X ray Spectroscopy from Pharmaceutical analysis
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X-ray spectroscopy involves analyzing the characteristic X-ray emissions from materials. X-rays are produced when high velocity electrons strike metal surfaces in a vacuum tube, with 1% of the total radiation produced being X-rays. Bragg's equation describes the diffraction of X-rays by crystal planes. Modern detectors for X-ray spectroscopy include semiconductor detectors and scintillation detectors coupled with photomultiplier tubes. Applications of X-ray spectroscopy include detecting imperfections in materials, fractures, and measuring trace elements.
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![X-RAY
SPECTROSCOPY
SHREEYASH SUNIL JADHAV
[FINAL YEAR B.PHARM]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/spectroscopy-240321021813-46f6e3d5/85/X-ray-Spectroscopy-from-Pharmaceutical-analysis-1-320.jpg)
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X-Ray Spectroscopy.pptx
Nak noqnq owiwghwoqjkq jwowbqkkqw wjh hk jh v kb cwjqk hwiqojwbwl qki x iqkwgo i hei wioqvjqmwbqbyqlq jqo j k
X-ray diffraction, basic principle, instruments, Bragg's law, diffraction and...
X-ray diffraction, basic principle, instruments, Bragg's law, diffraction and...Quiad-i-Azam university
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1.Introduction
2.What is X-Ray?
3.Basic principle
4.Instrumentation
5.Bragg’s Law and X-Ray
6.Diffraction
7.Applications
INTRODUCTION:
X-rays are electromagnetic waves having wavelength in range of 0.1-100Å.
X-rays used in diffraction techniques have typical wavelength of 0.5-1.8Å.
X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen who called them X-rays and it is also called as Roentgen rays.
BASIC PRINCIPLES:
In an atom, the electrons are arranged in layers or shells, like
K-shell
L-shell
M-shell
N-shell.
When the atom is bombarded with an electron, eject one of the electron from the inner shell.
The electrons migrate from the outer shell to the inner shell to fill the gap with higher energy.
A quantum of radiation (X-rays) is emitted corresponding to this transition, time scale is approximately 10-12-10-14 sec.
Emitted radiation is called X-rays.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION PRINCIPLE:
X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-ray and a crystalline sample.
These rays are generated by a cathode ray tube, filtered to produce monochromatic radiation, collimated to concentrate and directed towards the sample.
The interaction of incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference when conditions satisfy Bragg’s law.
INSTRUMENTATION:
1.X-ray tube
2.Collimator
3.Monochromator
4.Filter
5.Crystalmonochromator
6.Detectors
APPLICATION OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION:
Identification of single-phase materials, minerals, chemical compounds and ceramics.
Identification of multiple phase in microcrystalline mixture(rocks).
Determination of crystalline size and shape.
Crystallographic structural analysis and unit cell calculation from crystalline materials.
Particle size determination-Spot counting methods.
"X ray crystallography" - Tathagata Pradhan , Department of Pharmaceutical Ch...
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X-ray crystallography uses X-rays to determine the atomic structure of crystals. When X-rays hit a crystal, they cause the electrons in the crystal to diffract the X-rays into specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted X-rays, a three-dimensional picture of electron density within the crystal can be produced to determine the positions of atoms and their bonds. Bragg's law describes X-ray diffraction from crystals and states that diffraction occurs when the path length difference between X-rays reflected from successive crystal planes is an integer multiple of the wavelength. X-ray crystallography has numerous applications including determining crystal structures, identifying impurities, and analyzing chemical composition.Xrf
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X- Rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen, so x-rays are also called Roentgen rays.
X-ray diffraction in crystals was discovered by Max von Laue. The wavelength range is 10-7 to about 10-15 m.
The penetrating power of x-rays depends on energy-
Hard x-rays: High frequency & More energy
Soft x-rays: Less penetrating & Low energy
X-rays are short-wavelength electromagnetic radiations produced by the deceleration of high energy electrons or by electronic transitions of electrons in the inner orbital of atoms.
X-ray region- 0.1-100 A˚
Analytical purpose- 0.7-2 A˚
Properties: Highly penetrating invisible rays
Liberate minute amounts of heat on passing through matter
Not deflected by electric and magnetic fields
Poly energetic, having widespread energies and wavelengths
Cause ionization (adding or removing electrons in atoms and molecules)
Transmitted by (pass-through) healthy body tissue
Principle: X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic x-rays and a crystalline sample.
