014.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe. Some key facts about Latvia include:
- The capital and largest city is Riga, which has over 700,000 residents.
- Latvia joined both NATO and the EU in 2004 and uses the euro currency.
- The population of Latvia is around 2 million people, with Latvian being the most widely spoken language.
- Latvia has a long history of being ruled by other countries but gained independence in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union.
- The economy struggled after independence but has grown in recent decades, especially in industries like tourism.
The document provides a historical overview of Poland and the Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It discusses how the region has been influenced by various groups over time, suffered tremendously during World Wars I and II under occupations by Germany and the Soviet Union, and struggled under Soviet domination until gaining independence in the 1990s. Today, the countries continue working to develop their economies and infrastructure while seeking to strengthen ties within Europe.
This document summarizes several successful secession movements throughout history:
- Croatia and Slovenia successfully seceded from Yugoslavia in the 1990s after holding independence referendums and declarations. Similar events led to the dissolution of Czechoslovakia and the separation of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
- The Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia regained independence in the late 1980s and early 1990s after decades of Soviet occupation, through non-violent resistance movements and independence referendums.
- Switzerland has existed as a confederation of independent cantons since 1291 after seceding from Austrian rule, becoming one of the oldest republics in the world.
Poland is a country located in Central Europe bordering Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast. It has a population of over 38 million people and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Poland first became a kingdom in 1025 and formed a union with Lithuania in 1569, though it lost its independence in 1795 when its territory was partitioned among Prussia, Russia, and Austria. Poland regained independence after World War I but was then occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II. It became a socialist republic dependent on the Soviet Union after the war until transitioning to a parliamentary democracy and market economy in 1989.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe bordered by Estonia, Lithuania, Russia, and Belarus. It has a population of nearly 2 million people and its capital and largest city is Riga. Some key facts are its currency is the euro, its official language is Latvian, and it gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
Lithuania has a long history dating back 12,000 years when the first settlers arrived. In the Middle Ages, Lithuania established the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and adopted Christianity in 1387. Lithuania experienced its peak of power in the 15th century when it defeated the Teutonic Knights and stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. Lithuania established the first written constitution in Europe in 1791 but was later partitioned and occupied by Russia. Lithuania declared independence again in 1918 but was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. It endured Soviet repression until reestablishing independence in 1990 through peaceful protests in the Singing Revolution. Lithuania then joined the EU and NATO in 2004.
Latvia is located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea. The capital and largest city is Riga. The population is around 2.3 million, with Latvians making up around 60% and Russians around 30%. The official language is Latvian, but Russian is also widely spoken. The economy was previously centered around industry and manufacturing but is now focused more on services. Healthcare and education are provided through a combination of public and private systems. Latvia joined both the EU and NATO in 2004.
Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe located along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea. It borders Latvia, Belarus, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad. The first settlers arrived in Lithuania over 10,000 years ago after the last ice age. By the end of the 14th century, Lithuania was one of the largest countries in Europe and included much of modern-day Belarus, Ukraine, Poland and Russia. Lithuania has a relatively mild climate and offers natural and cultural attractions that can be visited year-round. Basketball is Lithuania's national sport and the national team has found significant success in international competitions.
The history of Latvia spans several millennia, with Finno-Ugric and Baltic peoples inhabiting the region as early as 3000 BC. From the 9th to 11th centuries, Vikings raided the Baltic lands, and in the late 12th century German merchants and Christian missionaries arrived. Riga was founded by Germans in 1201 and became an important trading post in 1282. Latvia came under Polish-Lithuanian rule in the 14th century before being conquered by Sweden. Russia gained influence over Latvia in the 18th century during the Great Northern War. Latvia declared independence in 1918 after World War I but was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and Nazi Germany from 1941-1944 before being reoccupied by the Soviet Union until 1991
8/12
France has a semi-presidential republic system of government with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The president appoints the prime minister and other government ministers. The bicameral parliament consists of the lower National Assembly and upper Senate. Bills must pass both houses to become law. France is also part of the European Union and elects representatives to its parliament.
