1. Orthomyxovirus Paramyxoviruses EDWARD-BENGIE L. MAGSOMBOL, MD FPCP, FPCC, DASNC Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology Fatima College of Medicine

2. A 22-year old man suddenly experienced headache, myalgia, malaise, dry cough, and fever. He basically felt “lousy”. After a couple of days, he had a sore throat, his cough had worsened, and he started to feel nauseated and vomited. Several of his family members had experienced similar symptoms during the previous two weeks.

4. Enveloped virion; inactivated by detergents

5. Segmented negative-sense RNA genome with eight nucleocapsid segments

8. Cleaves the sialic acid on glycoproteins, including the cell receptor  prevents clumping & facilitates release of virus from infected cells

11. Facilitates uncoating & HA production

12. Target for amantadineNucleocapsid proteins (NP)

15. Cleavage of sialic acid residues of mucus by NA  provide access to tissues

17. Promotes bacterial adhesion to the epithelial cells  pneumonia

19. Local symptoms due to epithelial cell damage

20. Interferon & CMI responses (NK & T cell) important for immune resolution and immunopathogenesis classic symptoms associated with interferon induction

22. Why is influenza difficult to control even when there is vaccination available?

24. Mutation of the HA and NA genes

25. Occurs every 2 to 3 years

27. Result from re-assortment of genomes among different strains, including animal strains

28. Associated with pandemics

30. How is the virus transmitted?

32. Virus likes cool, less humid atmosphere

35. Immunocompromised people

37. Diseases Associated with Influenza Virus Infections

38. How would the diagnosis of influenza be confirmed?

39. Laboratory Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infection

40. Which antiviral drugs are effective for the treatment of influenza virus infection? What are the targets & mechanisms of action of these drugs?

43. Inhibit both influenza A and B

46. Killed (formalin-inactivated) whole-virus vaccine

47. Detergent-treated virion preparations and HA- and NA-containing detergent extracts of virus

49. Properties of Orthomyxoviruses and Paramyxoviruses

50. Members of the Family Paramyxoviridae

51. Members of the Family Paramyxoviridae

53. Negative RNA genome

54. Envelope containing viral attachment protein (HN, paramyxovirus and mumps virus; H, measles virus, and G, RSV) and a fusion protein (F)

55. HN with hemagglutinin & neuraminidase activity

56. H with hemagglutinin activity

57. G without hemagglutinin or neuraminidase acvitity

58. Replicates in cytoplasm

59. Penetrate the cell by fusion with and exit by budding from the plasma membrane

61. An 18-year old college freshman complained of a cough, runny nose, and conjunctivitis. The physician in the campus health center noticed small white lesions inside the patient’s mouth. The next day, a confluent red rash covered his face and neck.

63. What clinical characteristics of this case were diagnostic for measles?

66. Spread systemically in lymphocytes and by viremia

67. Replicate in cells of conjunctivae, respiratory tract, lymphatic system, blood vessels, and CNS

70. Prodrome: high fever + 3C’s + P  most infectious

71. Koplik’s spots after 2 days of illness  last 24 to 48 hours

72. Appearance of exanthem within 12 to 24 hours of the appearance of Koplik’s spots

75. Clinical Consequences of Measles Virus Infection

76. How can the infection be prevented?

79. What is the specific and common name for these symptoms?

80. What other agents would cause a similar clinical presentation (differential diagnosis)? What is the most common cause?

81. How was the virus transmitted? Answer: Droplet inhalation

83. Infection limited to upper respiratory tract

84. Upper respiratory tract disease most common, but significant disease can occur with lower respiratory tract infection

85. Not systemic and do not cause viremia

87. Second only to RSV as important causes of severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children

88. Cause respiratory tract syndromes ranging from amild cold-like URTI to bronchiolitis to pneumonia

89. Especially associated with croup

90. Type 4

92. Main cause of croup in children < 5 y/o

93. Characterized by harsh cough (“seal bark cough” and hoarseness  due to subglottal swelling

95. Fusion protein causes formation of multinucleated giant cells  syncytia

96. Humans and chimpanzees are the natural hosts

99. Maternal antibody passed to infant  react with the virus  form immune complexes  damage respiratory tract cells

100. Most individuals with multiple infections  indicate incomplete immunity

103. Aerosolized ribavirin (Virazole) for severely ill hospitalized infants

106. Neutralizing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin

108. Infects both upper and lower respiratory tracts  spread through blood  parotid glands, testes, ovaries, pancreas, and in some cases, meninges

110. Mumps Virus

113. The End