2. Outline
Meaning of Capital Budgeting
Significance of Capital Budgeting Analysis
Traditional Capital Budgeting Techniques
Payback Period Approach
Discounted Payback Period Approach
Discounted Cash Flow Techniques
• Net Present Value
• Internal Rate of Return
• Profitability Index
• Net Present Value versus Internal Rate of Return
3. Meaning of Capital Budgeting
Capital budgeting addresses the issue of
strategic long-term investment decisions.
Capital budgeting can be defined as the
process of analyzing, evaluating, and deciding
whether resources should be allocated to a
project or not.
Process of capital budgeting ensure optimal
allocation of resources and helps
management work towards the goal of
shareholder wealth maximization.
4. Significance of Capital
Budgeting
Considered to be the most important
decision that a corporate treasurer has
to make.
So much is the significance of capital
budgeting that many business schools
offer a separate course on capital
budgeting
5. Why Capital Budgeting is so
Important?
Involve massive investment of
resources
Are not easily reversible
Have long-term implications for the
firm
Involve uncertainty and risk for the
firm
6. Due to the above factors, capital budgeting decisions
become critical and must be evaluated very carefully.
Any firm that does not follow the capital budgeting
process will not be maximizing shareholder wealth
and
management will not be acting in the best interests
of shareholders.
RJR Nabisco’s smokeless cigarette project example
Similarly, Euro-Disney, Concorde Plane, Saturn of GM
all faced problems due to bad capital
budgeting, while Intel became global leader due to
sound capital budgeting decisions in 1990s.
7. Techniques of Capital Budgeting
Analysis
Payback Period Approach
Discounted Payback Period Approach
Net Present Value Approach
Internal Rate of Return
Profitability Index
8. Which Technique should we
follow?
A technique that helps us in selecting projects
that are consistent with the principle of
shareholder wealth maximization.
A technique is considered consistent with
wealth maximization if
It is based on cash flows
Considers all the cash flows
Considers time value of money
Is unbiased in selecting projects
9. Payback Period Approach
The amount of time needed to recover the
initial investment
The number of years it takes including a
fraction of the year to recover initial
investment is called payback period
To compute payback period, keep adding the
cash flows till the sum equals initial
investment
Simplicity is the main benefit, but suffers
from drawbacks
Technique is not consistent with wealth
maximization—Why?
10. Discounted Payback Period
Similar to payback period approach with one
difference that it considers time value of
money
The amount of time needed to recover initial
investment given the present value of cash
inflows
Keep adding the discounted cash flows till the
sum equals initial investment
All other drawbacks of the payback period
remains in this approach
Not consistent with wealth maximization
11. Net Present Value Approach
Based on the dollar amount of cash flows
The dollar amount of value added by a
project
NPV equals the present value of cash inflows
minus initial investment
Technique is consistent with the principle of
wealth maximization—Why?
Accept a project if NPV ≥ 0
12. Internal Rate of Return
The rate at which the net present value
of cash flows of a project is
zero, I.e., the rate at which the present
value of cash inflows equals initial
investment
Project’s promised rate of return given
initial investment and cash flows
Consistent with wealth maximization
Accept a project if IRR ≥ Cost of Capital
13. NPV versus IRR
Usually, NPV and IRR are consistent with
each other. If IRR says accept the project,
NPV will also say accept the project
IRR can be in conflict with NPV if
Investing or Financing Decisions
Projects are mutually exclusive
• Projects differ in scale of investment
• Cash flow patterns of projects is different
If cash flows alternate in sign—problem of
multiple IRR
If IRR and NPV conflict, use NPV approach
14. Profitability Index (PI)
A part of discounted cash flow family
PI = PV of Cash Inflows/initial investment
Accept a project if PI ≥ 1.0, which means
positive NPV
Usually, PI consistent with NPV
PI may be in conflict with NPV if
Projects are mutually exclusive
• Scale of projects differ
• Pattern of cash flows of projects is different
When in conflict with NPV, use NPV
15. Evaluating Projects with
Unequal Lives
Replacement Chain Analysis
Equivalent Annual Cost Method
If two machines are unequal in life, we
need to make adjustment before
computing NPV.
16. Which technique is superior?
Although our decision should be based on
NPV, but each technique contributes in its
own way.
Payback period is a rough measure of
riskiness. The longer the payback
period, more risky a project is
IRR is a measure of safety margin in a
project. Higher IRR means more safety
margin in the project’s estimated cash flows
PI is a measure of cost-benefit analysis. How
much NPV for every dollar of initial
investment
