Energy is a property that is not created or destroyed, although energy can change in form.

1. By: Sonu Goyal
B.Tech Biotech

2. Where does the energy come from?
ENERGY for these things comes from Energy Resources that are
converted into electricity.

3. What is an Energy Resource?
▪ Something that can be
used to produce work.
▪ A material such as oil,
coal, wind, flowing water
that can be used to produce
Energy.

4. Types of Energy Resources

5. Non-Renewable Energy Resources
▪ Finite Energy Resources.
▪ Once Depleted cannot be
replaced or replaced by very
slowly by natural processes.
▪ Examples – Fossil Fuels and
Nuclear Sources.

6. ▪ Unconventional
 Oil Shale
 Natural Gas Hydrates in Marine Sediment
▪ Conventional
• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear
Non-Renewable Energy Resources…

7. Coal
▪ Readily combustible sedimentary
rock occurring in coal beds.
▪ Formed from old plant remains
which were protected from
biodegradation.
▪ Largest source for production of
electricity.

8. Coal
▪ Extracted from the ground
mining either underground
or in open pits.
▪ Fossil Fuel – leads to
emission of high amounts
of Carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.

9. Coal
▪ Advantages
• Most commonly used
• Widely distributed all over
the world.
• Comparatively inexpensive.
• Good Availability
• Large amount of electricity
can be generated.
Disadvantages
Causes pollution due to
harmful byproducts.
Exhaustible source of
energy.
Cannot be Recycled.

10. Nuclear Power
▪ Nuclear technology to extract usable
energy from atomic nuclei via
controlled nuclear reactions.
▪ Method used – Nuclear Fission.
▪ Heat -> Steam ->Mechanical Work ->
Electricity
▪ In 2007, 14% of world’s electricity
came from Nuclear Power.

11. Nuclear Fission
▪ Reaction in which the atom splits into
smaller parts producing free neutrons
and lighter nuclei.
▪ Exothermic Reaction – producing EM
radiation and kinetic energy.

12. Nuclear Power
▪ Advantages
• Emits relatively amounts
of CO2.
• The technology is readily
available , it does not
have to be developed
first.
• It is possible to generate
high amounts of
electrical energy in one
single plant.
Disadvantages
Nuclear Waste.
Uranium is a scarce resource
.Its reserves are estimated to
last for next 30-60 years.
Manufacturing and
Maintenance is Expensive.

13. Petroleum
▪ Flammable liquid found in rock
formations in Earth.
▪ Consists of hydrocarbons and other
organic compounds.
▪ The hydrocarbons are mostly alkanes,
cycloalkanes and various aromatic
compounds.

14. Petroleum
▪ Advantages
• Compact and portable.
• Excellent source of Organic
Molecules for plastic, rubber,
medicines.
• Used in paints and chemical
industry.
• Oil refining produces
Sulphur as a major
byproduct.
Disadvantages
Oil contains Carcinogenic
substances like Benzene.
Sulphur in oil contributes
to air pollution.
Volatile components of
oil contribute to smog.
Exhaustible resource.

15. Natural Gas
▪ Greenhouse gas consisting of
methane.
▪ Found associated with fossil fuels
in coal beds.
▪ A major fuel and a major
feedstock for fertilizers.

16. Natural Gas
▪ Advantages
• Burns more cleanly than
fossil fuels.
• Easily transported via
pipelines and tankers.
• Can be used as fuel for
vehicles because it is
cleaner than gasoline.
• Production of
Ammonia, plastics and
paints.
Disadvantages
Non Renewable
Resource.
Highly Flammable
Toxic if inhaled in
large quantities.

17. Renewable Energy Resources
▪ Infinite Energy Resources.
▪ Can be used over and over again
i.e. can naturally replenish.
▪ Examples – Solar, Wind,
Hydropower, Biomass,
Geothermal.

18. Biomass Energy
▪ Biological material derived from
living or recently living
organisms is Biomass.
▪ Derived from Wood, Waste and
Alcohol Fuels.
▪ Biomass is converted into useful
energy by Thermal, Chemical and
Biochemical processes.

19. Biomass Energy
▪ Advantages
• Renewable.
• Reduce Greenhouse
Effect .
• Indigenous Fuels.
• Low Cost.
• Clean Surroundings.
Disadvantages
Not very efficient.
Not possible if basic
crop not grown.
Research is needed to
reduce the cost of
biomass.
Biomass conversion
projects are mostly
small and therefore
limited.

20. Geothermal Power
▪ Power extracted from the heat
stored in the Earth.
▪ Originates form formation of planets,
radioactive decay of minerals and solar
energy absorbed by earth Surface.

21. Geothermal Power
▪ Also found in forms of
• Volcanoes
• Fumaroles
• Hot Springs
• Geysers
▪ Most active Geothermal
Activity in Ring of Fire.

22. Indian Scenario
▪ Godavari Province
• Filled with Gondwana
sedimentary rocks
• Rocks consist of sandstone,
shale and clays.
• Hosts 13 thermal discharges
with surface temperature 50
degree C to 60 degree C.

23. Indian Scenario
▪ Himalayan Province
• Most promising province in
the coldest part of the
country.
• 100 thermal springs –
temperatures of 100 degree
C.

24. Global Scenario
▪ The Geysers in California,
U.S.A – largest geothermal
power plant in the world.
▪ Current Output – 750MW.