An hour in comparative history of Baltic countriesEdgars Engizers
While the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia share some common history as part of the former Soviet Union, they also have distinct linguistic and cultural differences. Estonians are linguistically Finno-Ugric while Latvians and Lithuanians are Baltic. The earliest settlers arrived after the last ice age ended over 10,000 years ago. Germany established dominance in the 13th century and the lands became part of the Russian Empire in the 18th century before gaining independence in the early 20th century. They were then occupied by the Soviet Union in World War 2 before reestablishing independence in the early 1990s.
Poland has a population of around 39 million people, most of whom are ethnic Poles. However, there are some minority groups like Germans, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Roma, and Jews. The official language is Polish, which belongs to the Slavic language family. Poland has a diverse landscape and borders several countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Culturally, Poland has been influenced by neighboring Germanic and Slavic cultures over the centuries.
Polish culture originated from the Polanie tribe near Poznan in the 10th century. Poland is located in Central Europe, bordered by Germany, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Slovakia and Czech Republic. The population is predominantly Polish, with largest minorities including Germans, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Roma, and Lithuanians. The official language is Polish, which belongs to the Slavic language family. Regional dialects still exist but differences are becoming less prominent. The main staples of Polish cuisine include meat, bread, and potatoes.
The Problem with School Uniforms and the Possible FixesCharlie
I talk about how school uniforms can be disruptive for autistic people and people with learning disabilities and look into what can be done to improve the situation.
The Possible Implications of Sky AdvertisingCharlie
1. A Candy Crush advertisement displayed in the sky over New York City using drones sparked discussion about the potential implications of sky advertising.
2. Regulations currently focus on drone safety and security, but sky advertising is new and unregulated. Advertisers may be interested in using colorful, moving light shows at night to reach massive audiences.
3. Regulations could be needed to limit when and where sky ads occur to prevent overcommercialization of the night sky and impacts on wildlife, while also addressing citizen concerns about losing clear night skies.
The document summarizes Montenegro's complex governmental system and history. Montenegro is a semi-presidential parliamentary republic with a directly elected president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The country has experienced various rulers throughout its history, including being part of the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Montenegro declared independence in 2006 and now has a multi-party parliamentary system within a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic.
1. The document discusses 7 simple things the author learned about JavaScript, including that JavaScript engines like V8 and SpiderMonkey power different browsers, languages can transpile to JavaScript, the ECMA-262 specification defines JavaScript, Firefox and Chrome have the best developer tools, the <script> tag inserts JavaScript into HTML, semicolons end statements but can be omitted, and strict mode was introduced to handle changes to the language.
Looking into COBOL and Being Serious About itCharlie
I talk about the OG COBOL programming language and explain how its still more prevalent than you probably realise. I go over its history, things it was used for, and how it continues in the modern world.
I go over some useful and fun browser website tools that can be used to do things like get videos, video conversion to other formats, search, and a website full of OSINT tools.
I talk about how getting lower grades in school does not mean you have to settle for less. School is not for everyone and we can create our own pathways.
Tim Berners-Lee Inventor of the World Wide WebCharlie
A blog post adapted from my presentation about Tim Berners-Lee who invented the world wide web. Goes over the history and some other information on Tim Berners-Lee.
British Virgin Islands Enquiry Asks for Direct Rule from BritainCharlie
I talk about the prospect of direct rule for the British Virgin Islands following a corruption enquiry and arrest of their Premier. I also look into what happened with the Turks and Caicos Islands when they were under direct rule.
I give an overview of the 2022 local elections that are happening later this week. This includes all of the council/local authority elections, mayoral elections, and the assembly election in Northern Ireland.
Britains 5 Original National Free-to-Air Television ChannelsCharlie
I look into the five national british television channels, BBC One and Two, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. Includes their founding, history, setup, structure and how each managed to be successful.
Unemployment Among People with Autism is a Systemic Problem not an Individual...Charlie
I talk about how the unemployment issue among people with Autism is clearly a systemic issue and not an individual's issue alone. I highlight many of the common issues and barriers people with Autism face with employment and as a result many give up or try a more unconventional path.