The interaction of incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference when conditions satisfy Bragg’s law.
Production of x rays: X- Rays are generated when the high velocity of electrons impinge on a metal target.
1% of total energy of the electron beam is converted into X –radiation.
PPT of X Ray
1. X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen, a German physicist, while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He noticed that materials near the tube would glow, even when shielded from known radiation sources, and concluded he had discovered a new type of radiation which he named X-rays.
2. X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons collide with a metal target, causing the electrons to lose energy which is released as X-ray photons. Modern X-ray tubes contain a tungsten target and operate by accelerating electrons toward the target with a high voltage.
3. X-rays have wavelengths between 10 picometers to 10 nanometers, shorter than visible light.
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X-ray crystallography is a technique that uses X-rays to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals. When X-rays hit a crystal, they cause the crystal to diffract the X-rays into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a three-dimensional picture of electron density within the crystal can be determined, revealing information about atomic positions and chemical bonds. Bragg's law describes the diffraction conditions of X-rays by crystals and is used to analyze diffraction patterns to determine crystal structures. Common techniques for X-ray crystallography include Laue photography, powder diffraction, and rotating crystal methods.
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X-ray crystallography is a technique that uses X-rays to determine the atomic structure of crystals. When X-rays interact with electrons in the crystal, they are diffracted in all directions. Bragg's law relates the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation to the diffraction pattern of waves scattered by a crystal lattice. The rotating crystal method is one approach where a crystal is mounted on a rotating shaft and exposed to X-rays to produce a diffraction pattern, allowing the crystal structure to be determined. X-ray crystallography has numerous applications including determining the structures of molecules like DNA and proteins.
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SOLID SCINTILLATION WRITE UP.docx
A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillating material, and detecting the resultant light pulses or it can be defined as it is used to detect gamma rays and the presence of a particle. It can also measure the radiation in the scintillating medium, the energy loss, or the energy gain. The medium can be solid and liquid.
The phenomenon in which the nucleus of the atom of an element undergoes spontaneous and uncontrollable disintegration or decay and emit alpha, beta, or gamma rays
It is the property of some unstable atoms to spontaneously emit nuclear radiation to gain stability.
The heavy elements are called radioactive elements and rays emitted these elements are called radioactive rays.
The phenomenon of radioactivity is discovered by HENRI BACQUEREL IN 1896.
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Three of the most common types of decay are alpha decay (α-decay), beta decay (β-decay), and gamma decay (γ-decay), all of which involve emitting one or more particles.
XRD- X-Ray diffraction
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) is a technique used to analyze the crystal structure of materials. X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons strike a metal target, and are collimated and passed through a monochromator to produce a narrow beam. When the beam interacts with a crystalline sample, diffraction occurs according to Bragg's law. The diffraction pattern is measured by detectors and analyzed to determine properties such as lattice parameters and crystal structure. Common applications of XRD include identifying crystalline phases, measuring strain, and analyzing thin film materials.
426368105-Digital-RT-PPT-04-04-2018.pptx
The document provides information on digital radiography testing (DRT). It discusses different types of radiography including x-ray radiography and gamma radiography. X-rays are produced using an x-ray tube, while gamma rays come from radioactive sources. Digital radiography techniques like computed radiography use imaging plates containing storage phosphors to capture digital images without film. Computed radiography provides digital images that can be enhanced and archived electronically.
Presentation on x ray diffraction
X-ray diffraction is used to identify clay minerals by analyzing their atomic structure. When X-rays interact with the planes of atoms in a crystalline structure, they are either scattered or diffracted based on Bragg's law. This produces a unique diffraction pattern that can be used to identify different minerals. Modern X-ray diffractometers work by generating X-rays, directing them at a sample, detecting the diffracted X-rays, and analyzing the diffraction pattern to identify the minerals present in the sample.
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X-Ray Spectroscopy.pptx
Nak noqnq owiwghwoqjkq jwowbqkkqw wjh hk jh v kb cwjqk hwiqojwbwl qki x iqkwgo i hei wioqvjqmwbqbyqlq jqo j k
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1.Introduction
2.What is X-Ray?
3.Basic principle
4.Instrumentation
5.Bragg’s Law and X-Ray
6.Diffraction
7.Applications
INTRODUCTION:
X-rays are electromagnetic waves having wavelength in range of 0.1-100Å.
