“Sadharanikaran”, meaning “simplification without dilution”,
represents a communication tradition that includes simplification. Learn more about this Indian Model of Communication & Media through this Presentation & dive into its various aspects.
The document discusses several topics in communication psychology including introducing communication, perception in communication, verbal and nonverbal communication, listening, interpersonal communication, communication in organizational contexts, and mass communication. It provides definitions of communication from several perspectives and outlines models of communication including information transfer, sharing meaning, persuasion, and community. Recommended books on communication psychology are also listed along with the course structure, policies, and a sample topic on defining communication.
This document discusses communication and provides definitions, models, levels, and barriers related to the communication process. It defines communication as the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver through a medium. Three models of communication are described: the linear model involving one-way transmission from sender to receiver; the interactive model which adds feedback; and the transactional model where communication is simultaneous and circular between all parties. The document outlines different levels of communication including intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, organizational, public, and mass communication. Finally, it identifies several potential barriers to effective communication such as language barriers, psychological factors, cultural differences, environmental noise, and physiological impairments.
Application Of Theories And Models To Strengthen Human.pptxsusan603791
This document discusses various theories and models of communication. It begins by defining communication and listing its core elements. It then examines several linear models of communication, including Aristotle's model, Laswell's model, and the Shannon-Weaver model. Interactive models like the Osgood-Schramm model and Westley and Maclean model are also analyzed. These models incorporate feedback and view communication as reciprocal. Transactional models see communication as a cooperative process where parties co-create meaning through encoding, decoding, and interpretation within social, cultural, and relational contexts. Barnlund's transactional model specifically emphasizes the role of cues and environmental factors.
Teori Komunikasi menjelaskan komunikasi sebagai proses relasional penciptaan dan interpretasi pesan yang memicu respons. Pesan berada di inti studi komunikasi. Komunikasi melibatkan encoding pesan, penerimaan melalui decoding, dan interpretasi pesan oleh penerima bukan pesan itu sendiri. Ada tujuh tradisi dalam teori komunikasi yang meliputi komunikasi sebagai sistem pengolahan informasi, interaksi antarpribadi, retorika, pertukaran makna melalui tanda, penciptaan
Natyashastra : The first communication book of the worldAbinash Pani
Bharata Muni was an ancient Indian scholar who wrote the Natya Shastra, a theoretical treatise on communication in Sanskrit literature. The Natya Shastra outlines principles of verbal and nonverbal communication and theorizes communication uniquely through concepts like Rasa, Sahridayata, and Sadharanikaran. It provides insights into communication in Hindu society and envisions relationship-based communication aimed at achieving common understanding between parties. The Sadharanikaran model of communication illustrated in the Natya Shastra shows communication as a nonlinear, two-way process incorporating physical, mental and spiritual dimensions to achieve goals of Hindu philosophy.
This document discusses intercultural communication and provides definitions and theories related to cross-cultural interaction. Intercultural communication describes communication problems that can arise when people from different backgrounds interact. It seeks to understand how people from different cultures act and perceive the world. The document then outlines several theories focusing on outcomes of intercultural communication, accommodation/adaptation, identity negotiation, communication networks, and acculturation. It provides examples like communication accommodation theory and co-cultural theory. Finally, it discusses improving intercultural communication through careful listening, understanding cultural differences in communication styles, and investigating other cultures' perspectives.
This document discusses the key concepts of communication. It defines communication as a two-way process of exchanging information between a sender and receiver to reach mutual understanding. It then outlines the main elements of the communication process, including the sender, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, and feedback. Finally, it discusses factors that can influence communication such as the social context, frame of reference, and barriers like noise.
Defining Communication and CharacteristicsROSEANNBALIOS1
This document discusses the nature and significance of communication. It is divided into groups that will present characteristics of communication. Effective communication depends on understanding that it is the exchange of symbolic messages between individuals with different backgrounds. The context and environment also shape communication behavior. Comprehending the complex, ongoing process of communication allows people to become better communicators.
The document discusses several topics in communication psychology including introducing communication, perception in communication, verbal and nonverbal communication, listening, interpersonal communication, communication in organizational contexts, and mass communication. It provides definitions of communication from several perspectives and outlines models of communication including information transfer, sharing meaning, persuasion, and community. Recommended books on communication psychology are also listed along with the course structure, policies, and a sample topic on defining communication.
