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Ch 21
1.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Chapter 21 Unicast and Multicast Routing: Routing Protocols
2.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 21.1 Unicast Routing Metric Interior and Exterior Routing
3.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.1 Unicasting
4.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 In unicast routing, the router forwards the received packet through only one of its ports. Note:
5.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 21.2 Unicast Routing Protocols RIP OSPF BGP
6.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.2 Popular routing protocols
7.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.3 Autonomous systems
8.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Table 21.1 A distance vector routing table Destination Hop Count Next Router Other information 163.5.0.0 7 172.6.23.4 197.5.13.0 5 176.3.6.17 189.45.0.0 4 200.5.1.6 115.0.0.0 6 131.4.7.19
9.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Receive: a response RIP message 1. Add one hop to the hop count for each advertised destination. 2. Repeat the following steps for each advertised destination: 1. If (destination not in the routing table) 1. Add the advertised information to the table. 2. Else 1. If (next-hop field is the same) 1. Replace entry in the table with the advertised one. 2. Else 1. If (advertised hop count smaller than one in the table) 1. Replace entry in the routing table. 3. Return. RIP Updating Algorithm
10.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.4 Example of updating a routing table
11.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.5 Initial routing tables in a small autonomous system
12.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.6 Final routing tables for Figure 21.5
13.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.7 Areas in an autonomous system
14.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.8 Types of links
15.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.9 Point-to-point link
16.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.10 Transient link
17.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.11 Stub link
18.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.12 Example of an internet
19.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.13 Graphical representation of an internet
20.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.14 Types of LSAs
21.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.15 Router link
22.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.16 Network link
23.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.17 Summary link to network
24.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.18 Summary link to AS boundary router
25.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.19 External link
26.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 In OSPF, all routers have the same link state database. Note:
27.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 1. Start with the local node (router): the root of the tree. 2. Assign a cost of 0 to this node and make it the first permanent node. 3. Examine each neighbor node of the node that was the last permanent node. 4. Assign a cumulative cost to each node and make it tentative. 5. Among the list of tentative nodes 1. Find the node with the smallest cumulative cost and make it permanent. 2. If a node can be reached from more than one direction 1. Select the direction with the shortest cumulative cost. 6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 until every node becomes permanent. Dijkstra Algorithm
28.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.20 Shortest-path calculation
29.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Table 21.2 Link state routing table for router A Network Cost Next Router Other Information N1 5 C N2 7 D N3 10 B N4 11 D N5 15 C
30.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Table 21.3 Path vector routing table Network Next Router Path N01 R01 AS14, AS23, AS67 N02 R05 AS22, AS67, AS05, AS89 N03 R06 AS67, AS89, AS09, AS34 N04 R12 AS62, AS02, AS09
31.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.21 Path vector messages
32.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.22 Types of BGP messages
33.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 21.3 Multicast Routing IGMP Multicast Trees MBONE
34.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.23 Multicasting
35.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 In multicast routing, the router may forward the received packet through several of its ports. Note:
36.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 IGMP is a group management protocol. It helps a multicast router create and update a list of loyal members related to each router interface. Note:
37.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.24 IGMP message types
38.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.25 IGMP message format
39.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Table 21.4 IGMP type field Type Value General or special query 0x11 or 00010001 Membership report 0x16 or 00010110 Leave report 0x17 or 00010111
40.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.26 IGMP operation
41.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.27 Membership report
42.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 In IGMP, a membership report is sent twice, one after the other. Note:
43.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.28 Leave report No Response
44.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 The general query message does not define a particular group. Note:
45.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.29 General query message No Response
46.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Example 1 Imagine there are three hosts in a network, as shown in Figure 21.30 (below). A query message was received at time 0; the random delay time (in tenths of seconds) for each group is shown next to the group address. Show the sequence of report messages.
47.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Solution The events occur in this sequence: 1. Time 12. The timer for 228.42.0.0 in host A expires and a membership report is sent, which is received by the router and every host including host B which cancels its timer for 228.42.0.0. 2. Time 30. The timer for 225.14.0.0 in host A expires and a membership report is sent, which is received by the router and every host including host C which cancels its timer for 225.14.0.0. 3. Time 50. The timer for 251.71.0.0 in host B expires and a membership report is sent, which is received by the router and every host. 4. Time 70. The timer for 230.43.0.0 in host C expires and a membership report is sent, which is received by the router and every host including host A which cancels its timer for 230.43.0.0.
48.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 In a source-based tree approach, the combination of source and group determines the tree. Note:
49.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 In the group-shared tree approach, the group determines the tree. Note:
50.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.31 Logical tunneling
51.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.32 MBONE
52.
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2004 21.4 Multicast Routing Protocols DVMRP MOSPF CBT PIM
53.
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Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.33 Multicast routing protocols
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Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.34 Reverse path forwarding
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Companies, Inc., 2004 In reverse path forwarding, the router forwards only the packets that have traveled the shortest path from the source to the router; all other copies are discarded. RPF prevents the formation of loops. Note:
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Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.35 RPF versus RPB
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Companies, Inc., 2004 RPB creates a shortest-path broadcast tree from the source to each destination. It guarantees that each destination receives one and only one copy of the packet. Note:
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Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.36 RPF, RPB, and RPM
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Companies, Inc., 2004 RPM adds pruning and grafting to RPB to create a multicast shortest- path tree that supports dynamic membership changes. Note:
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Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.35 RPF versus RPB
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Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.37 Unicast tree and multicast tree
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Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.38 Shared-group tree with rendezvous router
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Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 21.39 Sending a multicast packet to the rendezvous router
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Companies, Inc., 2004 In CBT, the source sends the multicast packet to the core router. The core router decapsulates the packet and forwards it to all interested hosts. Note:
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Companies, Inc., 2004 PIM-DM uses RPF and pruning and grafting strategies to handle multicasting. However, it is independent of the underlying unicast protocol. Note:
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Companies, Inc., 2004 PIM-SM is similar to CBT but uses a simpler procedure. Note:
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