the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Sri Lanka Agricultural Economics Association (SAEA) summoned a symposium on “Convergence of policies and programs for sustainable and climate resilient agriculture and role of agricultural economics association in contemporary world” on December 13, 2014 as part of Joint Annual Research Forum at Hectare Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka. The aim of the symposium was to bring together researchers from South Asian countries to present the policy measures taken within their countries regarding climate –smart agriculture and to explore the convergence among them for the near future.

1. Convergence of Policies and Programmes for
Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture in
India
Shinoj Parappurathu, P K Joshi and
Anjani Kumar
Symposium on
Converging Policies and Programs for Sustainable and Climate Resilient
Agriculture and
Role of Agricultural Economics Associations in the Contemporary World
December 13, 2014
Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute, Colombo, Sri
Lanka

2. International Food Policy Research Institute
 Background
 Climate Smart Agriculture: Concept and Definition
 CSA in the Indian Context
 Review of Agricultural Development Programmes in India
 Convergence of development programmes with CSA
 A Synthesis on convergence assessment
 Epilogue
Overview

3. International Food Policy Research Institute
Background
 The trajectory of agricultural growth in India during the past
six decades was shaped-up through a mix of policies and
programmes adopted from time to time by the GoI.
 Several initiatives for
 productivity enhancement
 reforms in agricultural marketing,
 food management and distribution,
 irrigation,
 credit delivery,
 extension of technologies, etc.
 The focus shifted from pure production augmenting strategies
to a more broad based sustainable development strategy by
the 80s.

4. International Food Policy Research Institute
Background
 Successive programmes gave emphasis on
 diversified production,
 integrated farming system approach,
 strategies to contain risk and uncertainties,
 farm mechanization, etc.
 Presently, agriculture in India faces the challenges of
 degrading soil quality,
 lowering ground water table,
 resurgence of pests and diseases,
 low input response, and so on.
 Climate Change has the potential to seriously derail the food
production targets of the country.
 Consequently, there is a growing clamour for adopting
programmes and policies for sustainable intensification of
agriculture with focus on organic farming, conservation
agriculture, climate smart agriculture (CSA), etc.

5. International Food Policy Research Institute
 CSA has emerged as a way forward to consolidate and
strengthen the climate change adaptation and mitigation
regime at the global level.
 The concept of CSA was initially mooted through a
multilateral discourse lead by the FAO, Rome (Presented in
Hague Conference, 2010)
 CSA integrates the economic, social and environmental
dimensions of sustainable development by jointly
addressing food security and climate change challenges.
 To be more specific, CSA is an approach to develop the
technical, policy and investment conditions to achieve
sustainable agricultural development through an integrated
approach that is responsive to local conditions.
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)

6. International Food Policy Research Institute
 Sustainably increasing agricultural
productivity and incomes,
 Adapting and building resilience to climate
change and,
 Reducing and removing green house gases
(GHGs) emissions, where possible.
The Three Pillars of CSA

7. International Food Policy Research Institute
Awareness Planning Implementation
CSA
Vulnerabilities to
Climate change
Monitoring and evaluation
Science Policy
Drivers of change Climate change
Science and technology
Food prices
Markets and trade
Urbanization
Regulations
Population growth
The Role of CSA in Changing Agricultural Systems (Source: FAO, 2013)

8. International Food Policy Research Institute
 CSA has strong relevance for Indian agriculture for a range of
reasons;
 High dependence of people on primary sector( 118.6 million cultivators
and 144.4 million agricultural workers as per Census, 2011)
 More than 80 % of farmers in India are small holders with less than 2 ha of
land.
 High level of vulnerability of resource poor farmers to climatic risks
 Added constraints such as low access to inputs, markets, low
mechanization, high price variability, natural resource degradation, high
climatic variability, weak institutional support, and so on..
 With the launching of NAPCC in 2008, India entered the limited
league of developing countries with programmes for climate
change adaptation and mitigation.
 Various components of CSA are already part of past and
ongoing agricultural development programmes.
CSA in the Indian Context

9. International Food Policy Research Institute
 Production augmenting and productivity enhancing
 Food management
 Natural resource conservation and management
 For improving inputs and service delivery systems,
 For minimizing risk and uncertainty in agriculture, and
 Climate change mitigation and adaptation programmes.
Review of Agricultural Development
Programmes