X-rays used in diffraction techniques have typical wavelength of 0.5-1.8Å.
X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen who called them X-rays and it is also called as Roentgen rays.
BASIC PRINCIPLES:
In an atom, the electrons are arranged in layers or shells, like
K-shell
L-shell
M-shell
N-shell.
When the atom is bombarded with an electron, eject one of the electron from the inner shell.
The electrons migrate from the outer shell to the inner shell to fill the gap with higher energy.
A quantum of radiation (X-rays) is emitted corresponding to this transition, time scale is approximately 10-12-10-14 sec.
Emitted radiation is called X-rays.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION PRINCIPLE:
X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-ray and a crystalline sample.
These rays are generated by a cathode ray tube, filtered to produce monochromatic radiation, collimated to concentrate and directed towards the sample.
The interaction of incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference when conditions satisfy Bragg’s law.
INSTRUMENTATION:
1.X-ray tube
2.Collimator
3.Monochromator
4.Filter
5.Crystalmonochromator
6.Detectors
APPLICATION OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION:
Identification of single-phase materials, minerals, chemical compounds and ceramics.
Identification of multiple phase in microcrystalline mixture(rocks).
Determination of crystalline size and shape.
Crystallographic structural analysis and unit cell calculation from crystalline materials.
Particle size determination-Spot counting methods.
"X ray crystallography" - Tathagata Pradhan , Department of Pharmaceutical Ch...
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Gamma ray spectroscopy
Gamma ray spectroscopy is a technique that uses gamma ray detectors to identify radioactive isotopes and nuclides in a sample. It works by measuring the energy of gamma rays emitted using detectors like scintillation or semiconductor detectors. The detector converts the gamma ray energy into electrical signals. A multichannel analyzer then measures and records the energy levels, producing a spectrum that reveals the gamma ray source by comparing energy levels to known radioactive isotopes. Gamma ray spectroscopy has applications in fields like nuclear physics, medicine, space exploration, and archaeology.
X ray crystallography
X- Rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen, so x-rays are also called Roentgen rays.
X-ray diffraction in crystals was discovered by Max von Laue. The wavelength range is 10-7 to about 10-15 m.
The penetrating power of x-rays depends on energy-
Hard x-rays: High frequency & More energy
Soft x-rays: Less penetrating & Low energy
X-rays are short-wavelength electromagnetic radiations produced by the deceleration of high energy electrons or by electronic transitions of electrons in the inner orbital of atoms.
X-ray region- 0.1-100 A˚
Analytical purpose- 0.7-2 A˚
Properties: Highly penetrating invisible rays
Liberate minute amounts of heat on passing through matter
Not deflected by electric and magnetic fields
Poly energetic, having widespread energies and wavelengths
Cause ionization (adding or removing electrons in atoms and molecules)
Transmitted by (pass-through) healthy body tissue
Principle: X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic x-rays and a crystalline sample.
The interaction of incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference when conditions satisfy Bragg’s law.
Production of x rays: X- Rays are generated when the high velocity of electrons impinge on a metal target.
1% of total energy of the electron beam is converted into X –radiation.
PPT of X Ray
1. X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen, a German physicist, while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He noticed that materials near the tube would glow, even when shielded from known radiation sources, and concluded he had discovered a new type of radiation which he named X-rays.
2. X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons collide with a metal target, causing the electrons to lose energy which is released as X-ray photons. Modern X-ray tubes contain a tungsten target and operate by accelerating electrons toward the target with a high voltage.
3. X-rays have wavelengths between 10 picometers to 10 nanometers, shorter than visible light.
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X-ray crystallography is a technique that uses X-rays to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals. When X-rays hit a crystal, they cause the crystal to diffract the X-rays into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a three-dimensional picture of electron density within the crystal can be determined, revealing information about atomic positions and chemical bonds. Bragg's law describes the diffraction conditions of X-rays by crystals and is used to analyze diffraction patterns to determine crystal structures. Common techniques for X-ray crystallography include Laue photography, powder diffraction, and rotating crystal methods.
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The phenomenon in which the nucleus of the atom of an element undergoes spontaneous and uncontrollable disintegration or decay and emit alpha, beta, or gamma rays
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The heavy elements are called radioactive elements and rays emitted these elements are called radioactive rays.
The phenomenon of radioactivity is discovered by HENRI BACQUEREL IN 1896.