This document discusses communication and provides definitions, models, levels, and barriers related to the communication process. It defines communication as the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver through a medium. Three models of communication are described: the linear model involving one-way transmission from sender to receiver; the interactive model which adds feedback; and the transactional model where communication is simultaneous and circular between all parties. The document outlines different levels of communication including intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, organizational, public, and mass communication. Finally, it identifies several potential barriers to effective communication such as language barriers, psychological factors, cultural differences, environmental noise, and physiological impairments.
Application Of Theories And Models To Strengthen Human.pptxsusan603791
This document discusses various theories and models of communication. It begins by defining communication and listing its core elements. It then examines several linear models of communication, including Aristotle's model, Laswell's model, and the Shannon-Weaver model. Interactive models like the Osgood-Schramm model and Westley and Maclean model are also analyzed. These models incorporate feedback and view communication as reciprocal. Transactional models see communication as a cooperative process where parties co-create meaning through encoding, decoding, and interpretation within social, cultural, and relational contexts. Barnlund's transactional model specifically emphasizes the role of cues and environmental factors.
Teori Komunikasi menjelaskan komunikasi sebagai proses relasional penciptaan dan interpretasi pesan yang memicu respons. Pesan berada di inti studi komunikasi. Komunikasi melibatkan encoding pesan, penerimaan melalui decoding, dan interpretasi pesan oleh penerima bukan pesan itu sendiri. Ada tujuh tradisi dalam teori komunikasi yang meliputi komunikasi sebagai sistem pengolahan informasi, interaksi antarpribadi, retorika, pertukaran makna melalui tanda, penciptaan
Natyashastra : The first communication book of the worldAbinash Pani
Bharata Muni was an ancient Indian scholar who wrote the Natya Shastra, a theoretical treatise on communication in Sanskrit literature. The Natya Shastra outlines principles of verbal and nonverbal communication and theorizes communication uniquely through concepts like Rasa, Sahridayata, and Sadharanikaran. It provides insights into communication in Hindu society and envisions relationship-based communication aimed at achieving common understanding between parties. The Sadharanikaran model of communication illustrated in the Natya Shastra shows communication as a nonlinear, two-way process incorporating physical, mental and spiritual dimensions to achieve goals of Hindu philosophy.
This document discusses intercultural communication and provides definitions and theories related to cross-cultural interaction. Intercultural communication describes communication problems that can arise when people from different backgrounds interact. It seeks to understand how people from different cultures act and perceive the world. The document then outlines several theories focusing on outcomes of intercultural communication, accommodation/adaptation, identity negotiation, communication networks, and acculturation. It provides examples like communication accommodation theory and co-cultural theory. Finally, it discusses improving intercultural communication through careful listening, understanding cultural differences in communication styles, and investigating other cultures' perspectives.
This document discusses the key concepts of communication. It defines communication as a two-way process of exchanging information between a sender and receiver to reach mutual understanding. It then outlines the main elements of the communication process, including the sender, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, and feedback. Finally, it discusses factors that can influence communication such as the social context, frame of reference, and barriers like noise.
Defining Communication and CharacteristicsROSEANNBALIOS1
This document discusses the nature and significance of communication. It is divided into groups that will present characteristics of communication. Effective communication depends on understanding that it is the exchange of symbolic messages between individuals with different backgrounds. The context and environment also shape communication behavior. Comprehending the complex, ongoing process of communication allows people to become better communicators.
Developing africa oriented communication theories Matthew Emmanuel
African proverbs date back ages. They have embedded qualities that set them out as postulations that can be adopted for situations and issues analysis. They can be moved from the realm of mere proverbs into the realm of theories through refinement and scholarly activities.