10. International Food Policy Research Institute
 An important pre-requisite for convergence assessment
exercise is to define a set of observable interventions falling
under each broad domain of CSA.
 These domains should be defined in such a way that they
cover the technological, policy and institutional interventions
for achieving sustainable and climate resilient agriculture.
 Accordingly, 9 domains of CSA were defined and specific
interventions falling under these domains were determined.
Assessing Convergence of Programmes
with CSA

11. International Food Policy Research Institute
Sl.
No.
Domain under CSA Specific Interventions
1. Water conservation
and management
(WCM)
Rain water harvesting, Ground water
development, Creating / Upgrading
irrigation infrastructure, Establishing micro-
irrigation systems, System of Rice
Intensification (SRI), Laser levelling.
2. Soil conservation and
management (SCM)
Construction of soil erosion control
structures, Terrace farming and contour
farming, Drainage management,
Conservation agriculture, Reclamation of
problem soils, Grazing and pastor
management.
CSA domains and Interventions
Contd…

12. International Food Policy Research Institute
Sl.
No.
Domain under CSA Specific Interventions
3. Nutrient management
(NM)
Integrated Nutrient Management (INM),
Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF), Organic
farming, Balanced nutrient application,
Upgrading soil testing infrastructure,
Adoption of leaf colour charts, Nutrient
based subsidy regime.
4. Energy management
(EM)
Precision farming, Hi-tech agriculture with
climate control systems, Adoption of fuel
efficient farm implements, Biofuel
feedstock cultivation, Establishment of
climate-controlled cattle/poultry farms,
Low Impact and Fuel Efficient Fishing (LIFE).
CSA domains contd…

13. International Food Policy Research Institute
Sl.
No.
Domain under
CSA
Specific Interventions
5. Genetic resource
conservation and
management
(GRCM)
Development of biotic and abiotic stress tolerant
varieties, Development and adoption of HYV of crops
and improved breeds of livestock and fish, Strengthening
AI and other breed enhancement services, Protection
and registration of crop/animal/fish varieties/breeds, in
situ and ex situ conservation, Establishment of seed
banks, Establishment of biodiversity parks, Protection of
farmers’ and plant breeders’ rights.
6. Farming system
management
(FSM)
Crop diversification, Integrated farming systems (crop-
livestock systems, rice-fish system, mixed cropping,
agro-forestry, sylvopastoral system), Integrated Pest
Management (IPM), Pest surveillance, Integrated Weed
Management (IWM), Crop rotations, Crop residue
management, Sericulture, Animal herd and health
management, Fodder development, Composting, Silage
systems, Culture-based fisheries (CBF), Integrated coastal
management, Hatchery management, Protection of
brood stock and nursery habitats.
CSA domains contd…

14. International Food Policy Research Institute
Sl.
No.
Domain under
CSA
Specific Interventions
7. Value chain
management
(VCM)
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Adoption of Sanitary
and Phyto Sanitary (SPS) measures in crop/animal/fish
storage, movement and value addition, Efficient Input
delivery and management, Enhancing food processing
and storage infrastructure, Establishment of cold chain
networks, Construction of modern abattoirs,
Strengthening packaging, grading and standardization,
Certification of products for GAP/organic practices,
Strengthening of quality control management and
administration, Upgrading market infrastructure,
Recycling biological waste, Sound waste disposal
systems.
8. Risk and
uncertainty
management
(RUM)
Crop and animal insurance, Weather-based insurance,
Weather advisories, Early warning systems, Rehabilitation
packages, Disaster management systems.
9. Social Safety nets
(SSN)
Food procurement and distribution system, Direct cash
transfers.
CSA domains contd…

