This presentation discusses the results of recent research conducted by Paskaleva on European trends on smart cities in the context of open innovation. It draws from analyses of key European Union programmes, latest international projects and related activities. The emerging new approach to open innovation is discussed that links technologies with people, the urban territory and other cities to reap the benefits of modern technological and social advance. It is suggested that using open innovation for building the smart (-er) city can be effective, efficient and sustainable but consistent frameworks, principles and strategic agendas are necessary to optimally bind these elements together.

1. Emerging Strategies:
Open Innovation
Krassimira Paskaleva
Manchester University and Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology

2. Objectives of this discussion
 To explore the perspectives lying behind the question
of whether the smart is a nexus of open innovation.
 To discuss results of recent research on EU trends in
smart cities and open innovation by:
 drawing from analyses of key EU programmes, latest
international projects and related activities, and
 presenting an emerging new approach to open innovation
linking technologies with people, the urban territory and
other cities to reap the benefits of technological and
social advance
2

3. Why the attention?
 Because open innovation and smart cities emerge as a focal
cross-cutting theme and strategy in present discussions about
the FI, Living Labs, and Innovation and Competitiveness-driven
(Urban) Development.
 We need to better understand the challenges and the pathways
to the ‘smart-er city’ in the context of what Europeans have
entrusted collectively in their ‘smart cities’ outlook
 Respond to the quest of the research and academic communities
to identify the defining components, critical insights and
institutional means by which to get beyond the self-
congratulatory ideas of smart cities….(Hollands, 2008)
3

4. Globally, there are 3 types of
approaches to the ‘smart city’
 Level of exploitation of networked infrastructure to
improve economic and political efficiency and enable
social, cultural and urban development
 A vision and strategy for creating the competitive city
through multi-actor, multi-sector, and multi-level
urban development
 An approach to sustainable and inclusive cities,
placing weight on the social capital of urban progress
4

5. But the topic remains controversial in
both practice and research and as
Hollands (2008) concludes
 Cities often claim to be smart, without defining what
this means to them or providing the evidence to
support such claims.
 Smart-er cities appear to be simply ‘wired cities’,
disregarding the human capital side of the equation
 Cities should recognize that the critical factor in their
ventures is the people and how they interact…
5

6. Current EU policies suggest a
growing interest on smart cities
 The main attention is given by the Future
Internet Programme
- smart cities as a catalyst for FI because of the
dense social ecosystems relying heavily on Internet
technology which heavily influence social
interactions in return
 Yet, ideas and strategies are being
strategically shaped across a number of EU
programmes, including The Living Labs.
6

7. The role of innovation in EU
smart cities(-relevant) policies is
also increasing
 It is in the heart of i2010 – role of end-users in the Digital
Society in sustaining services, applications and content
generation for scalability and mass-market
 Bringing together Future Internet technologies with Living Labs
methodologies and practices as a viable way forward
 “2020 Strategy” emphasizes smart, sustainable and inclusive
growth; innovation is where progress is mostly needed
 Other EU programmes - Lisbon and Gothenburg strategies,
Territorial Agenda, URBACT, Leipzig Urban Charter call for using
all urban potentials to address all dimensions of SD at the same
time and with the same weight through innovation.
7

8. But “open innovation” in particular
emerges as a focal point of strategic
smart cities visions and approaches
 Henry Chesbrough (2003) used the term first in
context of the firm’s strive to advance technology
 Recent debates suggest ‘open innovation’ should refer
to also how government and other institutions work
and collaborate with society
 The emerging notion of open innovation, based on
networking and inter-institutional relations appears
highly relevant to the new paradigm of the ‘smart city’
- one that brings technology, people and places
together for the benefit of the citizens and the urban
locality.
8

9. The benefits of using open
innovation for the smart cities are
to be found in many dimensions
 In developing collaborative processes between local ‘smart
citizens’, government and developer communities
 In offering a new way for citizens to share not just in the
design but also in the delivery of services and contribute
their own wisdom and experience in ways that can
broaden and strengthen services and make them more
effective
 In providing a viable agenda for a smart city system
change
9