The document discusses communication and provides information on:
1. The nature, elements, and functions of verbal and nonverbal communication in multicultural contexts.
2. How cultural and global issues affect communication.
3. The impact of communication on society and the world.
This document discusses key concepts in cultural communication and intercultural competence. It outlines universal vs communal cultures and normative vs subjective cultures. Cultural components include beliefs, values, traditions, norms, symbols, rules and taboos. Culture is learned through enculturation and communication and is dynamic. Understanding culture requires examining both etic and emic approaches. The document also discusses high and low context cultures and issues that can arise in cross-cultural contexts like misunderstandings and power dynamics. Learning intercultural communication provides tools to avoid pitfalls and cultural biases and helps develop cultural understanding.
This document provides an overview of communication in the 21st century. It defines communication and describes the main steps, including message composition, encoding, transmission, reception, decoding, and interpretation. It discusses models of communication, such as the Shannon-Weaver model. It also covers key topics like nonverbal vs verbal communication, feedback, elements of communication, principles of communication, and ethics in communication. Globalization has increased communication through a common language of World Englishes. Using culturally sensitive and bias-free language is important.
This document provides an overview of communication and mass media. It defines communication as a human relationship involving sharing between two or more people. Effective communication requires some commonality, like shared language, culture, or interests. The document then discusses the need for communication, the communication process involving encoding and decoding messages, and types of communication like interpersonal, group, and mass communication. It also covers functions of mass media like informing and entertaining. The document outlines several Western and Indian theories of communication, such as Bharata Muni's theory involving permanent moods and rasas. Overall, the document presents key concepts and theories related to communication and mass media.
Group Name :
Indri Mahrani puspamauluddianti@yahoo.com
Puspa Maulud Dianti indrimahrani999@gmail.com
Restu Imbang Pribadi Pribadirestu74@gmail.com
Nursing academy of east kotawaringin
www.akperkotim.ac.id/web/
The document outlines seven traditions of communication theory: semiotic, phenomenological, cybernetic, sociocultural, critical, postmodern, and poststructural. Each tradition has a distinct focus, such as signs and symbols (semiotic), lived experience (phenomenological), individual social interaction (cybernetic), social construction of meaning (sociocultural), power structures and ideologies (critical), instability of meaning (poststructural), and cultures affected by imperialism (postcolonial). The traditions represent different perspectives for understanding communication.
Communication is a two-way process of exchanging ideas, feelings, and information between individuals. It involves a sender encoding a message and transmitting it through a channel to a receiver. The receiver then decodes the message and provides feedback to the sender. Key elements of the communication process include the referent, sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback. Communication is influenced by interpersonal factors and the surrounding environment. Effective communication requires selecting an appropriate channel and ensuring a favorable environment with minimal distractions.
This document discusses communication models and theories. It begins by describing Shannon and Weaver's original model of communication which included a sender, channel, and receiver. It then discusses other models such as the transmission model where information is sent from an encoder to a decoder. The document also discusses semiotic rules of communication, including syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules. It describes several theories of communication including Barnlund's transactional model and the constitutive model. The document discusses sources of communication noise and defines communication as an academic discipline that studies both verbal and nonverbal messages.
Communication involves the exchange of information between a sender and receiver. The basic elements of communication are the sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback. The sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel. The receiver decodes the message and provides feedback to the sender. The context surrounding the communication can impact the meaning of the message. Effective communication requires understanding these core elements and how they interact in the communication process.
the two models of the communication process PAUL ALEYOMI
The document discusses several models of the communication process, including the transaction model, cultural model, Westley and Maclean model, Schramm's interactive model, and the Osgood-Schramm model. It also proposes two emerging models: the multiculturalism model and Westley and Maclean communication model. The transaction model views communication as a process that generates social realities through social, cultural, and relational contexts. The cultural model sees communication as maintaining social order and shared reality. The emerging models further develop understanding of communication through incorporating environmental, cultural, and interpretive factors.
The document discusses several theories of communication:
1. It outlines 6 Western communication theories including the Lasswell model, Shannon and Weaver model, and Osgood and Schramm model.
2. It then covers 4 Indian communication theories including Bharata Muni's theory of 9 permanent moods and 9 rasas (aesthetic pleasures), the Hindu philosophical view, and the Buddhist theory focusing on how the receiver finds meaning.
3. The theories examine aspects of communication such as information transmission, encoding/decoding, social control, power relationships, and finding inner meaning/truth.