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Three of the most common types of decay are alpha decay (α-decay), beta decay (β-decay), and gamma decay (γ-decay), all of which involve emitting one or more particles.
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Presentation on x ray diffraction
X-ray diffraction is used to identify clay minerals by analyzing their atomic structure. When X-rays interact with the planes of atoms in a crystalline structure, they are either scattered or diffracted based on Bragg's law. This produces a unique diffraction pattern that can be used to identify different minerals. Modern X-ray diffractometers work by generating X-rays, directing them at a sample, detecting the diffracted X-rays, and analyzing the diffraction pattern to identify the minerals present in the sample.
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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X ray Spectroscopy from Pharmaceutical analysis
- 1. X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY SHREEYASH SUNIL JADHAV [FINAL YEAR B.PHARM]
- 2. CONTENT 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLE BRAGGS EQUATION PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS INSTRUMENTATION DETECTORS APPLICATIONS
- 3. X ray was discovvered by WILHEM REONTEGEN- he named it as roenttegen rays as he was not knoing the properties of x-rays X- ray diffraction - Max von Laue Penetrating power of xrays depend upon the energy of the x rays based on that we have to x rays 1] hard x rays 2] soft x rays spectrum is between - 0.1 to 100 A analytical purpose - 0.7 to 2 A INTRODUCTION
- 4. PRINCIPLE
- 5. BRAGG’S EQUATION Everest Cantu Ceo Of Ingoude Company NY= 2DSIN0 WHERE, N = INTEGER D= DISTANCE BETWEEN THE CRYSTALS 0= ANGLE OF DIFFRACTION
- 6. PRODUCTION OF XRAYS Ceo Of Ingoude Company Drew Holloway Ceo Of Ingoude Company Remy Marsh Ceo Of Ingoude Company HIGH VELOCITY ELECTRONS STRIKE METAL SURFACES THE TOTAL RADTION GENERATEDD OUT OF WHICH THE 1% ENEGRY LEADS TO XRAYS PRODUCTION. XRAYS ARE PRODUCED IN A COLLIDGE TUBE
- 8. COLLIMATOR IT ACTS LIKE A MONOCHROMATORS ONLY, THESE ARE THE DEVICES USED TO OBTAIN A NARROW BEAM OF LIGHT OUT OF THE TOTAL X RAYS GENERATED BY TARGET MOLECULE. IT IS A TWO METAL PLATES CLOSELY PACKED WITH A SMALL GAP.
- 9. MONOCHROMATOR MADE UP OF NACL OR QUARTZ termed as crystal monochromator • flat crystal monochromator • curved crystal monochromator
- 10. DETECTORS PHOTOGRAPHIC DETECTORS :- X-ray spectroscopy typically involves the analysis of the characteristic X-ray emissions from a material. While photographic methods were historically used in X-ray crystallography, modern X-ray spectroscopy techniques rely more on electronic detectors such as semiconductor detectors (e.g., silicon drift detectors) or scintillation detectors coupled with photomultiplier tubes. r
- 11. DETECTORS . COUNTER DETECTORS A] Geiger muller tube counter gm detector is used to detect the ionizing radiation it consist os a gas tube at a low pressure with a noble gas like argon, crypton, xenon once the ionizing radiation strike the gas it gets ionized and generate pulse which is then detected
- 12. DETECTORS . COUNTER DETECTORS PROPORTIONAL DETECTOR:- ITS IS SIMILAR IN FUNCTON TO GM TUBE BUT THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE IS THE HIGH PRESSUREE OF THE GAS AND THE LOW VOLTAGE OF ELECTRODES
- 13. DETECTORS . COUNTER DETECTORS SCINTILATION DETECTORS:- IT CONSIST OF TWO COMPONENTS SCINTILLATION MATERIAL AND PMT USUALLY THE RADIATION FALL ON THE SCINTILLATION MATERIAL WHICH EMITS PHOTONS ON THE PMT AND PMT CONVERTS LIGHT ENEGRY TO ELECTRICAL SIGNAL AFTER SEVERAL SECONDARY ELECCTRON EMISSION.
- 14. APPLICATIONS • . DETECTION OF IMPERFECTION IN THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE PHYSICAL BODY • DETECTION OF FRACTURE • USED TO MEASURE THE TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE BODY LIKE IODINE AND BARIUM • USED TO MEASURE THE VOLUME OF LIQUIDS IN THE CLOSED VESSELS
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