civil assignment

1. NOSHAD ALI SOOMRO
ASSIGNMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
ROLL NO: K-12EL70
Mehran university of engineering &
technology jamshoro & khairpur

2. Engineering drawing
 The art of representation of engineering
objects such as
buildings, stones, roads, machines etc on a
paper is called E.D.
 The subject of engineering drawing may be
divided in to following categories.
1. Geometrical drawing
2. Solid geometrical drawing
3. Mechanical Engineering drawing
4. Civil Engineering drawing
5. Electrical Engineering drawing

3. What is leveling and different terms
 Leveling is the determination of the elevation of a
point or difference between points referenced to
some datum
Terms:
1. Datum – any level surface to which elevations are
referenced
2. Mean Sea Level (MSL) – the average height of the
surface of the sea for all stages of the tide over a 19 year
period at 26 tide stations along Pacific, Atlantic and Gulf
3. National Geodetic Vertical Datum – nationwide reference
surface for elevations throughout the U.S. – made
available by National Geodetic Survey (NGS), based on
1929 adjustment.
4. Benchmark – relatively permanent object bearing a
marked point whose elevation above or below an

4. Classification of leveling
 Classification of leveling
 1. Different leveling:
 It is the operation of leveling to determine the elevations of
points. Some distance a part or to establish bench marks.
 2. Check leveling:
 It is the operation of running levels for the purpose of
checking the series of levels, which have been previously
fixed. At the end of each day’s work, a line of level is
run, returning to the starting point of that day with a view to
check the work done on that day.
 3. Profile leveling:
 It is the operation in which the object is to determine the
elevation of points at known distance apart along a given
line, and thus to obtain the accurate out line of the surface of
the ground. It is called the longitudinal leveling or sectioning

5.  4. Cross sectioning:
 It is the operation of leveling to determine the surface undulation or outline
of the ground transverse to the given line and on either side of it.
 5. Reciprocal leveling:
 It is then method of leveling in which the difference in elevation between
two points, accurately determined by two sets of observation when it is not
possible to set up the level midway between the two points.
 6. Barometric leveling:
 It is the method of leveling in which the altitudes of points are determined
by means of a barometer, which measures atmospheric pressure.
 7. Hypsometry:
 It is the method of leveling in which the heights of mountains are found by
observing the temperature at which water boils.
 8. Trigonometric leveling:
 It is then process of leveling in which the elevations of points are computed
from the vertical, angles and horizontal distance measured in the field.


6. Types of foundations
 There are two type of main foundations
 (1)Shallow foundation wich consist of Pad
foundation, Strip foundation, Raft
foundation, Strap foundation, slopped
foundation
 (2)Deep foundation which consist of Well
foundation, Pile foundation etc.

7. Pile foundation
 pile foundation is a type of deep foundation
which is prefered in case of encounter of upper
soil strata of lower bearing capacity.In order to
transfer the loads of the superstructure to a
strata of high bearing capacity deep below the
ground such as rock strata pile foundation is
used.

8. Raft foundation
 A raft foundation consists of a raft of reinforced
concrete under the whole of a building. This
type of foundation is described as a raft in the
sense that the concrete raft is cast on the
surface of the ground which supports it, as
water does a raft, and the foundation is not
fixed by foundations carried down into the
subsoil. Raft foundations may be used for
buildings on compressible

9. Pad foundation
 On made up ground and ground with poor
bearing capacity where a firm, natural bed
of, for example, gravel or sand is some few
metres below the surface, it may be economic
to excavate for isolated piers of brick or
concrete to support the load of buildings of
some four storeys in height. The piers will be
built at the angles, intersection of walls and
under the more heavily loaded

10. Strip foundation
 Strip foundations consist of a continuous
strip, usually of concrete, formed centrally
under load bearing walls. This continuous strip
serves as a level base on which the wall is
built and is of such a width as is necessary to
spread the load on the foundations to an area
of subsoil capable of supporting the load
without undue compaction. Concrete is the
material principally used today for foundations
as it