Communication and Its importance in NursingSaratu G Abdul
Communication is the transmission and receiving of information between two or more parties. It involves a sender, a message, a channel, a receiver, and feedback. Effective communication is fundamental to nursing practice. It generates trust between nurses and clients, provides professional satisfaction for nurses, and helps promote clients' well-being by enabling nurses to listen, speak, and act to negotiate changes. Developing strong communication skills is important for productive human interaction and relationships.
This document provides an overview of mass media and communication theories. It discusses the following key points:
1. Communication is a social process that requires commonality and shared understanding between parties. Mass media plays an important role in shaping culture.
2. The communication process involves encoding an idea into a message, transmitting the message through a channel, receiving and decoding the message, and providing feedback. Noise can interfere with effective communication.
3. Mass media functions include informing, educating, entertaining, and transmitting cultural heritage while pursuing commercial interests. Theories of communication include the transmission model and dialogic models. Indian theories also emphasize shared understanding.
4. Mass culture refers to popular entertainment spread through mass media,
1. Communication is the process of transmitting information from a sender to a receiver. It requires that all parties involved share a common language or system of semiotic rules.
2. There are various types of communication including verbal communication, nonverbal communication, written communication, and communication between humans and non-human animals. Communication also occurs between plants, fungi, bacteria, and other living organisms.
3. Global communication is important for businesses operating internationally as they must be aware of different cultural communication norms and protocols across countries. How information is transmitted influences both information sharing and the formation of social bonds within groups.
1. Communication is the process of transmitting information from a sender to a receiver. It requires that all parties involved share a common language or system of semiotic rules.
2. There are various types of communication including verbal communication, nonverbal communication, written communication, and communication between humans and non-human animals. Communication also occurs between plants, fungi, bacteria, and other living organisms.
3. Global communication is important for businesses operating internationally as they must be aware of different cultural communication norms and protocols across countries. How information is transmitted influences both information sharing and the formation of social bonds within groups.
This document discusses the history and concepts of communication. It begins by describing how communication has evolved from early humans painting on cave walls to modern paper-based writing. It then defines communication as the exchange of information between a sender and receiver using an accepted language code. The document outlines the basic process of communication, including encoding a message, transmitting it through a medium, decoding it, and providing feedback. It distinguishes between verbal communication using words and non-verbal communication using gestures and body language.
This document discusses communication in a healthcare setting. It defines communication as the interchange of information between people and notes that communication is essential for human interaction and relationships. The document outlines the importance of communication for generating trust between nurses and patients, providing job satisfaction, enabling change, and coordinating work. It also describes the basic process of communication including referent, sender, receiver, message, channels, feedback, environment, and interpersonal variables. Finally, it discusses types of communication, principles of effective communication, barriers to communication, observing and listening skills, and advantages of good communication.
Communication is a universal phenomenon that defines all human behavior. It involves the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, and knowledge through symbols to create common understanding between individuals. Communication is the exchange of meanings through a shared system of symbols to connect people and allow the development of relationships. It is a complex process that includes the transmission and interchange of thoughts and feelings from one person or group to another.
This document discusses communication skills in nursing. It defines communication and describes it as a process of exchanging information between individuals through symbols, signs or data. Good communication is important in nursing as it allows nurses to get their point across, inform patients, build rapport, educate, and promote understanding which helps in treatment. Communication can be verbal through speaking and listening, or non-verbal through body language, facial expressions, and other means. The document outlines various theories of communication and discusses interpersonal, intrapersonal, and group communication. It also describes the essential components of communication including the sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback. Barriers to effective communication and best practices for communication in nursing are also covered.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
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Developing africa oriented communication theories Matthew Emmanuel
African proverbs date back ages. They have embedded qualities that set them out as postulations that can be adopted for situations and issues analysis. They can be moved from the realm of mere proverbs into the realm of theories through refinement and scholarly activities.
The document discusses communication and provides information on:
1. The nature, elements, and functions of verbal and nonverbal communication in multicultural contexts.
2. How cultural and global issues affect communication.
3. The impact of communication on society and the world.
This document discusses key concepts in cultural communication and intercultural competence. It outlines universal vs communal cultures and normative vs subjective cultures. Cultural components include beliefs, values, traditions, norms, symbols, rules and taboos. Culture is learned through enculturation and communication and is dynamic. Understanding culture requires examining both etic and emic approaches. The document also discusses high and low context cultures and issues that can arise in cross-cultural contexts like misunderstandings and power dynamics. Learning intercultural communication provides tools to avoid pitfalls and cultural biases and helps develop cultural understanding.
