Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation. Understanding ways to collect data, group 4 presentation.

1. UNDERSTANDING
WAYS TO
COLLECT DATA
G R O U P 4 P R E S E N T A T I O N

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
I. Understand the different types of research designs used in various fields.
II. Gain knowledge of different sampling techniques used to select a
representative sample from the population.
III. Learn how to select an appropriate sampling method based on the
research objectives and available resources.
IV. Learn how to design data collection instruments, such as
questionnaires or interview guides.

3. LEARNING COMPETENCIES;
• Describes adequately research design (either
quantitative or qualitative),sample, instrument used in
quantitative research, data collection and analysis
procedures.
• Presents written research methodology

4. RESEARCHDESIGN
Research design is a conceptual structure used to
conduct research efficiently, ensuring the
collection of relevant information with minimal
effort, time, and money.

5. FOLLOWINGAREEXAMPLESOFRESEARCHDESIGN:
1. Action research - A community-based research design aims
to address emerging issues within a specific community by
providing solutions.
2. Causal design - This design aims to identify or establish a
relationship or interdependence between various aspects of
a situation.
3. Descriptive design - This research design systematically describes
a situation, problem, phenomenon, service, program, community
living condition, or attitudes towards an issue.

6. FOLLOWINGAREEXAMPLESOFRESEARCHDESIGN:
4. Experimental design - Data-based research design is a method that
uses observation or experimentation to draw conclusions about the
impact of variables on each other.
5. Exploratory design - This design aims to explore a previously
unexplored area or explore the possibilities of conducting a specific
research study.ndence between various aspects of a situation.
6. Cohort design - This is a research method that focuses on a
group of individuals with similar characteristics.
7. Cross-sectional design - The researcher is examining a large
group of individuals with diverse characteristics in this design.

7. FOLLOWINGAREEXAMPLESOFRESEARCHDESIGN:
8. Longitudinal design - A research pattern that is conducted
over a long period of time with a specific group of people.
9. Sequential design - A research design is a structured
approach that involves various stages to ensure
sufficient data collection.
10. Mixed-method design - This design combines various
research patterns, effectively conducting both qualitative and
quantitative research.

8. POPULATION&SAMPLINGMETHOD
Researchers use a sample to draw conclusions
about large groups, selecting a representative
segment to accurately estimate thoughts and
behavior, requiring three decisions.

9. WHO WILL BE SURVEYED? (THE SAMPLE)
• The researcher must determine what type of
information is needed and who is most likely to have it.
• Large samples give more reliable results than small samples.
However,it is not necessary to sample the entire target
population.
HOW MANY PEOPLE WILL BE SURVEYED? (SAMPLE SIZE)
HOW SHOULD THE SAMPLE BE CHOSEN? (SAMPLING)
• Sample members may be chosen at random from the entire population
(probability sample)
• The researcher might select people who are easier to obtain information from
(nonprobability sample)

10. The needs of the research project
will determine which method is
most effective.

11. TYPES OF SAMPLES :
Probability samples: A type of sample wherein members of the
population have equal chance to be selected as subject in the research.
SUBTYPESOFPROBABILITYSAMPLES
• Simple random sample: Every member of the population has a known
andequal chance of being selected.
• Stratified random sample: Population is divided into mutually exclusive
groups such as age groups and random samples are drawn from each group.
• Cluster(area)sample: The population is divided into mutually exclusive
groups such as blocks, and the researcher draws a sample of the group to
interview.

12. TYPES OF SAMPLES :
Nonprobability samples: A type of sample in which not all members of the
population have equal chance to be selected as subject in the research.
SUBTYPESOFPROBABILITYSAMPLES
• Convenience sample: The researcher selects the easiest population
members from which to obtain information.
• Judgment sample: The researcher uses his/her judgement to select
population members who are good prospects for accurate information.
• Quota sample: The researcher finds and interviews a prescribed number
of people in each of several categories.

13. RESEARCHINSTRUMENT
Instruments assess study variables based on
purpose, intended audience, reliability and
validity, administration, and scoring.

14. ObservationMethod
This method is commonly used in behavioral
sciences to gather primary data through direct
observation of relevant people, actions, and
situations without requesting information from
the respondent.

15. 1. Structured - for descriptive research
2. Unstructured - for exploratory research
3. Participant Observation
4. Non- participant observation
5. Disguised observation
TYPESOFOBSERVATION

16. SURVEYMETHOD
Approach most suited for gathering descriptive
information. Structured Surveys: use formal lists of
questions asked of all respondentsin the same way.
UNSTRUCTUREDSURVEYS
let the interviewer probe respondents and guidethe
interview according to their answers.