15. International Food Policy Research Institute
Assessment of CSA Convergence

16. International Food Policy Research Institute
1. Production augmenting and productivty enhancing programmes
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of CSA
applicable
Broad implications
National
Food
Security
Mission
(NFSM)
Demonstration and training on INM,
IPM, use of HYV, etc.
NM, FSM Interventions
falling under
most of the
domains of CSA
are present. It
has the potential
to increase
climate change
adaptation
particularly
through
sustainable
agricultural
practices,
natural resource
conservation
and value chain
integration.
Supply of seeds, nutrients, soil
ameliorants, bio-fertilizers, chemicals,
farm machines, etc.
NM, SCM, FSM
Promotion of inter-cropping, mixed
farming, etc.
FSM
Reclamation of problematic soils,
development of water-logged areas.
SCM, WCM
Demonstration of heat tolerant
varieties
GRCM
Promotion of micro-irrigation system,
farm mechanization
WCM, EM
Value chain integration of small
producers
VCM
Local initiatives for augmentation of
water resources, development of
storage infrastructure, processing
facilities, etc.
WCM, VM

17. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Rashtriya
Krishi Vikas
Yojana
(RKVY)
Integrated development of food crops
through rain-fed farming system.
FSM The program
targets
integrated
development of
crop, livestock
and fishery
systems with a
thrust on
investing in
sustainable
cropping
practices and
improved
technology.
Seed production & certification,
treatment, demonstration, training, etc.
GRCM
Soil health cards, micro nutrient
demonstration, OF, soil reclamation,
IPM, bio-fertilizer production.
SCM, NM
Horticulture and sericulture
development.
FSM
Fodder production, genetic up-
gradation of livestock, health
management, fishery production.
FSM, GRCM
Horticulture development, natural
resource management, IPM, soil
nutrient management, fertilizers and
bio-fertilizers/organic farming, animal
husbandry, diary and Fisheries, seeds,
agriculture mechanization, agricultural
extension, agricultural research and
Minor/micro-irrigation.
WCM, SCM,
NM, EM, VCM

18. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Mission for
Integrated
Developm
ent of
Horticulture
(MIDH)
R&D in seed and planting material,
Genetic up-gradation of crops, high-
tech nurseries, and tissue culture units,
Import of planting materials,
production of vegetable seeds.
GRCM The Mission
integrates
several CSA
interventions in
the realms of
GRCM, WCM,
ECM, NM, FSM,
and VCM. It has
strong potential
to develop a
climate resilient
horticultural
sector in the
country.
Creation of community tanks,
ponds/reservoirs, tube wells, dug wells,
etc.
WCM
Construction of green houses, shade
net houses, plastic mulching, plastic
tunnels, etc. Precision farming
development and extension.
WCM, ECM
Promotion of INM and IPM, organic
farming and certification, Adoption of
GAP.
FSM, NM,
VCM
Integrated post-harvest management,
Development of cold chain and
market infrastructure, Enhancing
processing and value addition.
VCM

19. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Bringing
Green
Revolution
to Eastern
India
(BGREI)
Block demonstrations, micro-nutrient
application, weed management and
plant protection.
FSM, NM Targets
integrated
development of
rice and wheat
with thrust on soil
and water
conservation,
adoption of
stress tolerant
varieties and
sustainable
cropping
practices.
Additional
component of
risk and
uncertainty
management.
Establishment of shallow tube wells /
bore wells, dug wells and pump sets,
micro-irrigation systems, rain water
harvesting and storage.
WCM
Renovation and restoration of water
bodies and irrigation structures,
Construction of run-off management
and soil conservation structures,
Reclamation of problem soils.
WCM, SCM
Use of drum seeders for direct seeded
rice, Seed replacement, intercropping
and relay cropping, Green manuring.
FSM, NM,
Introduction of flood, drought and
salinity tolerant varieties, Promotion of
hybrid rice.
GRCM
E-pest surveillance, Use of ICT to
deliver crop advisories.
RUM

20. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Integrated
Scheme of
Oilseeds,
Pulses, Oil
palm and
Maize
(ISPOM)
Assistance for breeder seed,
foundation seed, production and
distribution of certified seed and
distribution of seed minikits,
Establishment of oil palm seed
gardens.
GRCM The programme
would help in
improving
climate
resilience of
pulses, oilseeds,
and maize
through its
multipronged
strategy of
farming system
approach
combined with
natural resource
conservation
and
management.
Supply of rhizobium culture/phosphate
solubilising bacteria, Block
demonstrations on IPM, balanced mix
of NPK and use of micro-nutrients and
bio-fertilizers, Promotion of cropping
system approach.
INM, FSM
Distribution of
gypsum/pyrite/liming/dolomite for
reclamation of problem soils.
SCM
Package for micro irrigation,
Distribution of sprinkler sets etc.
WCM
Assistance for establishing processing
facilities and leaf analysis laboratories
for oil palm.
VCM

21. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Macro
Managem
ent in
Agriculture
Scheme
(MMA)
Distribution of hybrid/high yielding
variety seeds and seed minikits,
Demonstration of hybrid seed
production.
GRCM Thrust on
adoption of
improved
varieties, soil and
water
management,
resource
conservation
technologies
and
enhancement of
value networks
of major crops.
Demonstration of SRI, Conservation
Agriculture, FIRB
WCM, SCM
Production/distribution of micro
nutrients, bio-fertilizers, bio-
pesticides/liquid bio-pesticides,
gypsum/ pyrite/lime
application/green manures, Promotion
of organic farming, vermi composting.
NM, SCM
Promotion of small farm implements
like cono weeder, zero till machine,
rotavators, etc.
EM
Strengthening and creation of soil,
fertilizer, and pesticide testing facilities,
Distribution of soil heath cards, Training
of manpower.
SCM, NM

22. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Accelerated
Fodder
Development
Programme
(AFDP)
Production and distribution of
breeder and foundation seeds of
fodder crops. Demonstration of
improved fodder varieties.
GRCM Intended to
increase
production and
availability of
good quality
fodder.
Components of
CSA like GRCM
and FSM present.
Post-harvest management of fodder
including silage making.
FSM
Intensive
Dairy
Development
Programme
(IDDP)
Procurement and marketing of milk,
Strengthening of milk storage and
processing infrastructure, Promotion
of Clean Milk Production (CMP).
VCM This project
would contribute
to strengthening
of milk value
chain.

23. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
National
Project for
Cattle and
Buffalo
Breeding
(NPCBB)
Improving AI services, Genetic
improvement of animal herds,
Quality control and certification
related to improved animal breeds.
GRCM Genetic up-
gradation of
animal stock
would contribute
to building
animal
germplasm that
is more climate
resilient.
Central
Scheme on
Development
of Inland
Fisheries and
Aquaculture.
Promotion of integrated fish farming,
Establishment of fish seed hatchery
and feed units, Demonstration on
aquaculture technologies,
Establishment of aquatic quarantine
units and diagnostic laboratories,
Riverine fisheries conservation and
awareness programmes.
FSM Focuses on
developing
integrated
aquatic fish
culture systems
and
conservation of
riverine
ecosystems.

24. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Development
of Marine
Fisheries,
Infrastructure
and Post-
harvest
Operations
Upgrading marine fishing fleet
through introduction of intermediate
craft of improved design, Installation
of Global Positioning System (GPS)
and wireless sets on small
mechanized fishing vessels, Vessel
Monitoring System (VMS).
FSM, EM An effort to
modernize
marine fishing in
the country
through
incorporating
modern
technology
interventions. It
would also
enhance energy
efficiency of
fishing
operations.
Development of fish preservation
and storage infrastructure, Up
gradation of fish market
infrastructure.

25. International Food Policy Research Institute
2. Price Support, Food grain Procurement and Public Distribution
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Minimum
Support Price
Scheme
(MSP),
Procurement
and Buffer
stock
Procurement of major agricultural
commodities at guaranteed prices,
Buffer stocking for ensuring food
security and market price
stabilization.
SSN, VCM Ensures food
security and
price stability at
the national
level. Indirectly
they act as
social safety nets
for a substantial
majority of
farmers and
vulnerable
consumers.
Public
Distribution
System (PDS)
Distribution of subsidized food grains
to eligible beneficiaries through FPS
network.
SSN, VCM
Open Market
Operations
Direct intervention of government
into agricultural commodity markets
with the purpose of price
stabilization.
SSN, VCM
Market
Intervention
Scheme (MIS)
Price support operations for
perishable commodities on an
adhoc basis.
SSN, VCM