This document provides an overview of communication in the 21st century. It defines communication and describes the main steps, including message composition, encoding, transmission, reception, decoding, and interpretation. It discusses models of communication, such as the Shannon-Weaver model. It also covers key topics like nonverbal vs verbal communication, feedback, elements of communication, principles of communication, and ethics in communication. Globalization has increased communication through a common language of World Englishes. Using culturally sensitive and bias-free language is important.
This document provides an overview of communication and mass media. It defines communication as a human relationship involving sharing between two or more people. Effective communication requires some commonality, like shared language, culture, or interests. The document then discusses the need for communication, the communication process involving encoding and decoding messages, and types of communication like interpersonal, group, and mass communication. It also covers functions of mass media like informing and entertaining. The document outlines several Western and Indian theories of communication, such as Bharata Muni's theory involving permanent moods and rasas. Overall, the document presents key concepts and theories related to communication and mass media.
Group Name :
Indri Mahrani puspamauluddianti@yahoo.com
Puspa Maulud Dianti indrimahrani999@gmail.com
Restu Imbang Pribadi Pribadirestu74@gmail.com
Nursing academy of east kotawaringin
www.akperkotim.ac.id/web/
The document outlines seven traditions of communication theory: semiotic, phenomenological, cybernetic, sociocultural, critical, postmodern, and poststructural. Each tradition has a distinct focus, such as signs and symbols (semiotic), lived experience (phenomenological), individual social interaction (cybernetic), social construction of meaning (sociocultural), power structures and ideologies (critical), instability of meaning (poststructural), and cultures affected by imperialism (postcolonial). The traditions represent different perspectives for understanding communication.
Communication is a two-way process of exchanging ideas, feelings, and information between individuals. It involves a sender encoding a message and transmitting it through a channel to a receiver. The receiver then decodes the message and provides feedback to the sender. Key elements of the communication process include the referent, sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback. Communication is influenced by interpersonal factors and the surrounding environment. Effective communication requires selecting an appropriate channel and ensuring a favorable environment with minimal distractions.
This document discusses communication models and theories. It begins by describing Shannon and Weaver's original model of communication which included a sender, channel, and receiver. It then discusses other models such as the transmission model where information is sent from an encoder to a decoder. The document also discusses semiotic rules of communication, including syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules. It describes several theories of communication including Barnlund's transactional model and the constitutive model. The document discusses sources of communication noise and defines communication as an academic discipline that studies both verbal and nonverbal messages.
Communication involves the exchange of information between a sender and receiver. The basic elements of communication are the sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback. The sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel. The receiver decodes the message and provides feedback to the sender. The context surrounding the communication can impact the meaning of the message. Effective communication requires understanding these core elements and how they interact in the communication process.
the two models of the communication process PAUL ALEYOMI
The document discusses several models of the communication process, including the transaction model, cultural model, Westley and Maclean model, Schramm's interactive model, and the Osgood-Schramm model. It also proposes two emerging models: the multiculturalism model and Westley and Maclean communication model. The transaction model views communication as a process that generates social realities through social, cultural, and relational contexts. The cultural model sees communication as maintaining social order and shared reality. The emerging models further develop understanding of communication through incorporating environmental, cultural, and interpretive factors.
The document discusses several theories of communication:
1. It outlines 6 Western communication theories including the Lasswell model, Shannon and Weaver model, and Osgood and Schramm model.
2. It then covers 4 Indian communication theories including Bharata Muni's theory of 9 permanent moods and 9 rasas (aesthetic pleasures), the Hindu philosophical view, and the Buddhist theory focusing on how the receiver finds meaning.
3. The theories examine aspects of communication such as information transmission, encoding/decoding, social control, power relationships, and finding inner meaning/truth.