25. Uses of Geothermal Power
▪ Direct heating system uses hot water from reservoirs
near the surface.
▪ Electricity Generation by using the hot steam water
from Geothermal Reservoirs with waters of high
temperature
▪ Geothermal heat pumps use stable ground or water
temperatures near the earth’s surface to control
building temperatures above ground

26. Hydropower
▪ Power derived from
moving water to derive
energy.
▪ Water released from
the reservoir flows
through a turbine,
spinning it, which in
turn activates a
generator to produce
electricity.

27. Hydropower
▪ Advantages
• Once constructed,
electricity is produced at
constructed rate.
• Dams contribute to long
term generation of
electricity.
• Does not produce
greenhouse gases thus,
preventing pollution.
 Disadvantages
 Expensive to construct and
maintain.
 Constructing dams means
destroying natural
environment.
 May cause serious geological
damage.eg. the building of the
Hoover Dam in the USA
triggered a number of earth
quakes and has depressed the
earth’s surface at its location.

28. Wind Energy
▪ Wind is simple air in motion caused by the uneven
heating of the earth’s surface by the sun.
▪ Wind formation:
• During the day, the air above the land heats up
more quickly than the air over water.
• The warm air over the land expands and rises,
and the heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its
place, creating winds.
• At night, the winds are reversed because the air
cools more rapidly over land than over water.
• In the same way, the large atmospheric winds
that circle the earth are created because the
land near the earth's equator is heated more by
the sun than the land near the North and South
Poles.
▪ Being a renewable resource wind energy is
mainly used to generate electricity.

29. Wind Energy
▪ Advantages
• Wind energy is friendly to the
surrounding environment, as no
fossil fuels are burnt to generate
electricity from it.
• Wind turbines take up less space
than the average power station.
• Wind energy is relatively cheap
and efficient with the advent of
new technology.
• Wind turbines are a great resource
to generate energy in remote
locations. Wind turbines can be a
range of different sizes in order to
support varying population levels.
• When combined with solar
electricity, this energy source is
great for developed and
developing countries to provide a
steady, reliable supply of
electricity.
 Disadvantages
Wind energy is unreliable.
Wind turbines produce
lesser electricity than the
average fossil fuelled power
station, requiring multiple
wind turbines to be built in
order to make an impact.
Wind turbine construction
can be very expensive and
costly to surrounding
wildlife during the build
process.
The noise pollution from
commercial wind turbines is
sometimes similar to a small
jet engine.

30. Wind Energy
Indian scenario
▪ Tamil Nadu (4132.72 MW)
• Tamil Nadu is the state with
most wind generating capacity:
4132.72 MW at the end of
2008.
• Not far from Aralvaimozhi, the
Muppandal wind farm which
the largest in Asia is located
near the once impoverished
village of Muppandal,
supplying the villagers with
electricity for work.

31. Wind Energy
▪ International Scenario
▫ Lake Bonney Wind Farm, in South
Australia, was built in two stages.
▫ Stage 1 consisted of 46 turbines each
having a rated capacity of 1.75 MW
(total 80.5 MW) and was finished in
March 2005.
▫ Construction of Stage 2 began in
November 2006 and was finished
around April 2008.
▫ Stage 2 consisted of 53 turbines of 3
MW (total 159 MW).
▫ The combined capacity of the two
stages is 239.5 MW making it the
biggest wind farm in Australia at the
time of completion.

32. Solar Energy
▪ Solar power is a predictably
intermittent energy source, meaning
that whilst solar power is not available
at all times, we can predict with a very
good degree of accuracy when it will
and will not be available.
▪ Solar Energy Budget
• According to the Energy Budget,
Earth is able to receive around
51% of the Sun’s solar energy.
The rest is either absorbed by
clouds and the atmosphere or
radiated back into space.
• But the 51% we receive carries
quite a punch.

33. Solar Energy
▪ Uses:
▫ Solar cells (photovoltaic, PV or photoelectric
cells): convert light directly into electricity.
▫ Solar water heating: Heat from the Sun is
used to heat water in glass panels on the
roof. Solar water heating is easily worthwhile
in places like California and Australia, where
you get lots of sunshine.
▫ Solar Furnaces: They use a huge array of
mirrors to concentrate the Sun's energy into
a small space and produce very high
temperatures. There's one at Odeillo, in
France, used for scientific experiments. Solar
furnaces are basically huge "solar cookers".
A solar cooker can be used in hot countries
to cook food.

34. Solar Energy
▪ Advantages
▫ Solar energy is free - it needs
no fuel and produces no
waste or pollution.
▫ In sunny countries, solar
power can be used where
there is no easy way to get
electricity to a remote place.
▫ Handy for low-power uses
such as solar powered garden
lights and battery chargers, or
for helping your home
energy bills
 Disadvantages
 Doesn't work at night.
 Very expensive to build solar
power stations, although the cost
is coming down as technology
improves. In the meantime, solar
cells cost a great deal compared to
the amount of electricity they'll
produce in their lifetime.
 Can be unreliable unless one is in a
very sunny climate. In the U.K.,
solar power isn't much use for
high-power applications, as one
needs a large area of solar panels
to get a decent amount of power.

35. Solar Energy
Indian Scenario
▪ Biggest Solar Power Plant Planned in Rann of Kutch Gujarat

36. Solar Energy
▪ International Scenario
• Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via
(Catalan: Font Romeu, Odelló i
Vià) is a commune of the
Pyrénées-Orientales
département (Northern
Catalonia), in southwestern
France.
• It is noted as the site of the
world's largest solar furnace, in
Odeillo