26. International Food Policy Research Institute
3. Natural resource conservation and management programmes
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Command
Area
Development
and Water
Management
Programme
(CADWMP)
Coverage of CCA of CAD&WM
projects under micro irrigation.
WCM Increases
coverage of
crops under
micro-irrigation
and promotes
soil and water
conservation
thereby
contributing to
climate
adaptability of
marginal areas.
Construction and maintenance of
field drainage systems, reclamation
of water logged areas, Trainings /
demonstrations on water use
efficiency.
WCM, SCM
Mechanized land levelling in hilly
areas, laser levelling of selected
areas.
WCM, SCM

27. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Watershed
Development
Projects
Revival of CPRs, development of
local energy potential, augmenting
ground water potential.
WCM, EM Incorporates a
comprehensive
set of
interventions
aimed at soil
and water
conservation,
cropping system
management
and energy
conservation
and
management for
long-term
sustainability
and climate
resilience
Afforestation and regeneration of
vegetative cover, trenching,
contour and graded bunding,
terracing, etc.
WCM, SCM
Drainage treatment, in situ moisture
conservation, soil conservation and
water harvesting structures and
micro irrigation system.
WCM, SCM
Crop demonstrations, Pasture
development, Sericulture, Bee
keeping, Back yard poultry, Animal
health management, Fisheries
development.
FSM
Promotion and propagation of non-
conventional energy saving
devices, energy conservation
measures, biofuel plantations.
EM

28. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Rainfed Area
Development
Programme
(RADP)
Promotion of integrated farming
system, Silage making, Vermi
composting, Organic input
production, Green manuring, Seed
production, post-harvest and
storage infrastructure.
FSM, VM Aims at
comprehensive
development of
rainfed areas
through
adoption of
sustainable
management
practices which
would enhance
climate
resilience of
these areas.
Establishment of green houses and
poly houses, Setting up of
machinery banks and custom hiring
centres.
EM
Water harvesting and management
activities, Establishment of micro
irrigation systems.
WCM
In situ moisture conservation
through land-levelling, bunding,
mulching, ridge and furrows
building, etc.
SCM
Promotion of crop insurance among
farmers.
RUM

29. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Accelerated
Irrigation
Benefits
Programme
(AIBP)
Assistance for major/medium
irrigation projects as well as surface
minor irrigation schemes of north-
eastern and hilly states.
WCM Aims at
improving
conventional
and micro-
irrigation
potential, natural
resource
management,
enhancing their
resilience to
weather
aberrations.
Vidarbha
Intensive
Irrigation
Development
Programme
(VIIDP)
In situ conservation measures
through Furrows and bunding,
Construction of Farm Ponds, check
Dams, etc. Expansion of micro
irrigation and lift irrigation,
Assistance to minor irrigation
projects.
WCM, SCM
Formation of Water Users
Associations and Farmer Groups.
WCM
National
Mission on
Micro
Irrigation
(NMMI)
Assistance increase coverage
under micro irrigation, HRD on micro
irrigation techniques, transfer of
technology through demonstrations.
WCM

30. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
National
Project for
Management
of Soil Health
and Fertility
(NPMSHF)
Strengthening of soil testing
infrastructure, Facilitating use of soil
amendments, Reclamation of
problem soils.
SCM The project aims
at enhancing
technology,
capacity and
infrastructure in
the realm of soil
and nutrient
management.
Promotion of INM, green manuring,
Capacity building and
demonstrations on nutrient
management, Enhancing nutrient
testing infrastructure, Quality control
of fertilizers.
NM
National
Project on
Organic
Farming
(NPOF)
Promotion of organic farming
through capacity building,
technology development and
transfer as well as awareness
generation, Quality control of
biofertilizers and organic manure.
NM An initiative to
enhance
adoption of
organic farming
through overall
development of
the value chain.Capacity building for soil health
assessment, organic input resource
management and market
development.
SCM, NM,
VCM

31. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
National
Afforestation
Programme
(NAP)
Regeneration of forests,
augmentation of firewood
availability, promotion of
agroforestry and development of
CPRs, conservation and
development of non-timber forest
produce, raising coastal belts to
mitigate adverse impacts of
cyclonic winds, construction of
water harvesting structures,
reclamation of problem soils.
SCM, WCM Afforestation
activities
coupled with
development of
soil and water
resources has
multidimensional
implications in
improving
climate
resilience.
Integrated
Development
of Tree Borne
Oilseeds
Programme
Nursery raising and plantation of
TBO crops, installation of pre-
processing and processing facilities,
R&D on agronomic and
biotechnological aspects of TBO
crops as well as other aspects
related to biofuel production.
FSM, VCM,
EM
Development of
biofuel
feedstock crops
reduces
dependence on
fossil fuels, and
contributes to
climate change
mitigation

32. International Food Policy Research Institute
4. Programmes for improving input and service delivery systems
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Schemes for
Agricultural
credit
Enhancing credit delivery,
Improvement in institutional
infrastructure for farm credit,
Rehabilitation of distressed farmers
in selected areas.
VCM, RUM Programmes to
improve the
quality and
efficiency of
input delivery
and
management.
The interventions
are indirectly
consistent with
the objectives of
CSA through
sustainable
development
pathways.
Fertilizer
Subsidy
Scheme
Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) NM
National
Mission on
Agricultural
Extension and
Technology
(NMAET)
Use of ICT for strengthening
agricultural extension, Capacity
building and institution
strengthening to promote
mechanisation, production and
quality control of seeds, Protection
of plant varieties and farmers’ rights,
Strengthening of plant protection
and quarantine.
VCM, GRCM

33. International Food Policy Research Institute
5. Programmes to minimise risk and uncertainty in agriculture
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
Integrated
Scheme for
Farmers’
Income
Security
(ISFIS)
Insurance coverage for farmers in
the vent of crop failure, Emphasis on
adoption of progressive farming
practices.
RUM, FSM The schemes are
basically meant
for minimizing
risk and
uncertainty
faced by the
farmers in the
event of natural
calamities, pest
and disease
incidence, etc.
The interventions
come under the
RUM domain of
CSA.
Weather based insurance linked
with events such as deficit and
excess rainfall, high or low
temperature, humidity etc.
RUM
Livestock
Insurance
Scheme
Insurance cover for livestock RUM

34. International Food Policy Research Institute
6. Climate change mitigation and adaptation Programmes
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
National
Mission on
Sustainable
Agriculture
(NMSA)
Promotion of integrated farming
systems, Assistance for apiculture,
silage making, fodder bank,
developing/maintaining CPRs, etc.
FSM The Mission
targets to
implement a
package of
interventions that
enhances
sustainability
and climate
resilience of
agriculture. The
main
interventions fall
under major
domains of CSA
such as FSM,
WCM, SCM, NM,
VCM, etc.
Micro irrigation systems, water
harvesting structures, distribution,
storage, drainage structures, etc.
WCM
Residue management, soil erosion
control, reclamation of problem
soils, distribution of soil testing kits,
use of soil health cards, etc.
SCM
Organic farming, micro- and macro
nutrient management, vermi-
composting, etc.
NM
Initiatives for group marketing,
value addition of farm products,
formation of farmer associations.
VCM

35. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
National
Initiative for
Climate
Resilient
Agriculture
(NICRA)
Vulnerability assessment of
production zones to climate change
risk, agro-advisories, contingency
plans, crop evaluations, Monitoring
of GHG emissions.
RUM The programme
intends to
undertake
strategic
research,
technology
demonstrations
and capacity
building
activities in the
field of climate
change
adaption and
mitigation which
are strongly and
directly linked to
CSA.
Promotion of conservation
agriculture, water productivity and
nutrient use efficiency
enhancement.
NM, SCM,
WCM
Surveillance of pest and disease
dynamics, changes in crop–
pest/pathogen relationships,
changed profile of insect pests and
emergence of new bio types
RUM
Identification and database
development on climate resilient
traits of indigenous livestock, marine
and fresh water fish species, etc.
RUM

36. International Food Policy Research Institute
Programme CSA interventions present Domains of
CSA applicable
Broad implications
National
Initiative for
Climate
Resilient
Agriculture
(NICRA)
Demonstrations and capacity
building on in-situ moisture
conservation, water harvesting and
recycling, improved drainage,
conservation tillage, artificial
ground water recharge and water
saving irrigation methods, etc.
WCM, SCM
Demonstrations and capacity
building on stress tolerant varieties,
climate resilient cropping practices,
frost management in horticulture,
fodder production, improved
fodder/feed storage methods,
preventive vaccination in livestock,
management of fish ponds/tanks,
etc.
GRCM, FSM
Strengthening/establishing seed
bank, fodder bank, commodity
groups, custom hiring centres, etc.
FSM, GRCM

