2. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN
INDIA
The Brundtland Commission Report
entitled Our Common Future (1987) defined
sustainable development as “development,
which meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”. The
1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, put
the concept of sustainable development on
national and international policy agendas.
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3. Agenda 21
• Agenda 21 is an action plan of the United Nations (UN) related
to sustainable development and is an outcome of the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.
• It is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally,
nationally and locally by organizations of the UN, governments,
and major groups in every area in which humans directly affect
the environment. Agenda 21 remains a powerful document that
provides long-term vision for balancing economic and social
needs with the capacity of the earth’s resources and ecosystems.
Twenty years post Rio, the goals of Agenda 21 have not been
fully realized
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4. World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)
• The World Summit on Sustainable Development
(WSSD) in 2002 at Johannesburg resulted in
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI). JPOI
reiterated the importance of achieving internationally
agreed development goals embedded in the outcomes of
the major United Nations conferences and international
agreements since 1992, including those contained in the
United Nations Millennium Declaration, United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, Convention
on Biodiversity, Convention to Combat Desertification
and non-binding targets of the Forestry Principles.
4

5. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN
INDIA
• The Constitution of India and relevant amendments
that have been incorporated over the years,
reinforce the policy and legal basis of sustainable
development in India.
• The National Environmental Policy (NEP) of 2006
articulates the spirit of ‘sustainable development’; it
states that only such development is sustainable,
which respects ecological constraints and the
imperatives of social justice. The NEP highlights the
consensus around the sustainable development
5 concept through three foundational aspirations:

6. National Environmental Policy (NEP)
• First, that human beings should enjoy a decent quality of
life;
• Second, that human beings should become capable of
recognizing the finiteness of the biosphere; and
• Third, that neither the aspiration of a good life, nor the
recognition of the limits of the biophysical world should
preclude the search for greater justice in the world.
• The NEP 2006 also asserts that the most viable basis of
environmental conservation is to ensure that people gain
better livelihoods from the act of conservation of natural
resources than from environmental degradation.
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7. Sustainable Development and Indian Plans
• Sustainable development has been embedded in
the planning process of the country since the
1990s.
• The Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997–2002) explicitly
recognized the synergy between environment,
health and development and identified as one of
its core objectives the need for ensuring
environmental sustainability of the development
process through social mobilization and
participation of people at all levels
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8. Sustainable Development and Indian Plans
• However, after the WSSD in 2002, a process of
preparing and implementing a national strategy for
sustainable development was initiated, key elements
of which are present in the subsequent five-year
plans (FYPs). The government’s commitment to
sustainable development was also reflected in
specific and monitorable targets for a few key
indicators of human development and conservation
of natural resources that became part of the Tenth
Five-Year Plan (2002–2007).
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9. National Agricultural Policy
• India’s National Agricultural Policy (NAP) has stressed the
importance of management and conservation of resources by
stating that, ‘the policy will seek to promote technically sound,
economically viable, environmentally non-degrading, and
socially acceptable use of country’s natural resources— land,
water and genetic endowment to promote sustainable
development of agriculture’.
• The Central and state governments have initiated several
measures to promote sustainable agricultural development. The
NAP stated that improving the quality of land and soil, rational
utilization and conservation of water, and sensitizing the farming
community to environmental concerns would receive high
priority.
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10. Key programmes initiated in the agricultural
sector
Several programmes have been
introduced to increase
agricultural productivity and
profitability, and in domains of
input provision, irrigation,
drought protection, price policy
and credit and insurance.
10

11. Key programmes initiated in the agricultural
sector
National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
To increase the production of rice by 10 million tonnes, wheat
by 8 million tonnes and pulses by 2 million tonnes by the end of
Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012)
Measures include bridging the yield gap with respect to the
identified crops through dissemination of improved technologies
and farm management practices
Rashtriya Krishi Vikaas Yojna (RKVY)
Considers a holistic development of the agricultural and allied
sectors
Aims to achieve an annual growth rate of 4 percent in the
agricultural sector during the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12)
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12. Key programmes initiated in the agricultural
sector
Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)
Main objectives are to restore the ecological balance by
harnessing, conserving and developing degraded natural
resources such as soil, vegetative cover and water.
Key outcomes include prevention of soil run-off, regeneration of
natural vegetation, rain water harvesting and recharging of the
ground water table.
National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed
Area (NWDPRA)
Promotes agriculture productivity and production in rainfed
areas.
Programme is planned, implemented, monitored and maintained
by watershed communities.
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13. Key programmes initiated in the agricultural
sector
Command Area Development and Water Management
Programme (CADWM)
Objectives of improving the utilization of created irrigation
potential and optimizing agriculture production and
productivity.
Area Development Authorities provide technical support.
National Project for Repair, Renovation and Restoration
(RRR) of Water Bodies
To restore and augment storage capacities of water bodies, and
Recover and extend their lost irrigation potential.
13

