The document discusses different types of reinforcement used in concrete construction including hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and prestressing steel. It also discusses ready mixed concrete (RMX), the working process of RMX, advantages and disadvantages compared to site mixed concrete. The document provides information on major RMX companies. It also discusses insulating concrete formwork (ICF), crosswall construction formwork, and photos of ICF site installation.

1. FORMS & MATERIALS FOR SPEEDY CONSTRUCTION
Khandelwal college of architecture & design, Bareilly
Session 2020-21
SUBMITTED BY:-
SOMITRA BHARDWAJ
DEEPAK VERMA
B.ARCH 5TH YEAR
SUBMITTED TO:-
AR.SHAINA

2. TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
1. Hot Rolled Deformed Bars
2. Mild Steel Plain bars
3. Cold Worked Steel Reinforcement
4. Prestressing Steel
1.Hot Rolled Deformed Bars :-This is the most common
Type Of reinforcement for regular RCC structures. Hot
rolling is done In the mills which involves giving it deformations
on the surface i.e. ribs so that it can form bond with concrete.
The stress Strain curve shows a distinct yield point Followed by
a plastic stage in which strain increases without increase in
stress. This is Followed by a strain hardening stage. It has typical
tensile yield Strength of 60,000 psi.
Hot Rolled Deformed Bars

3. 2. Mild Steel Plain bars:- These are plain bars and
Have no ribs on them. These are used in small
projects where economy is the real concern. As plain
bars cannot bind Very well with concrete hence
hooks have to be provided at the ends. In this type of
steel too stress – straincurve shows a distinct yield point
followed by a plastic stage in which strain Increases without
increase in stress. This is followed by a strain hardening
stage. Plastic stage in Mild Steel Bars is even more
pronounced than Hot Rolled Deformed Bars. Typical tensile
Yield strength is 40,000 psi.
3. Cold Worked Steel Reinforcement:-When hot
Rolled steel bar undergoes process of cold working,
Cold Worked reinforcement is produced. Cold
working involves twisting or drawing the bars at room
temperature. This effectively eliminates the Plastic Stage in
the Stress-Strain curve, although it gives more control over
the size and tolerances of bars. Due to removal of plastic
stage it has lower ductility than Hot Rolled bars. Its use is
specific to projects where low tolerances and straightness are
a major concern. The stress – strain curve does not show a
distinct yield point as plastic stage is entirely eliminated.
Yield point is determined by drawing a line parallel to the
Tangent Modulus at 0.2% strain. Yield stress is the point
where this line intersects the stress – strain curve. This is
known as 0.2% proof stress. If yild stress is determined at
0.1% strain it is called 0.1% proof stress. Typical tensile yield
strength is 60,000 psi.
Mild steel plain bars
Cold worked steel reinforcement

4. 4. Prestressing Steel: Prestressing steel is used in the form of
bars or tendons which are made up of multiple strands, however,
tendons / strands are more frequently used as these can be laid in
various profiles, which is a primary requirement of prestressing
steel. Prestressing strands are, in turn, made up of multiple wires
(typical 2, 3 or 7 wire strands). Typical seven wire strand consists
of six wires spun around the seventh wire which has a slightly
larger diameter, thus forming a helical strand. These wires are
cold drawn and have very high tensile ultimate strength (typically
250,000 - 270,000 psi). Their high tensile strength makes it
possible to effectively prestress concrete even after undergoing
short term and long term losses. These are used in prestressed
concrete in bridges or prestressed slabs in buildings. Prestressing
steel is also available as non-bonded strands encased in PVC
sheath. It is used in Post-Tensioning of members. Prestressing
strands are also available as Low Relaxation Strands which
exhibit low relaxation losses after prestressing. These are typically
used in prestressing members with large spans.
Due to the process of cold drawing, which is similar in effect to
cold working, plastic stage in this type of steel is eliminated. Thus
stress – strain curve does not show a distinct yield point. Yield
point is determined at 0.1% or 0.2% proof stress. However, the
design of prestressed concrete does not depend on yield stress as
much as it depends on the ultimate strength; hence the property
of interest in this type of steel is the ultimate strength.
7 wire strand
Non bonded 7 wire strand

