AACIMP 2009 Summer School lecture by Yoshio Matsuki. "Environmental Externalities of Energy Options - Basics and Applications" course. 4th hour.

1. Atmospheric Dispersion and
Damage Cost
Y. Matsuki
August 8, 2009 at 14:00
At NTUU “KPI”

2. How can you calculate the externalities?

3. How to calculate the monetary
value of the health impacts
D= (x)·f(x,C(x,Q))·Uv(x) dx
impact of Area
D: damage cost (Euro, US dollars, UAH)
(x): population density (person/m2)
f(x,C(x,Q)): Exposure-Response Function
cases/(year.person. g/m3)
Uv(x): unit cost (Euro/cases)
C(x,Q): Concentration of the pollution ( g/m3)
Q: Emission of the pollution ( g/year)
x: Distance from the emission source (m)

4. Plant
Trypilska Power Station

5. Trypilska Power Station, Emissions
in 2006
Name of the pollutant Emissions, tons/year
Total 74 605.000
Metals and their compounds 22.087
Total suspended particles 21 951.116
(TSP): PM10 10 975.560
Nitrogen compounds 11 108.921
Sulfur oxide and other sulfur 40 909.568
compound
Carbon oxide 564.363

6. Technical characteristics of the
Trypilska Power Station
Parameters Value of the parameters
Stack height, m 180
Effective release height, 700
m (because of hot air and gas
flow)
Diameter of the stack, m 9.6
Flow rate from the stack,
14
m/s
Released gas
413
temperature, K

7. Cities around the Typilska power
plant
Name of the Population, persons Down wind distance, Prevailed down
city km wind direction
Uzyn 26,434 42,500 SSW, SW
Obukhiv 32,776 9,500 WSW
Vasylkiv 39,722 30,750 W
Boyarka 35,968 37,500 WNW
Vyshneve 34,465 37,500 NW
Kyiv 2,611,327 36,250 NNW
Brovary 86,839 29,500 N
Boryspil 107,950 28,250 NE,ENE
Rzhyschiv 8,447 29,250 SE
Kagarlyk 13,757 32,250 SE
Note: The down wind distances were measured from the Power Station to the centers of the cities

8. Concentration of the pollution( g/m3)
C(x,Q): Gaussian Plume Model
Q - h2
C = ---------------- exp [--------]
21/2 3/2 ux z 2 z2

9. Some hints for Excel
•=SQRT(3.14, 3)
•=EXP(-h**2/2*Sigmaz**2)
•=POWER(A1;2)
•Q in micro gram/sec
Q - h2
C = ---------------- exp [--------]
21/2 3/2 ux z 2 z2

10. z

11. Atmospheric Stability
Day Night
Surface Wind Incoming Solar Radiation Thinly Heavy
Speed Overcast Cloud
(meter/second Strong Moderate Slight or clear
) sky
<2 A A-B B
2-3 A-B B C E F
3-5 B B-C C D E
5-6 C C-D D D D
>6 C D D D D

12. Weather observation
Day Wind Speed Wind Direction Atmospheric Stability(A,
(meter/second) E, ESE, SSE, S….. B… .F)
Aug 7 1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
Aug 8 0600
0700
0800
0900
2100
0900

14. Unit cost Uv for
Long-term Mortality
Value of 1 YOLL = v = constant
v v v
Uv = v + ---- + ----- + ……+ -----
1+r (1+r)2 (1+r)N
r = discount rate of one year
N = years of human life

15. Exposure-Response
• PM10 long-term mortality
• 2,60 × 10 -4 g/m3
• (Leksell & Rabl, 2001)

16. Examples of externality studies

17. Summary of Cost Estimates in mECU/kWh
Canada France Germany
Pub. Occ. Env G Pu Occ Env. Gw. Pub Oc Env. G
. w. b. . . c. w.
Coal 2.3 nq 53 nq 0.5 29 8.4
Lignite 10.5
Oil 69 nq 0.7 16 16.5
Natural 12 nq 0.1 8 3.0
Gas
Nuclea 0.01- 2.5 0.07 0 0 3.8
r 0.05
Wind 0.2
Hydro
Photo 2.7
Voltaic
Pub. public impacts
Occ. occupational impacts
Env. Environmental (buildings, crops, ecosystems,…), excluding global warming
Gw. Global warming
nr not reported
nq not quantified

18. Summary of Cost Estimates in mECU/kWh (continued)
Greece US Russia
Pub. Occ. Env. Gw. Pub Occ Env G Pu Occ Env Gw.
. . . w. b. . .
Coal 0.52 nr
1.1
Lignite 20 0.30 0.66 38
Oil 10 0.17 0.95 21 0.15 nr
0.21
Natural 2.4 0.17 0.66 5.8 0.01 nr
Gas 1
Nuclea 0.17 0.4
r 0.26 -4
Wind 0.84 0.09 1.2 0.2
Hydro 1.2 3.8 0 0.14
Photo
Voltaic
Pub. public impacts
Occ. occupational impacts
Env. Environmental (buildings, crops, ecosystems,…), excluding global warming
Gw. Global warming
nr not reported
nq not quantified

19. Germany 1997
Damages of fossil fuel cycles

21. Damages of nuclear fuel cycle

22. External costs of PV cycle

23. External costs of wind fuel cycle

24. Damages of biomass fuel cycle

25. Biomass 2

26. Biomass 3

27. External costs for electricity production in
the EU (in EUR-cent per kWh) 2002
AUT: Austria, BE: Belgium, DE: Germany, DK: Denmark, ES: Spain ,
FI: Finland, FR: France, GR: Greece, IE: Ireland, IT: Italy, NL: Norway,
NO: Netherlands, PT: Portugal, SE: Sweden, UK: United Kingdom

28. Monetary values used for
economic valuation

31. Results of the coal fuel cycle
before NewExt [€-Cent/kWh]

32. Results of the oil fuel cycle
before NewExt [€-Cent/kWh]

33. Results of the gas fuel cycle
before NewExt [€-Cent/kWh]

34. • DENOX NOx removal system
• FGD Flue Gas Desulfurization
• SCR Selective catalytic reduction

35. Conclusions
• Externalities of energy generation systems are
proven to be significant.
• There is a developed methodology to calculate
energy externalities, with transparent and
verifiable step by step approach.
• Regarding some additional externalities in
Ukraine (on energy security, coal power, people’s
perception upon the catastrophic accident), the
necessity to calculate and include them into
the price of electricity is very strong.