14. Key programmes initiated in the agricultural
sector
Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme
Provides adequate and timely credit to farmers under single
window, with flexible and simplified procedure
National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS)
Addresses the issue of production risk faced by the agricultural
farmers
Funding is divided between the Central and State Government
on a 50-50 sharing basis
Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA)
Works on ensuring central assistance on agriculture is spent on
focused and specific interventions for the development of
agriculture in the state
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15. Key programmes initiated in the agricultural
sector
Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm and
Maize (ISOPOM)
Works on providing flexibility to the states to diversify crop
production
Provides a focused approach to the programme keeping in mind
the regional differentiation of each state
Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS)
Mitigates the hardship of the insured farmers against the
likelihood of financial loss
Provides coverage against weather parameters like rainfall,
temperature, frost, humidity, etc.
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16. Social Programmes
• Changes in social policies were made to address not only the
existing social inequity and concerns, but also the serious social
impacts that accompanied economic liberalization and
globalization.
• The Twenty Point Programme was introduced in 2006. The
programme is an umbrella package of social sector schemes and
programmes that are administered by various Ministries and
implemented by State/Union Territory Governments with the
basic objectives of poverty eradication and improving the quality
of life of the poor and the under privileged population of the
country.
• The broad aspects covered under the programme include
poverty, employment, education, housing, health, agriculture,
afforestation and environment protection, drinking water,
energy to rural areas and welfare of the weaker sections of the
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society.

17. Government of India’s Twenty Point
Programme
1. Garibi Hatao (poverty eradication)
Rural Areas
• Employment generation under the National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act
• Swaranjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana
• Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojana
• Rural Business Hubs in Partnership with Panchayats
• Self Help Groups
Urban Areas
• Swaranjayanti Shehari Rojgar Yojana
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18. Government of India’s Twenty Point Programme
2. Jan Shakti (power to people)
Local Self Government (Panchayati Raj and Urban
Local Bodies)
– Activity mapping for devolution of functions
– Budget flow of funds
– Assignment of functionaries
Quick and inexpensive justice
– Gram Nyayalayas and Nyaya Panchayats
District Planning Committees
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19. Government of India’s Twenty Point Programme
3. Kisan Mitra (support to farmers)
• Watershed development and dry land farming
• Marketing and infrastructural support to farmers
• Irrigation facilities (including minor and micro irrigation) for
agriculture
• Credit to farmers
• Distribution of waste land to the landless
4. Shramik Kalyan (labour welfare)
• Social security for agricultural and unorganized labour
• Minimum wages enforcement (including farm labour)
• Prevention of child labour
• Welfare of women labour
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20. Government of India’s Twenty Point
Programme
5. Khadya Suraksha (food security)
• Targeted public distribution system
• Antodaya Anna Yojana
• Establishing grain banks in chronically food scarcity areas
6. Subke Liye Aawas (housing for all)
• Rural housing – Indira Awaas Yojana
• EWS/LIG houses in urban areas
7. Shudh Peya Jal (clean drinking water)
Rural areas
– Swajaldhara
– Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme
Urban areas
– Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme
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21. Government of India’s Twenty Point
Programme
8. Jan Jan Ka Swasthya (health for all)
Control and prevention of major diseases: a) HIV/AIDS (b) TB (c)
Malaria (d) Leprosy (e) Blindness
National Rural Health Mission
Immunization of children
Sanitation programme in – Rural– Urban areas
Institutional delivery
Prevention of female foeticide
Supplementary nutrition for mothers and children
Two child norms
9. Sabke Liye Shiksha ( education for all)
Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan
Mid-Day Meal Scheme
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– Compulsory elementary education

22. Government of India’s Twenty Point
Programme
10. Anusuchit Jaati, Jan Jaati, Alp-sankhyak evam Anya Pichhra Varg Kalyan
(welfare of scheduled castes [SCs], scheduled tribes [STs], minorities and
other backward classes [OBCs])
 SC families assisted
 Rehabilitation of scavengers
 Rights of forest dwellers – owners of minor forest produce
 Primitive tribal groups
 No alienation of tribal lands
 Implementation of Panchayats (extension to scheduled areas)
Act (PESA)
 Welfare of minorities
 Professional education among all minority communities