How I Once Ran a Successful Facebook Page The Rise and FallCharlie
I talk about how I once ran a successful community-focused social media page that includes what I think I did right and wrong. I also talk about how and why it eventually came to an end.
The Weekly Update 1 TV Channel Blog Post Short Blogs and MoreCharlie
The first in the regular Weekly Update series for The Weekly Rambler blog. Goes over misc topics and gives information on what is happening with the blog and its content on a weekly basis.
A Look at Dark Items 4 The Binding of Isaac A Lump of Coal and KrampusCharlie
I look into the darkness and origins behind the Alpine folkloric being that is Krampus and I also look into the origins of why coal for Christmas is now a negative thing.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
1. 1/10
Post author By Charlie June 10, 2021
The Government System of Latvia
theweeklyrambler.com/the-government-system-of-latvia/
Latvia is a Baltic country located in Northern Europe and is bordered with Estonia,
Russia, Belarus, and Lithuania. The country also has a coast along the Baltic Sea where
it sits across from Sweden. Latvia’s capital city Riga sits on the Gulf of Riga on the Baltic
Sea.
Latvia has a long history of being ruled by larger neighboring powers. Human habitation
of the area spans all the way back to 3,000 BC with proto-Baltic ancestors of the Latvians
settling on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. Trade routes were established by the
Baltic peoples to places such as Rome and Byzantium. Four Baltic tribes inhabited the
area from 900 AD, Curonians, Latgalians, Selonians, and Semigallians. The area of
Latvia during the 12 Century was divided up into numerous lands with different rulers.
Missionaries sent by the Pope would arrive in the area in the late 12 Century to convert
the peoples there, but found that the peoples were not as receptive as was initially hoped.
Eventually German Crusaders invaded the area with the aim of forcibly converting the
people from their Pagan beliefs. This led to the Germans ruling large parts of what is
today Latvia by the 13 Century, setting up the Crusader State of Terra Mariana, also
called Livonia, the ruling German aristocracy would remain prominent all the way up until
the later 1800s which is where Latvia’s national reawakening begun. Riga and a number
of other major cities would later join the Hanseatic League, a commercial and defensive
confederation. The growing importance of east-west trading in Riga led to close cultural
links with Western Europe. German settlers who spoke Low German/Saxon would also
affect changes to the Latvian language.
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The later Livonian War would lead to Livonia, which included Northern Latvia and
Southern Estonia, coming under Lithuanian rule. The area would be ceded to the Grand
Duchy of Lithuania leading it to be formed into the Duchy of Livonia, and the area would
then later come under control of the Polish-Lithuania Commonwealth. The Duchy of
Courland and Semigallia would be created by Gotthard Kettler who was the last Master of
the Livonian Order, this Duchy although a vassal to Lithuania, and later Polish-Lithuania
Commonwealth, still enjoyed a degree of autonomy.
The 17 and early 18 Century would see struggle for power develop between the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Swedish Empire, and the Russian Empire. The
resultant Polish-Swedish War led to the area coming under the Swedish Empires rule,
where their rule was seen as generally positive. During this time schools for the peasantry
were established, the West of Lativa adopted Lutheranism, and the ancient tribes
assimilated to form the Latvian People who spoke the Latvian language.
The Great Northern War from 1700 saw the Russian Empire contest the power of the
Swedish Empire and led to the capitulation of Estonia and Livonia with them being
incorporated into the Russian Empire. The Great Northern War had been a bad time for
the Latvian People and had led to as much as 40% of the people dying from famine and
plague. Although there was some prosperity under the Russian Empire, there was also
much injustice to the Latvian peoples. The Latvians would eventually go through their first
national reawakening lasting from the 1850s to the 1880s.
This movement was led by the Young Latvians, and led to the Latvian people embracing
their nationalist identity in opposition of the German aristocracy social order of the time.
This would be followed by a second national reawakening from the 1890s and included
the New Current movement which was a broad leftist social and political movement. The
First Russian Revolution took place in 1905 but the rebels would be defeated by the
Russian Empire, but nationalist ideals remained.
World War I would bring devastation to Latvia, with the German Empire having occupied
the area. Following the end of the 1 World War Latvia would declare its independence,
leading to the Latvian War of Independence from December 1918 which involved both
civil and border wars along with backing and involvement of neighboring powers such as
the Soviets and Baltic German forces. The concurrent Estonian War of Independence
was also a major factor in the Latvian War of Independence, with Estonian forces having
played a role.
The war would lead to independence from the German Empire and the defeat of Soviet
intervention, initially a liberal constitution was adopted, but Karlis Ulmanis established
himself as dictator and suspended the constitution through performing a self-coup in
1934. Latvia’s independence would be interrupted during World War II as the Soviets
invaded and annexed Latvia, followed by Nazi Germany occupying Latvia in 1941, and
then the Soviets retaking Latvia in 1944. The Latvian SSR would be formed within the
Soviet Union and exist for the next four and a half decades.
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The peaceful Singing Revolution would take place in 1987, this period was also seen as
the Third National reawakening and would see the Baltic Way form, a human chain of
millions that spanned across Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in opposition of Soviet rule.
Latvia would gain its independence back in August 1991 as the dissolution of the Soviet
Union neared, which also saw its liberal constitution reinstated.
The largest ethnic group in Latvia are Latvians but there is also a significant grouping of
Russians. Christianity is the largest religion, with Lutheranism as the largest grouping
followed by Catholicism and then Orthodoxy. Latvian is the official language. Latvia uses
the Euro as its currency via being a member of the Eurozone. The country is also a
member of the European Union and NATO. Latvia’s population has experienced a large
decline since the 1990s, although there are signs of recovery, as of now Latvia has a
population of over 1,867,370.
Government Type
Latvia Coat of Arms.
Latvia is a Parliamentary Democratic Republic where there is a President who is Head of
State although the position is largely ceremonial, and a Prime Minister who is Head
of Government. The legislative government is made up of a unicameral chamber called
the Saeima. Multiple parties are allowed.
The Executive Government
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Riga Castle, official residence of the President. Photo by Diego Delso from delso.photo. CC
BY-SA 4.0.
The President is the country’s Head of State although the position is largely ceremonial
with the Prime Minister, Government, and Parliament holding the bulk of power. The
President though does have some duties to perform.
Presidential Duties
The President represents Latvia in international relations, appoints the country’s
diplomatic representatives, and receives diplomatic representatives of other states. The
President implementes international agreements after they have been ratified by
the Saeima.
The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the country’s armed forces, and during war
time the President appoints a Supreme Commander to lead the forces. The President
declares war dependent on decision of the Saeima.
The President has the right to take necessary steps for military defence of the State if
another state declares war on Latvia or invades Latvia. At the same time without delay
the President must also convene the Saeima to on declaration and commencement of
war.
The President has the right to grant clemency to convicted criminals. Extent, procedures,
and utilisation are decided by law.
The President can convene and preside over extraordinary meetings of the Government
Cabinet and determine the agenda of these meetings.
The President is able to initiate and introduce legislation to the Saeima.
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The President can propose dissolution of the Saeima which will trigger a national
referendum on the issue, if more than half of the votes are cast in favour then the
dissolution will take place and fresh elections will be held. If more than half of votes are
cast against it, then it shall be seen as dissaproval of the President and he/she will be
removed from office, and a new President will be elected.
If the dissolution does take place, the mandate of the Saeima continues until a newly
elected one convenes within two months. But during this time the Saeima may only hold
sittings with requested by the President who will determine their agenda.
The President only takes responsibility for their actions on question of dissolving
the Saeima and choice of Head of Government. All other actions come under the
responsibility of either the Prime Minister or an individual Minister as the Orders of the
President are jointly signed by either.
Presidential Removal, Death, Resignation, Absence
You already saw above that the President will be removed if their attempt to dissolve
the Saeima fails with more than half of voters going against it.
But the President can also be removed outside of this by the proposal of at least half of all
the members of the Saeima, which to be confirmed requires a two-thirds majority
in favour to remove the President.