37. International Food Policy Research Institute
 In general, the level of convergence was found to be high with most
of the programmes and contained at least one intervention of CSA.
 most of the programmes reviewed had cross cutting strategies and
interventions, beyond their predominant objectives.
 Majority of the production /productivity enhancing and NRM
programmes contained common interventions that fell in the CSA
domains of WCM, SCM, NM, GRCM, FSM as well as VCM.
 However, the existing framework gives relatively less emphasis on
climate change mitigation.
 Other weak areas include mechanisms for early warning systems,
surveillance and alert for pest and disease outbreak, biodiversity
conservation, indigenous techniques for climate change adaptation,
measures for protection of CPRs, etc.
 Above all, strengthening of social safety nets is an important priority to
smoothen the transition of fragile ecosystems and vulnerable
communities into the emerging climatic order.
A synthesis on CSA convergence

38. International Food Policy Research Institute
 The relevance of CSA as a multi-dimensional concept and a way
forward for ensuring food security in a changing climate would only
increase in future.
 Farsighted planning is necessary to bring-in convergence and
synergies across programmes, plug-in gaps in the existing strategies
and align resource allocation consistent with the requirements at
various levels.
 This requires further thrust on:
 Framing enabling policies,
 Creating institutions,
 Adequate financing options and
 Tuning national policies to global initiatives.
Epilogue

39. International Food Policy Research Institute
Thank you

40. International Food Policy Research Institute
 National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
 Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)
 Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India (BGREI)
 Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil palm and Maize
(ISPOM)
 Macro Management in Agriculture Scheme (MMA)
 Accelerated Fodder Development Programme (AFDP)
 Intensive Dairy Development Programme (IDDP)
 National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding (NPCBB)
 Central Scheme on Development of Inland Fisheries and
Aquaculture
 Development of Marine Fisheries, Infrastructure and Post-
harvest Operations
Production Augmenting and Productivity
Enhancing

41. International Food Policy Research Institute
 Minimum Support Price (MSP) Scheme
 Procurement and Buffer stock Operations
 Public Distribution System (PDS)
 Open Market Sales Scheme (OMSS)
 Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)
Food Grain Procurement, Price Support and
Distribution

42. International Food Policy Research Institute
 Command Area Development and Water Management
Programme (CADWMP)
 Watershed Development Projects
 Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP)
 Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP)
 Vidarbha Intensive Irrigation Development Programme (VIIDP)
 National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI)
 National Project for Management of Soil Health and Fertility
(NPMSHF)
 National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF)
 National Afforestation Programme (NAP)
 Integrated Development of Tree Borne Oilseeds Programme
Natural Resource Conservation and
Management

43. International Food Policy Research Institute
 Schemes for Increasing Flow of Credit to Agriculture
 Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme
 Farm Credit Package, 2004
 Agricultural Debt Waiver and Debt Relief Scheme, 2008
 Farmer rehabilitation packages
 Fertilizer Subsidy Scheme
 National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology
(NMAET)
 Sub Mission on Agricultural Extension
 Sub-Mission on Information Technology
 Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material
 Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization
 Sub Mission on Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine
Inputs and Service Delivery Systems
Improvement

44. International Food Policy Research Institute
 Integrated Scheme for Farmers’ Income Security (ISFIS)
 National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS)
 Pilot Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme
(MNAIS)
 Pilot Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS)
 Pilot Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme (CPIS)
 Livestock Insurance Scheme
Minimizing Risk and Uncertainty in Agriculture

45. International Food Policy Research Institute
 National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
 Rainfed Area Development (RAD)
 On Farm Water Management (OFWM)
 Soil Health Management (SHM)
 Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture-
Monitoring, Modelling and Networking (CCSAMMN)
 National Initiative for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
 Strategic Research
 Technology demonstration
 Capacity building and,
 Sponsored/ competitive grants.
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation