1. Basic principles, Applications And Features
TELVASS SYSTEMS PRIVATE LIMITED

2. DEFINITION
 A metallic apparatus for sending and receiving
electromagnetic waves.
 Usually it is a metallic device (rod or wire) for radiating or
receiving radio waves.
 An antenna is a transitional structure between free-space
and a guiding structure.

3. RADIATION MECHANISM

4. BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS
 Radiation Resistance RA: The equivalent resistance which
would dissipate the same amount of power as the antenna
radiates.
 Input impedance ZA : The ratio of the voltage to the current
at the antenna terminals.
 Polarization: The direction of the E-field.

5. BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS
 Radiation pattern: The relative distribution of radiated power
as a function of direction in space – an (hypothetical) isotropic
antenna radiates equally in all directions.
 Gain G : The ratio of the radiated power in the maximum
direction to the radiated power of an isotropic antenna. The
gain of an antenna represents the ability to focus its beam in a
particular direction – an isotropic antenna has a gain of 0 dB.

6. BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS
 Beam width: The angle between the two directions in which
the radiated power is half of the maximum value of the beam.
 Bandwidth: Half-power frequency band.
 Antenna efficiency: e = Prad / Pin
 Effective aperture: It describes the effectiveness of an antenna
in the receiving mode. It is defined as the ratio of the power
delivered to the load to the incident power density.

7. RF CONNECTORS
TYPES OF CONNECTOR
1) STANDERD TYPES:
 N Connector [Neill]
 Designed : 1940
 Designer : Paul Neill
 Pass Band : 0-18 GHz
 BNC Connector [Bayonet Neill Concelman]
 Designed : 1951
 Designer : Paul Neill,
 Pass Band : 0-3 GHz

8. RF CONNECTORS
1) STANDERD TYPES:
 7/16 DIN Connector:
 Designed :
 Designer : Spinner
 Pass Band : 0-18 GHz
 C Connector [Carl Concelman]
 Designed :
 Designer : Carl Concelman]
 Pass Band : 0-11 GHz

9. RF CONNECTORS
1) STANDERD TYPES:
 F Connector :
 Designed : 1950
 Designer : Eric E. Winston
 Pass Band : 0-1 GHz
 GR Connector:
 Designed : 1960
 Designer : General Radio Corporation
 Pass Band :

10. RF CONNECTORS
1) STANDERD TYPES:
 TNC Connector [Threaded Neil Concelman]
 Designed : 1950
 Designer : Paul Neill & Concelman
 Pass Band : 0-11 GHz
 UHF Connector:
 Designed : 1930
 Designer :E.Clark Quackenbush
 Pass Band : 0-300 MHz

11. RF CONNECTORS
2) MINIATURE TYPES:
 MMCX Connector [Micro Miniature Coaxial]
 Designed : 1990
 Designer :
 Pass Band : 0-6 GHz
 MCX Connector:
 Designed : 1980
 Designer :
 Pass Band : 0-6 GHz

12. RF CONNECTORS
2) MINIATURE TYPES:
 UFL Connector :
 Designed : 1990
 Designer :
 Pass Band : 0-6 GHz
 IPX Connector:
 Designed : 1990
 Designer :
 Pass Band : 0-6 GHz

13. RF CONNECTORS
2) MINIATURE TYPES:
 SMA Connector[Sub Miniature Version A]
 Designed : 1960
 Designer :
 Pass Band : 0-26 GHz
 SMB Connector[Sub Miniature Version B]
 Designed : 1960
 Designer :
 Pass Band : 0-4 GHz

14. TEST SETUP FOR ANTENNA MEASUREMENT
VNA
TX’r RX’r
PORT 1 PORT 2
D
D= Distance Between Antenna In KM
TX’r= Transmitting Antenna
RX’r= Receiving Antenna
VNA= Vector Network Analyzer

15. FORMULAS REQUIRED FOR ANTENNA EVALUATION
 Free Space Loss(FSL)=92.5+20 log(Freq in GHz)+20 log(D in KM)
 Total Loss(TL)= FSL + Measured Cable Loss
 Gain(G)= (TL - RSL)/2 If both TX’r and RX’r are same.
 Gain(G)= TL-RSL-Gr
 Front to Back Ratio(FBR)=RSL@0° - RSL@180°
RSL= Received Signal Level
Gr= Gain of Reference antenna

16.  Parabolic Dish Antenna : A parabolic antenna is an antenna that
uses a parabolic reflector, a surface with the cross-sectional
shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves.
 Sector Antenna : A sector antenna is a type of directional
microwave antenna with a sector-shaped radiation pattern.
 Omni Antenna : An Omni directional antenna is an antenna
which radiates power uniformly in all directions in one plane,
with the radiated power decreasing with elevation angle above
or below the plane, dropping to zero on the antenna's axis.

17.  Patch Panel Antenna : A patch antenna is a type of radio
antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a flat
surface.
 Yagi Antenna : A Yagi-Uda array, commonly known simply as a
Yagi antenna, is a directional antenna consisting of a driven
element and additional parasitic element.
 Grid Antenna : A Grid antenna is a directional antenna similar
to parabolic dish antenna with narrow beam width.

18.  Parabolic Dish Antenna:
 Microwave Relay links that carry Telephone and Television
Signals
 Wireless WAN/LAN links for data communication
Satellite and Spacecraft communication antenna
 Sector Antenna:
Antennas for cell phone base station sites
Used for limited range distance of around 4 to 5 Km.
WiFi Application

19.  Patch Panel Antenna :
WiFi/WiMAX
LAN
 Omni Antenna:
Radio broadcasting
Mobile Devices that use radio such as Cell Phones, FM
Radios, Cordless Phones… etc
 Grid Antenna :
WiFi/ WiMAX
LAN
Video and Audio Transmission

20.  Yagi Antenna :
Television broadcast bands
Traditional Radios
 Grid Antenna :
WiFi/ WiMAX
LAN
Video and Audio Transmission

21.  Wireless systems becoming an important infrastructure in our
society.
 A virtual global system is a good solution that can efficiently
connect many dedicated wireless systems including 2G to 4G
cellular systems, wireless LAN, broadcasting systems, etc.

23. THANK YOU