This document discusses human cloning and provides information on several related topics. It begins with basic principles of genetics, including dominant and recessive alleles. It then discusses the Human Genome Project and its goals. Next, it defines different types of genetic disorders. It provides pros and cons of human cloning, discussing the potential benefits like bringing people back to life as well as risks like defects. While cloning is challenging and dangerous, the conclusion supports funding cloning research for medical and other purposes.

1. HUMAN CLONING The world of cloning. Who’s for it, who's against it?????? By Dominick and Bryan Period 8

2. Basic Principles of Genetics How are traits controlled by dominant and recessive alleles? -Individual alleles control the inheritance of traits. Some alleles are dominant, while other alleles are recessive. A dominant allele always shows up over a recessive. 2. How are traits controlled with co-dominant alleles? - In co-dominance, the alleles are neither dominant or recessive. As a result, neither allele is masked in the offspring. 3. Explain how the alleles of two parents combine to express traits in offspring? - Each parents’ traits combine and the dominant traits will show over the recessive traits if there are any. You can find the possible combinations of the offspring through a Punnettsquare. Each parent gives 23 chromosomes resulting in the offspring having 46.

3. Human Genome Project A. When did the project start and how did scientists hope to use this information (what were the goals in the beginning)? The Human Genome Project started in 1990 and the goals in the beginning were to identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA, improve tools for data analysis, and determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA. 2. What are the implications of the Human Genome project in regards to Ethical, legal and Social implications? Legal issues are those concerning the protections that laws or regulations should provide. Social issues are concerned with how events may affect society as a whole and individuals in society. Ethical issues are generally defined as those raising questions concerning what is moral or right. This will make people feel different if they know that they have a certain gene that someone else doesn’t have. 3. How did the human genome project change current laws such as GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008)? GINA will not let you get any genetic information about family members or friends. The Human Genome Project allowed people to see theirs and others’ genetic makeup and whether they are prone to diseases.

4. Genetic Disorders multifactor disorders - These are caused by mutations in multiple genes, which may interact with environmental factors. Multifactorial disorders tend to occur later in life, such as colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease. single gene disorder -A disease caused by abnormality in one gene chromosome abnormalities - A chromosome abnormality reflects an atypical number of chromosomes or a structural abnormality in one or more chromosomes. A Karyotype refers to a full set of chromosomes from an individual which can be compared to a "normal" Karyotype for the species via genetic testing. All of these disorders are similar because they deal with abnormalities in the genes or alleles. All of these disorders are different because they affect a different amount of genes and chromosomes. Prospective parents are naturally concerned about having a healthy child. Genetic counseling offers them the opportunity to learn all they can about the health risks of their baby prior to conception or while it is still in the womb. If parents are willing to undergo genetic testing and allow their unborn child to be tested, a wealth of information can be obtained. Guidance is available if testing reveals a health issue with the child. If you do genetic counseling, you have a better chance of not having a child with abnormalities. A karyotype is a test that doctors do to check whether you are prone to having a child with abnormalities. Another kind of chart is called a pedigree. A pedigree shows all of the phenotypes for a particular gene or organism.

5. What is Cloning?? Cloning - a cell or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived. If you clone someone or something, you can use genetic engineering to change the looks of the clone.

6. Pro #1 Some ways that cloning is good is that if someone dies, we would be able to clone their bodies and bring them back to life. Hospitals and Nurses offices would also be able to clone major arteries like a heart to keep a person alive. People would be able to use their clone to help them if they are busy and do stuff like making dinner.

7. Pro #2 I think that the Government should definitely fund human cloning because you never know if someone very important dies, then you would be able to bring them back to life. For example, the United States get attacked by Russia and everyone has to evacuate and hide. The Russians go for the white house first to attack the president. The Government will be able to let them take the clone, rather than the real president.

8. Con #1 Cloning is dangerous. It is because if your cloning an important organ something could go wrong. Such as defaults. You can loose pieces or have a weaker organ or muscle then most people. Also there can genetically alter the DNA and make it different. There may be mutations within the new body part or human. Also, if you get a organ transferred and your body rejects it, there could be serious consequences. Cloned Dogs

9. Con #2 Some more bad things about human cloning is that cloning is very hard to do because when the United States did an experiment on a sheep named Dolly. They took the sheep’s heredity and cloned the adult female sheep and made a baby sheep named Dolly that looked exactly like the original sheep.. It took them many tries to make Dolly, and she didn’t live very long. The U.S. is afraid that if they clone humans, the same thing will happen to that clone. This is the process in which Dolly was made.

10. Diagram of a Punnett Square As you can see, both parents are heterozygous dominant. This means that the offspring will have a 75% chance of sharing the dominant trait, and a 25% percent chance of having the recessive trait. When a parent is homozygous, the alleles will be either all dominant or all recessive.

11. Conclusion I am totally for cloning. I think that the United States government should fund cloning and seriously look into new cloning experiments. Although cloning can be dangerous and the chances are very low that the clone will actually survive, cloning could one day save the world if someone important dies. The government should also fund medical cloning, in case someone has a serious disease in a major artery or something, we would be able to save them.

13. http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2000051200&type=hitlist&num=4

14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)

15. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.success4dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Human-Cloning1.jpg

16. http://www.humancloning.com/

17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cloning

18. http://cnx.org/content/m26565/latest/