17. Direct Approach: The researcher asks direct questions about
behaviors and thoughts. E.g. Why don’t you eat at MacDonalds?
SURVEY RESEARCH MAY BE DIRECT OR INDIRECT.
Indirect Approach: The researcher might ask: “What kind of people
eat at MacDonald’s?” From the response, the researcher may be able
to discoverwhy the consumer avoids MacDonald’s. It may suggest
factors of which the consumer is not consciously aware.

18. Can be used to collect many different kinds of information
Quick and low cost as compared to observation and experimental method.
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATIONS
Respondent’s reluctance to answer questions asked by unknown
interviewersabout things they consider private.
Busy people may not want to take the time-may try to help by giving pleasant
answers
Unable to answer because they cannot remember or never gave a thoughtto what
they do and why
May answer in order to look smart or well informed

19. Information may be collected by mail, telephone and personal interview.
CONTACT METHODS
ADVANTAGES
Can be used to collect large amounts of information at a low cost perrespondent.
Respondents may give more honest answers to personal questions on a mail
questionnaire
No interviewer is involved to bias the respondent’s answers.
Convenient for respondent’s who can answer when they have time
Good way to reach people who often travel

20. LIMITATIONS
Not flexible
Take longer to complete than telephone or personal interview
Response rate is often very low
Researcher has no control over who answers
TELEPHONE INTERVIEWING
Quick method
More flexible as interviewer can explain questions not understood by the
respondent
depending on respondent’s answer they can skip some Qs and probe more on
others
Allows greater sample control
Response rate tends to be higher than mail

21. It is very flexible and can be used to collect large amounts of information.
PERSONAL INTERVIEWING
Trained interviewers are can hold the respondent’s attention and are available to
clarify difficult questions.
They can guide interviews, explore issues, and probe as the situation requires.
Personal interview can be used in any type of questionnaire and can be conducted
fairly quickly.
Interviewers can also show actual products, advertisements, packages and observe
and record their reactions and behavior.

22. Individual - Intercept interviewing
1.
THIS TAKES TWO FORMS
Group - Focus Group Interviewing
1.

23. After formulating the research problem, designing the study, and selecting a
sample, data collection is conducted through interviews, questionnaires,
experiments, or observations.
DATACOLLECTIONPROCEDURE
Collecting data through any of the methods may involve some ethical issues
inrelation to the participants and the researcher:
Those from whom information is collected or those who are studied by a researcher
become participants of the study.
Anyone who collects information for a specific purpose, adhering to theaccepted
code of conduct, is a researcher.

24. A. ETHICAL ISSUES CONCERNING RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS:
I. Collecting information
II. Seeking consent
III. Providing incentives
IV. Seeking sensitive information
VI. Maintaining confidentiality
There are many ethical issues in relation to participants of a research activity.
V. The possibility of causing harm to participant

25. B) ETHICAL ISSUES RELATING TO THE RESEARCHER
I. Avoiding bias
II. Provision or deprivation of a treatment
III. Using inappropriate research methodology
IV. Incorrect reporting
V. Inappropriate use of the information

26. Please get 1/4 sheet of paper and write the letter and words of the correct answer.
Goodluck!

27. 1. It is a conceptual structure used to conduct research
efficiently, ensuring the collection of relevant information
with minimal effort, time, and money.
A. Research Design
B. Research Environment
C. Research Instrument
D. Conceptual Framework

28. 2. This design aims to identify or establish a
relationship or interdepence between various aspects
of a situation.
A. Action Research
B. Descriptive Design
C. Cohort Design
D. Causal Design

29. 3. It is a type of sample wherein members of the population
have equal chance to be selected as subject in the research.
A. Probability Sample
B. Nonprobability Sample
C. Convenience Sample
D. Quota Sample

30. 4. This assess study variables based on purpose,
intended audience, reliability, and validity,
administration, and scoring.
A. Research Design
B. Research Instrument
C. Research Environment
D. Data Collection

31. 5. This method is most suited for gathering
descriptive information.
A. Survey Method
B. Observation Method
C. Both A and B
D. None of these

32. 6. This method is mostly used in behavioral sciences to
gather primary data through direct observation of people
without requesting information from the respondents.
A. Survey Method
B. Observation Method
C. Contact Method
D. All of the Above

33. 7. It is the respondent's reluctance to answer
questions asked by unknown interviewers about
things they consider private.
A. Advantages
B. Limitation
C. Contact Methods
D. Personal Interviewing

34. 8. It is when the information may be collected by
mail, telephone, and personal interview.
A. Advantages
B. Limitations
C. Contact Methods
D. Personal Interviewing

35. 9. This is conducted through interviews,
questionnaires, experiments., or observations.
A. Data Collection
B. Research Problem
C. Research Design
D. Research Sample

36. 10. Which is NOT an ethical issue concerning
research participants.
A. Seeking Consent
B. Providing incentives
C. Being Bias
D. Maintaining confidentiality