If the President dies or resigns before their term is up or if they are removed, then the
Chairperson of the Saeima assumes the duties of the President until a new President is
elected. The Chairperson also assumes the functions when the President is temporarily
absent, until their return.
The Saeima can also remove the President’s criminal immunity by a vote of two-thirds.
Prime Minister and Governing Cabinet
The Prime Minister is the Head of Government. The Cabinet is the highest executive
decision-making body of the Government and is composed of the Prime Minister, and
Ministers chosen by the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister is appointed by the President to form the Cabinet following the
outcome of a Parliamentary Election and who in their eyes commends the majority-
confidence of the members of the Saeima. The Cabinet is chaired by the Prime Minister
or by a Minister authorised by the Prime Minister to do so.
The Prime Minister and Governing Cabinet must maintain confidence of the Saeima to
remain in power, the Saeima can perform confidence votes to remove individual
Ministers, who shall then be replaced by the Prime Minister.
Ministers are in-charge of and responsible for Ministries that cover different areas of
Government. The Cabinet deliberates on draft laws prepared by individual Ministries and
also on matters that pertain to the activities of more than one ministry, as well as issues of
State Policy raised by individual members of the Cabinet.
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The Cabinet has the power to proclaim a State of Emergency if the State is threatened by
an external enemy, an internal insurrection that that endangers the existing political
system or that threatens to arise in the State or any part of the State. Upon doing this
the Presdium of the Saeima must be informed within 24-hours and then the Presidium will
present the decision to the Saeima.
Ministers, whether they are members of the Saeima or not, or even responsible
Government officials authorised by a Minister, have the right to attend sittings of
the Saeima and its committees and to submit additions and amendments to draft laws.
The Legislative Government
Meeting place of the Parliament. Photo by Saeima from Flickr. CC BY-SA 2.0. Source.
The legislative government is made up of the unicameral chamber called
the Saeima which has 100 members. The main purpose as with any parliament is to have
legislation introduced, debated, possibly amended, and either passed or rejected. The
purpose of the Saeima is also to give oversight of the Prime Minister and their
government. At least half of all the members is needed to be present for
the Saeima’s sitting to take place. Decisions are taken via absolute majority unless a
different majority is required by the constitution.
Legislation can be introduced by the President, Governing Cabinet, Committees of
the Saeima, or at least five members of the Saeima. In cases provided for by the
Constitution, at least one-tenth of the electorate can also come together to have a
legislative bill introduced.
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One-tenth of the electorate can submit a fully elaborated draft of an amendment to the
Constitution or of a law to the President, who presents it to the Saeima. If it is not adopted
by the Saeima it is instead submitted to a national referendum.
Legislation passed by the Saeima goes to the President to be proclaimed as passed, the
President can return it for a second reconsideration, but if passed again unchanged then
the President must proclaim it passed.
The President can suspend the proclamation of a law by up to two months on his/her own
initiative or if requested by at least one-third of the members of the Saeima. During this
time at least one-tenth of the electorate may request a referendum on the bill to either
accept or repeal it, but if no request is received within two months the law must be
proclaimed. A referendum will not take place if at least three-quarters of the members of
the Saeima vote again to adopt the law.
A two-third majority of the Saeima may declare a bill as urgent, meaning the President
cannot return it to reconsideration and it cannot be submitted to a referendum and must
be proclaimed within 3-days.
The State Budget and International Agreements cannot be subject to referendum unless
otherwise excepted by the Constitution.
The Saeima also elects the country’s President and decides on ratification of international
agreements and on declaration of war. The Saeima has decision of granting of amnesty.
The Saeima also decides and determines the State’s budget of revenues and
expenditures which is submitted by the Governing Cabinet. The Saeima confirms the
Supreme Court judges who are appointed by the Chief Justice.
The Saeima also nominate three of the Constitutional Court Judges, with another two
nominated by Cabinet ministers, and another two by a plenum of the Supreme Court,
after nominations all of them are confirmed by absolute majority vote of the Saeima. All
judges serve 10-year terms and mandatory retirement at age 70.