Communication and Its importance in NursingSaratu G Abdul
Communication is the transmission and receiving of information between two or more parties. It involves a sender, a message, a channel, a receiver, and feedback. Effective communication is fundamental to nursing practice. It generates trust between nurses and clients, provides professional satisfaction for nurses, and helps promote clients' well-being by enabling nurses to listen, speak, and act to negotiate changes. Developing strong communication skills is important for productive human interaction and relationships.
This document provides an overview of mass media and communication theories. It discusses the following key points:
1. Communication is a social process that requires commonality and shared understanding between parties. Mass media plays an important role in shaping culture.
2. The communication process involves encoding an idea into a message, transmitting the message through a channel, receiving and decoding the message, and providing feedback. Noise can interfere with effective communication.
3. Mass media functions include informing, educating, entertaining, and transmitting cultural heritage while pursuing commercial interests. Theories of communication include the transmission model and dialogic models. Indian theories also emphasize shared understanding.
4. Mass culture refers to popular entertainment spread through mass media,
1. Communication is the process of transmitting information from a sender to a receiver. It requires that all parties involved share a common language or system of semiotic rules.
2. There are various types of communication including verbal communication, nonverbal communication, written communication, and communication between humans and non-human animals. Communication also occurs between plants, fungi, bacteria, and other living organisms.
3. Global communication is important for businesses operating internationally as they must be aware of different cultural communication norms and protocols across countries. How information is transmitted influences both information sharing and the formation of social bonds within groups.
1. Communication is the process of transmitting information from a sender to a receiver. It requires that all parties involved share a common language or system of semiotic rules.
2. There are various types of communication including verbal communication, nonverbal communication, written communication, and communication between humans and non-human animals. Communication also occurs between plants, fungi, bacteria, and other living organisms.
3. Global communication is important for businesses operating internationally as they must be aware of different cultural communication norms and protocols across countries. How information is transmitted influences both information sharing and the formation of social bonds within groups.
This document discusses the history and concepts of communication. It begins by describing how communication has evolved from early humans painting on cave walls to modern paper-based writing. It then defines communication as the exchange of information between a sender and receiver using an accepted language code. The document outlines the basic process of communication, including encoding a message, transmitting it through a medium, decoding it, and providing feedback. It distinguishes between verbal communication using words and non-verbal communication using gestures and body language.
This document discusses communication in a healthcare setting. It defines communication as the interchange of information between people and notes that communication is essential for human interaction and relationships. The document outlines the importance of communication for generating trust between nurses and patients, providing job satisfaction, enabling change, and coordinating work. It also describes the basic process of communication including referent, sender, receiver, message, channels, feedback, environment, and interpersonal variables. Finally, it discusses types of communication, principles of effective communication, barriers to communication, observing and listening skills, and advantages of good communication.
Communication is a universal phenomenon that defines all human behavior. It involves the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, and knowledge through symbols to create common understanding between individuals. Communication is the exchange of meanings through a shared system of symbols to connect people and allow the development of relationships. It is a complex process that includes the transmission and interchange of thoughts and feelings from one person or group to another.
This document discusses communication skills in nursing. It defines communication and describes it as a process of exchanging information between individuals through symbols, signs or data. Good communication is important in nursing as it allows nurses to get their point across, inform patients, build rapport, educate, and promote understanding which helps in treatment. Communication can be verbal through speaking and listening, or non-verbal through body language, facial expressions, and other means. The document outlines various theories of communication and discusses interpersonal, intrapersonal, and group communication. It also describes the essential components of communication including the sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback. Barriers to effective communication and best practices for communication in nursing are also covered.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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2. “Sadharanikaran”
“Sadharanikaran”, meaning “simplification without dilution”,
represents a communication tradition that includes simplification, rasa
(emotion), sahridaya (compassion with affection), a symmetry (hierarchy) and
social universalization. It explicates the relational and social processes of
communication as opposed to individual constructs. It articulates emotion and
collective social change as central responses to communication. An empirical
application of Sadharanikaran to promoting handwashing with soap after
defecation in rural Maharashtra, India is discussed. The challenge is how to
bring about social health behavior change with communication interventions
that are both socio-culturally meaningful and persuasively powerful. The
relevance of Sadharanikaran to local and global contexts is outlined.