10. The Living Labs approach and
methodology provide a natural setting
for open innovation
 As a platform for implementing an open innovation model to
pilot different initiatives towards the Europe 2020 perspective
of well-being and sustainability.
 As a user-driven innovation ecosystems based on a business-
citizens-government partnership to enable users to take active
part in the research, development and innovation process
 As an ecosystem in which new products and services are
created, prototyped and used in real-time environments
 Where users are not treated as object in the innovation process
or as mere customers, but as early stage contributors and
innovators
10

11. Four recently launched ICT PSP pilots
projects in EU show some important
trends
1. SMARTiP: Smart Metropolitan Areas Realised
through Innovation and People
 Builds on the premises that ‘smart citizens’ within a network of
‘smart cities’ are a catalyst for ‘smart growth’, which curbs the
inequalities in smart citizens and public services.
 Takes a holistic approach to e-government to tackle various inter-
connected policy agendas simultaneously and address the need
for smarter redistribution and service design as well as
recognition of the role of people in achieving it in a sustainable
and fairer way
 3 Pilots: Smart environment, Smart mobility and Smart
engagement
11

12. 2. EPIC: Delivering effective smart
city services across Europe
 Combines innovation ecosystem processes, e-government
service applications and new cloud computing technologies to
create a scalable and flexible pan-European platform - The
European Platform for Intelligent Cities for innovative, user-
driven public service delivery through user-driven open
innovation, connected smart cities and web-based advanced
services.
 Develops city applications leveraging Living Labs and Smart Cities
service delivery innovations such as Relocation Service, Urban
Planning Service, and Smart Environment Service.
12

13. 3. PEOPLE: Pilot smart urban ecosystems
leveraging open innovations for promoting and
enabling e-services
 To accelerate uptake of smart cities through advanced
deployment and uptake of innovative internet-based services to
provide better quality of life for their citizens; by applying user-
driven open innovation methodologies and processes.
 Four Smart Open Innovation Urban Ecosystems Pilots
- Bilbao - public safety and living’s aspects of urban quality of life
information services
- Vitry sur Seine - public safety and mobility information systems
for the excluded ones
- Thermi - ‘Intelligent City Centre’ information system on
commerce, leisure and tourism
- Bremen – new university campus life services
13

14. 4. Periphèria: Networked smart
peripheral cities for sustainable
lifestyles
 To deploy convergent Future Internet (FI) platforms and services
for the promotion of sustainable lifestyles in and across
emergent networks of ‘smart’ peripheral cities in Europe
 The Open Service Convergence Platform - ‘Internet by and for
the People’ based on Social Information Architecture, integrates
sensor networks, real time 3D and mobile location-based
services with the FI paradigms of Internet of Things, Internet of
Services, and Internet of People.
 Social interaction occurs at the ‘run-time’ moments in which the
infrastructures and services are jointly and dynamically
discovered, invoked and composed
 User-generated content is main driver of social interaction,
occurring in different urban settings and conditions.
14

15. Periphèria's five pilots are
developed in specific “Urblets”
 user-generated media for inter-cultural dialogue and
civic interaction (Malmo, Sweden);
 traffic and transportation-related information
(Bremen, Germany)
 strategic planning (Athens, Greece);
 cultural and natural heritage (Genoa, Italy);
 e-government services to citizens and businesses
(Palmela, Portugal)
15

16. Periphèria's Future Internet
concept is also novel
Key belief is that convergence of Future Internet
platforms occurs through social interaction in concrete
situations, in an ‘Internet by and for the People’ which
is a discovery-driven, not functionalities-driven
centripetal aggregation of the main Future Internet
paradigms:
Periphèria’s Future Internet Concept
16

17. Peripheria integrates technological
with social innovation to build the
smart-er city
 In a Living Lab context, through a ‘re-negotiation’ of specific city
infrastructures (named ‘Urblets’) and patterns of behaviour (named
“Behavlets”) driven by Future Internet possibilities (serious games)
 Five archetypical ‘Arenas’ – specific urban innovation playgrounds
with defined social features and infrastructure requirements; spaces
where co-design and service integration processes unfold:
• Smart Neighbourhood: where media-based social interaction occurs
• Smart Street: where new transportation behaviours develop
• Smart Square: where civic decisions are taken
• Smart Museum and Park: where natural and
cultural heritage feed learning
17

