construction of model

1. SCOPE
• INTRODUCTION.
• TYPES OF MODELS.
• PURPOSES OF A MODEL.
• PROPERTIES OF SAND MODEL
• MODEL PLANNING.
• MODEL DETAILS.
• SCALES.
• REQUIRED DATA.
• MODELLING PROCEDURE.
• RELIEF MODELLING.
• GROUND FEATURE MODELLING.
• MAPS REQUIRED.

2. BREIFING GENERAL
Stage management
Procedure

3. INTRODUCTION
– A model is a schematic reproduction of a special
piece of a ground on a small scale on a flat surface
showing all physical features.(both natural and
artificial) in a way to give a birds eye view of the
ground
– To be a good professional model maker, one has
to be a good map reader

4. TYPES OF MODEL
• Cloth model.
• Clay model.
• Glass model.
• Plastic model.
• Sand Model.
• Saw Dust model.
NB: Note that sand models are commonly used in
Military today.

5. MODEL PROPERTIES
The following properties of a sand model
distinguish it from a map , sketch or
photograph.
Relief format.
Significant details are emphasized and
insignificant ones omitted.
 scale determined by the purpose of the model.
Model simplifies the assessment of ground and
enemy deployment.

6. PURPOSE OF A SAND
MODEL
• Training purpose.
• To brief the Commander and soldiers
for a mission e.g. Recce or raids.
• As an aid in planning Military Ops.

7. SAND MODEL PLANNING
The following conditions should be met.
o Should be constructed in the appropriate scale
o Should properly express the properties of terrain it
represents (valley, Hills, Cliffs etc).
o Should cover the entire required areas.

8. SCALES
• Horizontal scales is determined by the required
accuracy and some times the dimensions and
sand quantity required.
• The scales must be calculated and square
dimensions on the model will give more
accuracy.

9. REQUIRED DATA
• The following data is required:
• Area boundaries. MAP FOLDS
• Horizontal scale.
• Vertical scale.

10. MODELLING PROCEDURE
• Prep for modeling.
–Sand prep.
–Draw co-ordinate lines. Strings,nails
–Height chart. Eg 30m = 2cm on sand table
–Marking of lines.

11. Relief Modeling
– Modeling sequence is from high to low areas.
• Determine skeleton lines according to location
and pile the sand fm lines to ridges.
• Determine the location of hill top, stick the
straight edge vertically and fit the sand height
according to the chart.
• Model the terrain contours and slopes according
to contour lines and their location on the net.
• Recheck forms and slopes against the map.
Make necessary correction.
• Now press the sand with your hands.

12. IMPROVISED SAND MODEL
• A Unit in the field conditions, where sand box
is not available, may erect an improvised,
sand table to model in the area by estimation.

13. BRIEFING IN THE FIELD
• Models will be used for briefing for patrols, special
missions, commanders of an impending ops.
• Stage management.
– Those to be briefed will be seated, standing kneeling
in order of nominee as in ‘O’ gp.
– Briefing officer will be standing at a position not to
obscure the model party being briefed.
– Briefing officer will use a long pointer to avoid
walking in the model.
– It is necessary to rehearse before the party arrives to
have the material flowing in a logical manner.

14. • Have one member pointing all the features
mentioned on the brief to avoid breaking of
the flow and continuity.
• Pauses in between statements is essential
to allow the party to assimilate or take
down notes.
• Have all the information clearly marked on
model e.g. locations, Assy Areas, FUPs, LDs
etc.

15. BRIEFING
• INTRODUCTION
• REPRESENTATION
• EXTRACTED FROM MAPS OF ….. SCALE
• COVERAGE
• EASTINGS ……….. TO ……..
• NORTHING ………..TO …….
• ORIENTATION …… NORTH
• HORIZONTAL ……….SCALE ONE SQ ON THE MODEL REP …. KM SQ ON GD
AND VERTICAL ……

16. BRIEFING
• ………… Permission to carry on Sir
• The model in front of us represents our immediate area of operation, it
has been extracted from the map of ISIOLO of scale 1:50,000, it covers
from Eastings 32 to 42 and Northings 28 to 37, it has been orientated to
the general direction of North as shown by the arrow over there. It has
been made in such away that one side of the small square of the model
represents one KM on the actual ground.
• I have used different aids to depict both natural and man made features;
high molds of soil represents mountains and hills for example mutonyi hill,
green coloration to depict forests and vegetation for example……… , blue
coloration to depict water bodies for example Lewa river, black coloration
to depict tarmacked roads for example Nanyuki – Isiolo road, Saw dust to
depict all weather road for example ………, paper cuttings to depict grid
coordinates and names of places eg Anti poaching unit

17. BRIEFING
• AIDS USED
• USED VARIOUS AIDS………
• NATURAL FEATURES …. HIGH TO LOW
HIGH MOULDS OF SOIL, GREEN TWIGS, BLUE COLOURINGS
• ARTIFICIAL FEATURES … HIGH TO LOW
BROWN DUST, BLACK DUST, TOYS, PAPER CUTTINGS AND ANY
OTHER AIDS USED

18. BRIEIFNG
GROUND IN DETAIL
OBSERVATION AND FIELDS OF FIRE
 VISUAL OBSERVATION
 OPTICAL OBSERVATION
 HILL TOPS
 DOMINATING FEATURES
 FIELDS OF FIRE FOR DIRECT WPNS
 FIELDS OF FIRE FOR INDIRECT WPNS
ROOF TOPS,PLAINS, DEFORESTATIONS, GRASSLAND,TREE
TOPS