Auditors General of the State Audit Office are appointed and confirmed in the same way.
The Saeima decides on removal of judges from their offices only upon recommendation
of the Judicial Disciplinary Board.
On International Agreements, Latvia may decide to delegate a part of its State institution
competencies to international institutions for the purposes of strengthening democracy.
These sorts of agreements require two-thirds majority ratification by the Saeima with at
least two-thirds of its membership present.
Substantial changes in regards to membership of the European Union is decided by a
national referendum that can only be requested by at least one-half of the members of
the Saeima.
The Saeima also determines the size of the country’s armed forces during peacetime.
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Members of the Saeima elect a Presidium, this includes the Chairperson, two Deputies,
and Secretaries. The Presidium is the impartial administrative body of the Saeima, with
the Chairperson as the top impartial member, who represents the Saeima in an impartial
manner and maintains the Saeima rules. The Presidium convenes sessions and
schedules regular and extraordinary sessions.
The Presidium also convenes sittings if requested by the President, Prime Minister, or at
least one-third of the members of the Saeima.
The Saeima has the right to submit questions that must be answered to the Prime
Minister or an individual Minister.
The Saeima establishes committees and determines the number of their members and
the duties they perform. Committees have powers to request information and necessary
explanations required for their functioning from individual Ministers or local government
authorities. They also have the right to invite responsible representatives from relevant
ministries or local government authorities to furnish explanations. One-third of the
members of the Saeima can request mandatory appointing of an investigative committee
for specified matters of importance.
The people cannot recall individual members of the Saeima but are able to initiate a
referendum on the answer of recalling the entire Saeima for fresh elections if for example
the people have become dissatisfied with their performance. Such a referendum requires
at least one-tenth of electors to initiate it and requires a two-thirds majority of those who
voted last time to vote in favour of recall for it to be successful. There are a
few limitations, it cannot be initiated one year after convening of the Saeima or one year
before its end, cannot be initiated during the last six-months of the President’s term, or
earlier than six months after a previous referendum of the same question.
The Electoral System
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Photo by Kikos from Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source.
Parliamentary elections to elect the 100-members of the Saeima take place every 4-years
where members are elected from multi-seat constituencies using an open-list proportional
representation system where parties meeting the 5% quota of the votes are guaranteed a
proportional share of the seats.
The outcome of the elections will determine what party or coalition controls the
Government and who the Prime Minister will be. Due to the proportional representation
system their will usually need to be a coalition of parties to form a working majority.
Candidates for election to the Parliament must be Latvian citizens who are over 21-years-
old.
Presidential elections take place every 4-years but is not directly elected by the people,
instead the President is elected by the country’s Parliament, the Saeima. They nominate
the candidate/s and the winner must obtain the votes of an absolute majority of the
members (at least 51 votes) to win.
Candidates must be a Latvian citizen, who is at least 40-years old, and does not hold dual
citizenship. If the winner is a member of the Saeima, or any other office, then they must
resign their seat/office in order to become President. The same person cannot hold the
presidency for more than two consecutive terms.
To vote one must be a citizen of Latvia who is at least 18-years-old. Voting is not
mandatory.
Sources
The source for this comes from Latvia’s 1922 constitution, reinstated in 1991, with
amendments through to 2016 (constituteproject.org) – note that there was a further
amendment in 2018/2019 that I could find little information on, it seems likely to be
10. 10/10
irrelevant to what is included on this post, but just in case cross-research is always
suggested for people using this seriously, as well as due to possible mistakes and
misinterpretations, and other possible things missed, and further amendments may make
this post outdated eventually.
Amendments to the constitution must be proposed by at least two-thirds of Parliament or
by at least one-tenth of the electorate through the President, passage of such requires
two-thirds majority vote in Parliament on each of three readings. Amendment of articles
that include national sovereignty, language, parliamentary electoral system, and
constitutional amendment procedures, also requires passage in a national referendum by
majority vote of at least one-half of the electorate.
Next up will be the government system of Lebanon.