22 Reservation of OBCs in Education and Employment

23. Government of India’s Twenty Point Programme
11. Mahila Kalyan (women welfare)
• Financial assistance for women welfare
• Improved participation of women in panchayats,
municipalities, state legislatures,and parliament
12. Bal Kalyan (child welfare)
• Universalization of ICDS Scheme
• Functional Anganwadis
13. Yuva Vikas (youth development)
• Sports for all in rural and urban areas
• Rashtriya Sadbhavana Yojana
• National Services Scheme
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24. Government of India’s Twenty Point Programme
14. Basti Sudhar (improvement of slums)
Urban poor families assisted under seven point charter viz. land
tenure, housing at affordable cost, water, sanitation, health,
education, and social security
15. Paryavaran Sanrakshan evam Van Vridhi (environment
protection and afforestation)
Afforestation
– Area covered under plantation of public and forest lands
– Number of seedlings planted on public and forest lands
Prevention of pollution of rivers and water bodies
Solid and liquid waste management in
– Rural areas
– Urban areas
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25. Government of India’s Twenty Point Programme
16. Samajik Suraksha ( social security)
Rehabilitation of handicapped and orphans
Welfare of the aged
17. Grameen Sadak (rural roads)
Rural roads – Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana
18. Grameen Oorja (energization of rural areas)
Bio-diesel production
Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana
Renewable energy
Energizing pump sets
Supply of electricity
Supply of kerosene and LPG
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26. Government of India’s Twenty Point Programme
19. Pichhra Kshetra Vikas (development of backward
areas)
Backward Regions Grants Fund
20. E-Shasan (IT enabled e-Governance)
Central and State Governments
Panchayats and municipalities
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27. Social Security Programmes in India
 Over the years, various policies and schemes to promote social
security have been introduced in India. Some of the important
schemes in this regard are presented in the following sections.
 The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) was launched by
the Government of India in 1995 and represents a significant step
towards the fulfilment of the Directive Principles in the Constitution.
NSAP introduced a National Policy for Social Assistance for the poor
and aims at ensuring minimum national standard for this assistance in
addition to the benefits that states are currently providing or might
provide in future.
 NSAP comprises the following schemes: Indira Gandhi National Old
Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS), Indira Gandhi National Widow
Pension Scheme (IGNWPS), Indira Gandhi National Disability
Pension Scheme (IGNDPS), National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)
27 and Annapurna.

28. Social Security Programmes in India
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29. Social Security Programmes in India
Efforts are also being made to strengthen the system of
social security for domestic workers.
The National Commission for Women (NCW) has recently
suggested a comprehensive piece of Central legislation for
domestic workers. It drafted a Bill titled ‘Domestic
Workers Welfare and Social Security Act, 2010’, which
highlights the exploitative nature of domestic work,
including the recent practice of trafficking in women and
children, for domestic work, by spurious placement
agencies. The legislation has been designed specifically to
address the working conditions of domestic workers,
including their registration and the emphasis of the draft Bill
is on the regulation of placement agencies.
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30. Urban housing and livelihoods
The National Housing and Habitat Policy (NHHP) was
introduced in 1998 with the aim of ‘Housing for all’. Further,
the National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUH&HP)
2007 sought to promote sustainable development of habitat in
the country with a view to ensuring equitable supply of land,
shelter and services at affordable prices to all sections of
society. As part of efforts to achieve the goal of ‘Affordable
Housing for All’, the NUH&HP mandates the reservation of
‘10–15 percent land in new public/ private housing projects or
20–25 percent of floor area ratio (FAR) (whichever is greater)
for economically weaker sections (EWS)/ low income group
(LIG) housing through appropriate legal stipulations and special
initiatives’.
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31. Urban housing and livelihoods
The National Policy for Urban Street Vendors of
2004 provides and promotes a supportive
environment for earning livelihoods to street
vendors, as well as ensures the absence of congestion
and maintenance of hygiene in public spaces and
streets. Some of the basic objectives are to give
vendors legal status, provide facilities for
appropriate use of identified spaces, regulate access
to public spaces through a nominal fee and give
street vendors a role in distribution.
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32. Urban housing and livelihoods
The National Urban Sanitation Policy
2008 seeks to generate awareness,
eliminate open defecation, promote
integrated citywide sanitation,
promote safe disposal and proper
operation and maintenance of all
sanitary installations.
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33. Urban housing and livelihoods
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34. 34