18. Several main directions for moving
forward are emerging as viable
- Social interaction is in the heart of the smart city model, in which the
infrastructures and services are jointly and dynamically discovered, invoked and
composed by providers and users alike.
- Creating open ‘digital citizen-developer’ communities and establishing private-
public-people partnerships (PPPPs) to find dynamic and imaginative ways to interact
and create, drawing inspiration and experience from open innovation and sustainable
urban development.
- Building new collaborations and networks so cities can understand innovation,
innovators understand cities, citizens to become effectively engaged and users to
become content and service producers and deliverers.
- Deploying convergent Future Internet platforms and services for the promotion of
sustainable life and work styles in and across emergent networks of ‘smart’ cities.
- Creating Smart Open Innovation Urban Ecosystems – specific urban settings or
innovation playgrounds which combine innovation and social and commercial
activities to enable open innovation and showcase the benefits for localities of
growing smarter and more sustainable.
18

19. As regards open innovation in the
smart city, the key insights are
 It is strongly embedded locally in spite taking the advantages of networking with
other cities and communities.
 Capturing the true values of the territory and its total capacity that is consciously
and strategically geared towards improving urban sustainability, governance and
the urban quality of life stands up as the greatest challenge ahead
 One working definition that comes out is that
“open innovation in smart cities means using ICT for delivering more sustainable
and inclusive cities with better quality of life for their citizens through delivering
better services and goods in a mutual and creative relationship between local
officials, professionals, and the people, supported by the right set of strategic
policies” (Paskaleva, 2011).
 Which implies that open innovation is not only a mindful but also strategically-
driven collaboration between the stakeholders, which leads to a systematic
change in the way cities grow smart.
19

20. The human capital is in the heart
of the process of transformation
Whether people are currently defined as
users, clients, or citizens, they all provide
the vital ingredients which allow
innovation to flourish and to be more
effective.
20

21. But transforming the traditional
model of public service
development is also necessary
Co-
Target concept
Evaluati- Co-
Decision Co-use
on/or not decision
Open innovation Co-evaluation
Co- Co-
Delivery Design delivery design
Public service policy Smart city service policy
Towards an ‘outward’ looking service development where
the adequacy and the viability of the urban services is
safeguarded by the people’s involvement in all stages of the
process and the relevant activities.

22. The overall conclusion,
however is that
Using open innovation for building the
smart (-er) city can be effective, efficient
and sustainable but consistent
frameworks, principles and strategic
agendas are necessary to optimally bind
these elements together.
22

23. But there is a more fundamental problem
which is barely addressed by current debates:
the policy of building the smart city
 With most efforts focusing on smart cities activities without understanding the key
constructs and principles, it is clear that open innovation can be stalled if a new and
cohesive policy approach is not built.
 Collaboration too is to be re-organised in ways that are more effective and lasting,
yet the models and the policies are still not there for what cities are trying to
achieve. Dealing with the linked challenges across the stakeholders can affect their
ability to change.
 But making a policy choice towards open innovation around or within a specific
urban territory, termed by Peripheria as ‘Arena’, where it all comes together and as
a self-organised system of people, is also necessary.
 Evidently, this new territorial approach to open innovation in the smart city has to
become part of the Living Lab approach too and in the methods, processes and
developments it uses.
 These hand in hand with a new trust in co-production and co-delivery, and
enthusiasm about the role of mutual collaboration, social networks and PPPPs.
23

24. On the EU level this translates
into the need of
 Understanding and addressing the key issues of open innovation
strategically, by embracing a common definition of open
innovation in the smart city and defining the strategy,
mainstreaming the policy integration and identifying the areas of
urban development where it can have the most profound effect.
 Embracing the culture of open innovation and the means for
utilizing the appropriate measures by the cities is a prerequisite
 First and foremost establishing new communities of city officials,
active citizens and professionals whose aspirations for smarter
and more sustainable cities can be equalled by their grasp of
current and strategic developments as well as their practical skills
and knowledge s a must.
Thank you.
24