4. Sadharanikaran Model of Communication –
Sadharanikaran model of communication (SMC), was proposed by Dr.
Nirmala Mani Adhikari on 2003. It illustrates how the communication parties
interact in a system for the attainment of commonness or
oneness. Sahridayata and Sahridayas are the core concepts upon which the
meaning of sadharanikaran resides. The sender and receiver attain sahridayata
or become sahridayas only when they accomplish the process of
sadharanikaran.
Sadharanikaran is rooted in Natyashastra of Bharata. Scholars widely believe
that Bhattanayaka introduced the concept of sadharanikaran. He is credited for
the use of the term in his commentary on Natyashastra to explain the concept
of rasa. Sadharanikaran word is derived from the Sanskrit word sadharan;
which means ‘commonality’ or ‘simplification’ in English.
5. Dr. Nirmala Mani Adhikari
proposed Sadharanikaran
model of communication.
6. “Elements of Sadharnikaran Model of
Communication"
Elements Sahridayas (Preshaka, i.e. sender and Prapaka, i.e. receiver)
Bhava (Moods or emotions)
Abhivyanjana (Expression or encoding)
Sandesh (Message or
information)
Sarani (Channel)
Rasaswadana (Firstly receiving, decoding and interpreting the messageand
finally achieving the rasa)
Doshas (Noises)
Sandarbha (Context)
Pratikriya (Processof feedback)
7. Sahridayas are the people with a capacity to send and receive messages. They
are the parties engaged in communication, and capable of identifying each
other as sender and receiver of the process.
If communication Is taken as a step-by-step process, which is just for the sake
of easy understanding, the sahridaya-preshaka (sender).
In the communication process; the complex concepts and ideas are simplified
by the speaker(source) with illustrations and idioms appropriate for the
understanding of the listener (receiver of the message).
Bhavas are manifested as sandesha. The channels may be natural such as
auditory, tactile, visual, olfactory and taste channels.
8. Rasaswadana is the receiving of the message by the receivers, decoding it and
finally enjoying the rasa of the sandesha.
Doshas are those noises which distort the message and leads to
miscommunication.
Sandarbha is context and the effectiveness of any message depends on the
communication environment.
Pratikriya refers to the responses of the receiver after receiving the message. It is
the process of feedback, which allows the receiver to have active role in the
communication process.
**Sadharanikaran on the other hand is better suited for real world
communication.**
9. Model of Sadharanikaran :
It tells that the effectiveness of any message depends
on the communication environment because same
message may have different meaning in different
contexts. Context is known as ‘sandarbha’ in
Sadharanikaran model. It makes Hindu concept of
communication even more comprehensive.
10. Fundamentals of Sadharanikaran :
➢ The structure of the model is non-linear. It incorporates the notion of two-way
communication process resulting in mutual understanding of the communicating parties.
➢ The model illustrates how successful communication is possible in Hindu society where
complex hierarchies of castes, languages, cultures and religious practices are prevalent.
➢ The inter-relationship between the communicating parties is of crucial importance in
sadharanikaran. Here, not the cause of the relationship but the relationship itself is
significant.
➢ And, unlike in case of most communication theories and models from the West, this does
not emphasize on dominance by the sender. Rather, the model gives equal importance to both
the communicating parties.
11. ➢ The model shows that abhivyanjana (encoding) and rasaswadana
(decoding) are the fundamental activities in communication.
➢ It shows that Hindu perspective on communication emphasizes
more on internal or intrapersonal activity. For instance, both the
processes of encoding and decoding consits of four-layer mechanism
in its ideal form.
➢With the provision of sandarbha (context), the model clarifies how
meaning could be provided to the message even if the sender is not
identified to the receiver. Thus due to the context a text can retain its
‘objective’ meaning.
12. Conclusion:
The meta-theoretical assumption of the model is Vedantic. Hindu
way of communicating certainly emphasizes on internal or
intrapersonal activity. It is comprehensible that abhivyanjana and
rasaswadana are the fundamental activities in communication,
and in Hindu life communication involves more experience within
than objective rationality of the sensory organs. This tendency
facilitates sahridayata and other concepts to be materialized
practically. Thus, communication results in communion in Hindu
society.