5. Stress - Strain Curves of various
types of Reinforcing Steels

6. RMX(READY MIXED CONCRETE)
Ready mixed concrete, or rmx as it is popularly called, refers to concrete that is specifically manufactured
For Delivery to the customer's construction site in a freshly mixed and plastic or unhardened
state. Concrete itself is a Mixture of portland cement, water and aggregates comprising sand and gravel or
crushed stone. In traditional work Sites, each of these materials is procured separately and mixed in specified
proportions at site to make concrete.
Ready mixed concrete is bought and sold by volume - usually expressed in cubic meters. Rmx can
Be Custom Made To Suit different applications.
 rmx - adding value to concrete
 ready mixed concrete is manufactured under computer-controlled operations and transported and placed at
site using sophisticated equipment and methods. rmx assures its customers numerous benefits:
 uniform, consistent and assured quality of concrete.
 flexibility in concrete design mixes.
 easier addition of admixtures
 faster and speedier construction
 reduced inventories, material handling and storage of raw materials at sites
 savings in labour requirements, labour costs and supervision of labour
 reduced wastage of materials

7. WORKING PROCESS

8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RMC
Advantages of Ready mix Concrete
over Site mix Concrete
 A centralized concrete batching plant
can serve a wide area.
 The plants are located in areas zoned
for industrial use, and yet the delivery
trucks can service residential districts
or inner cities.
 Better quality concrete is produced.
 Elimination of storage space for
basic materials at site.
 Elimination of procurement / hiring of
plant and machinery
 Wastage of basic materials is
avoided.
 Labor associated with production of
concrete is eliminated.
 Time required is greatly reduced.
 Noise and dust pollution at site is
reduced.
 Reduce cost.
Disadvantages of Ready-Mix Concrete
• The materials are batched at a central plant,
and the mixing begins at that plant, so the
traveling time from the plant to the
site is critical over longer distances.
Some sites are just too far away, though this
is usually a commercial rather than
technical issue.
• Generation of additional road traffic;
furthermore, access roads, and site access
have to be able to carry the weight of the
truck and load. Concrete is approx.
2.5tonne per m³. This problem can be
overcome by utilizing so-called 'minimix'
companies, using smaller 4m³ capacity
mixers able to access more restricted sites.
• Concrete's limited time span between
mixing and going-off means that ready-mix
should be placed within 90 minutes
of batching at the plant.

9. COMPANIES
The inside of a transit mixer uses a
simple Archimedes' screw to mix
and to lift the concrete to the
delivery chute.
TRANSIT MIXER
•LARSEN & TERBO
•ACC LTD
•ADITYA BIRLA GROUP
•PRIZM
•JP CEMENT

10. INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK
• The ICF consists of twin-walled expanded polystyrene (EPS)
panels or blocks
• This formwork is then filled with factory produced, quality
assured, ready-mixed concrete to create a strong structure.
• The forms are thermally efficient with the EPS remaining in
place to provide both complete thermal insulation and a
uniform surface ready for the direct application of external
finishes or proprietary cladding systems.
• The installation of PolySteel is fast and does not need skilled
tradesmen.
• An experienced team of four can comfortably erect and concrete
the walls of a three-bedroom bungalow within three days.
“All materials used in the ICF system are inert, so give off no toxic
fumes. The building maintains an even, more comfortable
temperature and air quality is easily controlled with no leakage –
good news for those with asthma or other allergies. Problems
associated with condensation, mould and mildew on walls are
eliminated.”

11. SITE INSTALLATION PHOTOS

12. CROSSWALL FORMWORK
• It is a form of construction where load bearing walls are
placed at right angles to the lateral axis of the building,
• the front and rear walls being essentially non-load bearing
cladding.
•Cross wall construction is suitable for buildings up to 5 storey's
high where the floors are similar.
• The intermediate floors span longitudinally between the
crosswalls providing the necessary lateral restraint
• The junctions between the non-load bearing claddings and the
crosswalls must be weather tight.
• If a pitched roof is to be employed with the ridge parallel to
the lateral axis an edge beam will be required to provide a
seating for the trussed or common rafters and to transmit the
roof loads to the crosswalls.
Typical Crosswall Arrangement Details

13. Advantages Of Crosswall Construction:-
•Load Bearing And Non-load Bearing
Components Can Be Standardized And In Same
Cases Prefabricated Giving Faster Construction
Times.
•Fenestration Between Crosswalls Unrestricted
Structurally.
•Crosswalls Although Load Bearing Need Not Be
Weather Resistant As Is The Case With External
Walls.
Disadvantages Of Crosswall
Construction:-
•Limitations Of Possible Plans.
•Need For Adequate Lateral Ties Between
Crosswalls.
•Need To Weather Adequately Projecting...

14. FIG.1: INSITU FIXING SYSTEM FOR THREE-
WAYJOINT
1. Fixing loops
2. 25mm-diameter rebar tie rod