1. 1.2 The impact of energy insecurity Enquiry question: What are the potential impacts of an increasingly ‘energy insecure’ world?

3. Describe the changes in the global energy trade since 1981?

4. There has been a significant increase in the export of fuels. Export growth particularly from Middle east and former Soviet Union South and central America has increased; not a major player. There has been a significant increase in imports. The countries exporting are NOT the countries importing Europe, Asia and the Asia- Pacific region are now heavily reliant on energy imports. The USA uses imports. The numbers change. They have some supplies of their own. Having found out all of this, think about what it means for global energy security.

5. Oil Global pathways Oil has a complex global pattern of PATHWAYS and PLAYERS (exporters and importers). The Middle east exports around 15 000 barrels per day, mainly TO Japan, Europe and CHINA. Substantial amounts flow from Africa, Canada and South and central America TO the USA. Russia supplies some oil to CHINA, but the bulk of its exports now head to Europe. Increasingly African nations are supplying oil and other ources to China

7. “ If we stop using fossil fuels our industrial civilization will collapse and the ensuing chaos could lead to global wars that would wreck the biosphere. If we continue to use fossil fuels, the pollution will continue to foul the world and create more resource conflicts. Damned if we do, damned if we don't. Solving these problems is the greatest challenge ever faced by our species”

9. Oil consumption Top 10 biggest oil consumers- barrels per day used 2008 http://www.eia.doe.gov/country/index.cfm?view=consumption Rank Country Consumption 1 United States 19,498 2 China 7,831 3 Japan 4,785 4 India 2,962 5 Russia 2,916 6 Germany 2,569 7 Brazil 2,485 8 Saudi Arabia 2,376 9 Canada 2,261 10 Korea, South 2,175 11 Mexico 2,128 12 France 1,986 13 Iran 1,741 14 United Kingdom 1,710 15 Italy 1,639

10. Oil production http://www.eia.doe.gov/country/index.cfm?view=production 2008 Barrels per day Rank Country Production 1 Saudi Arabia 10,782 2 Russia 9,790 3 United States 8,514 4 Iran 4,174 5 China 3,973 6 Canada 3,350 7 Mexico 3,186 8 United Arab Emirates 3,046 9 Kuwait 2,741 10 Venezuela 2,643 11 Norway 2,466 12 Brazil 2,402 13 Iraq 2,385 14 Algeria 2,180 15 Nigeria 2,169

11. oil producing countries

17. Explain how and why oil prices have changed in the past 150yrs (10)

21. This graph shows points various oil producing areas reached peak oil

26. Where’s the prospect of new oil? Lesson 4

28. The world’s oil: Conventional oil endowment (cumulative production plus mean estimates of remaining oil reserves and undiscovered oil resources) by province in billion barrels of oil (BBO) for 128 oil provinces. World data are from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 2000 assessment of world petroleum resources; U.S. data are from USGS (1995 assessment) and from the Minerals Management Service (1996 assessment).

41. http://www.anwr.org/Video/View-our-ANWR-Flash-Movie.php

46. Opinions “ I hope people understand, in a 20,000-square-mile area, this is 2,000 acres. It is a plot of land the size of LAX that we would want to drill to explore. ," Sarah Palin- John McCain's running mate for 2008 us PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

48. Inupiat Eskimo “ We support the drilling- it will provide jobs for locals and Americans all over the country- it will enable Alaska to further develop energy security and it doesn’t affect us or the caribou migrations we rely on”

50. “ Me not want any of your dirty oil spilling on me food or land- my calves might eat it or step on it”

51. "I strongly reject drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge because it would irreversibly damage a protected national wildlife refuge without creating sufficient oil supplies to meaningfully affect the global market price or have a discernible impact on US energy security."

54. ANWR FOR developing AGAINST developing SOCIAL/ CULTURAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICAL

56. The tar sands areas in Canada are about the size of Florida.

57. First, forests must be cleared. In this case the trees were stacked and burned.

58. Secondly, strip mining begins. Strip mines in the Canadian oil sands are the largest in the world.

60. The small trucks are 4 ton service trucks.

61. Following the strip mining, the tar sands are sent to the refinery for processing.

62. Emissions

63. Water from nearby rivers is tainted with heavy metals and oil once its used to produce steam. The steam separates the tar from the sand.

64. There is no known way to decontaminate this water. Some of the holding ponds are 30 sq miles.

65. The earthen dam on the left is over 300 feet high. The river immediately adjacent runs to the Artic.

66. From 2000 feet, as far as you can see it’s the same story, a strip mine, a processing plant and a holding pond. Currently this area produces 1 million bbls/day, it 5 years it will be 5 million bbls/day, 20% of our oil supply.

68. While Canada has the tar sands, the U.S. has vast amounts of oil shale. The majority of oil shale is in Colorado, Wyoming and Utah. The Bureau of Land Management is actively exploring options for tapping this resource.

70. Tar sand extraction An area of boreal forest the size of Florida is about to be strip mined to provide a few percent of the US liquid fuel reqm’t. First step is to remove the trees.

73. Who are the key players in Energy Supply

83. Use page 32 -35 of Oxford text and 20-21 of PA text and produce a mind-map of the players in the oil game. Players: Cartels State controlled companies TNCs

84. Why do we care about OPEC oil? Who are the main players involved in the supply?

88. OPEC Member Countries : Country Joined OPEC Location Algeria 1969 Africa Angola 2007 Africa Ecuador(**) rejoined 2007 South America IR Iran* 1960 Middle East Iraq* 1960 Middle East Kuwait* 1960 Middle East SP Libyan AJ 1962 Africa Nigeria 1971 Africa Qatar 1961 Middle East Saudi Arabia* 1960 Middle East United Arab Emirates 1967 Middle East Venezuela* 1960 South America *founder Members ** Ecuador joined OPEC in 1973, suspended its membership from Dec. 1992-Oct. 2007