19. BRIEFING
• GROUND GENERAL
• OWN LOC
• EN LOC OR DIRECTION OF APPROACH OR AXIS
• DOMINATING FEATURES
• MSR OR MAIN COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
• MAIN RIVERS OR WATER BODIES
• VEGETATION COVERAGE
• DRAINAGE PATTERNS
• MAIN OBSTACLES OR CANALIZING TERRAINS
• GENERAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
• GENERAL POPULATION DETAILS

20. BRIEFING
GROUND IN DETAIL
COVER AND CONCEALMENT
 FM GD OBSERVATION
 FM AIR OBSERVATION
 COVER FM DIRECT FIRE
 COVER FM INDIRECT FIRE
 GOOD TO EXCELLENT
VEGETATION, STREAMS, FOG, DEAD GDS, BIULT UP AREAS,
PLANTATIONS, DEEP LAGGAHS, HEDGE GROWS, OVERGROWTHS
AND FENCES/TREELINES
 CONCEALED AIR APPROACHES

21. BRIEFING
GROUND IN DETAIL
OBSTACLES
 NATURAL OBSTACLES
 MAN MADE OBSTACLES
 QUICK SANDS
 FLASH FLOODS
 LOOSE BLACK COTTON SOIL
 SWAMPS
 LAGGAHS
 DENSE VEGETATION
 GULLIES /CLIFFS
 LAVA ROCKS
 STEEP SLOPES
 BUILT UP AREAS
 WEATHER EFFECTS FOG, SNOW, HY RAINS
 CORAL REEFS

22. OBST CONT……
SEVERELY RESTRICTED AREAS
STOPS ALL FORMS OF MAOEUVRE
 BUILT UP AREAS --- WIDER THAN 500MS
 WATER OBST - RIVER 1.5 M CURRENT PER SEC DEPTH 1.2M
 SLOPES - MORE THAN 50% GRADIENT
 WOODS - TREES 15 – 20 CM AND 5 M GAPS
 ARTIFICIAL OBST - MINES, TANK DITCHES, TREES BLOWN DOWN,
BRIDGES PREP FOR DEMOLITION

23. OBST CONT….
RESTRICTED AREAS
MANOEUVRE IS POSSIBLE WITH DIFFICULTY
 SLOPES 30-50% GRADIENT
 WOODS TREES 5 CMS THICK LESS THAN 5 M GAPS
 WATER OBST LESS THAN S RESTICTED
 BUILT UP AREAS LESS THAN 500 M WIDE

24. OBST CONT….
MNVR AREASALL FORMS OF MANOEUVRE IS POSSIBLE
 WATER OBST LESS THAN 1.5 M WIDE LESS THAN 0.6 M DEEP
 SLOPES LESS THAN 30% GRADIENT
 WOODS TREES LESS THAN 5 CM THICK OR GAPS GREATER THAN 5 M

25. KEY TERRAIN/AREAS
TERRAIN OR AREAS WHOSE SEIZURE OR CONTROL MUST BE CONSIDERED
IN FORMULATING AND SELECTING A COA
 VITAL AREAS
 GTI
 DOMINATING FEATURES
 BRIDGES
 PASS/CANALIZING TERRAIN
 TOWNS/CENTRES
 FORDING AREAS
 HARBOURS
 AIRFIELDS/STRIPS/PORT
 ROAD JUNC IN JUNGLE/DESERT OPS
 WATER POINTS
 MSR
 COMMS FACILITIES
 CIVIL STRATEGIC FACILITIES
 ECT

26. AVENUES OF APPROACH
A ROUTE FROM A PARTICULAR SITE TO REACH
AN OBJECTIVE OR KEY TERRAIN
IT MUST PROVIDE SOME EASE OF MOVEMENT
AND HAVE ENOUGH WIDTH THAT ALLOW FOR
THE MANOEUVRE OF A FORCE WITH
SUFFICIENT STRENGTH TO EFFECT THE
OUTCOME OF THE OPS
 MOBILTY CORRIDORS
 SEA AVENUES OF APPROACH
 AIR AA

27. WEATHER AND GEOGRAPHICAL
CONDITION
WEATHER INFO IS INTERPRETED AS TO ITS OPS EFFECT i.e VISIBILTY, CLOUDS,
PRECIPITATIONS, TEMPERATURE, WIND
 EFFECT ON PERSONNEL, HEAT EXHAUSTION, FROST BITE, SNOW BLINDNESS,
MT SICKNESS.
 EFFECT ON EQPT& SUPPLY CORROSIONS,DETERIORATION,DECOMPOSITION on,
LEATHER, WOODS, PAPER, FOOD, MEDICINES, ELECTRONICS
 EFFECT ON MAN MADE FEATURES ROADS, BRIDGES, RAILWAYS, RUNWAYS,
PORTS, COMMS FACILITIES AND HARBOURS
 EFFECT ON TACTICAL ACTIVITIES - AIR MOVT, NAVIGATION, FIELDS OF FIRE
FOR DIRECT AND INDIRECT WPNS,
MOON STATE
FIRST LIGHT
LAST LIGHT
TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATIONS
OCEAN WAVES

28. Q&A
CLARIFICATIONS