This document summarizes a student's genetics research project. It addresses how traits are controlled by dominant and recessive alleles as well as co-dominant alleles. It also explains how parental alleles combine to express traits in offspring. Additionally, it discusses the goals and timeline of the Human Genome Project, as well as some of the ethical, legal, and social implications of genetic research and laws like GINA that were influenced by the project. Finally, it briefly touches on single gene disorders, chromosome abnormalities, and multifactorial disorders as well as how genetic counseling can help parents understand genetic risks for future children.

1. Genetic Research Project By: Olivia Gallo And Caroline Kleiner Period.1

2. 1. How are traits controlled by dominant and recessive alleles? When a dominant allele is present, the recessive allele will not show. If the recessive allele is present without a dominant allele, it will show.

3. 2. How are traits controlled with co-dominant alleles? In co-dominance, neither allele is masked up and both are dominant and recessive. Both alleles show up at the same time.

4. 3. Explain how the alleles of two parents combine to express traits in offspring? The alleles from both parents combine. If there are two recessive traits, then the recessive trait will show. If it is a dominant trait with a recessive trait the recessive trait will not show.

5. 1. When did the Human Genome Project start and how did scientists hope to use this information (what were the goals in the beginning)? Some goals were expected to help doctors to get rid of many diseases from a patient’s genetic profile and cure and prevent diseases by targeting the main genetic defects. The main goal was to find out the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome. It was launched in the 1980’s, with mapping out the HGP, insurance companies can’t discriminate against you for pre-existing conditions according to GINA.

6. What are the implications of the Human Genome project in regards to Ethical, legal and Social implications (address each of these in your explanation) Revealing the genome’s secrets also poses a host of legal and ethical concerns, including whether genetic information should be patented or kept in the public domain. Social Implications: The Human Genome project explains the issues of genomic information and technologies for how we understand such issues as health, disease, identity and individual responsibility

7. How did the human genome project change current laws such as GINA? (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008) The Human Genome Project changed current laws, such as GINA by making sure insurance companies can’t discriminate against you if you have a pre-disposition or a pre-existing condition. The insurance companies have to accept you if you want insurance or health care.

8. single gene disorder· chromosome abnormalities· multifactorial disorders There are many differences and similarities between single cell disorders, chromosome abnormalities, and multifactorial disorders. If you have a single-cell disorder, then it is affecting one gene. A multifactorial disorder is when there are many factors that play a role in the disorder. A chromosomal disorder is when something goes wrong when copying the DNA. Each disorder causes a disease that has no cure yet.

9. How can genetic counseling help perspective parents who have a genetic disorder regarding future children? Genetic counselors help couples understand their chances of having a child with a particular genetic disorder. Genetic counselors use tools such as karyotypes, pedigree charts, and Punnett squares to help them in their work.

10. How are karyotypes used to predict genetic disorders? A karyotype can reveal whether a developing baby has the correct number of chromosomes in its cells and whether it is a boy or a girl.

11. Scientific Advancements in cloning People have cloned stem embryos and harvested stem cells from them too If they done embryos, there are more stem cells to work with to cure many disorders

12. Controversial Cloning Cons: Unacceptable risk to humans Few benefits to science Pros: Help better understand how cells work Help battle cancer and other diseases Replace dying humans or to-be-extinct animals

13. Organ Cloning If you program stem cells to be a kidney cell, then you can have a brand new kidney cell. It is another back up for a failing organ. If it takes too long to clone it, then stem cells can fill in the extra cell space.

15. Pros of Organ Cloning Cloning organs can save people’s lives. If we don’t clone organs, many people would die sooner and have a harder time surviving if they could not get a donated organ in time. It would further advance our knowledge in organ cells and the organs themselves.

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