2. Learning happens when experience produces a stable change in someone’s knowledge or behavior. The authors present three general theories of learning: Behaviorism – observable changes in behaviors, skills, and habits. Cognitive– internal mental activities such as thinking, remembering, creating, and problem solving. Constructivist – making meaning of events and activities. Three Theories of Learning
3. Popularized by B.F. Skinner. Dominant in the United States in the first half of 20th Century A-B-C sequences: antecedent behavior consequence Behaviorism
7. Brain-based learning – lost meaning in overuse.(Cognitivism is based in empirical research from Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Science) Can be traced back to ancient Greeks, but modern scientific form didn’t become popular in the U.S. until after WWII. Re-emerged with rise of the computer and new understandings of language and the brain. Cognitivism
8. Critical and powerful concept in cognitivism Determines what we pay attention to and how we understand new information presented. Prior knowledge can be beneficial or detrimental when trying to learn new information. Prior Knowledge
11. Episodic – Memory about information associated with a particular place and time. Procedural – memory for how to do things Semantic – memory for meaning; it is the memory of general concepts, principles, and their associations. Stored as images and schemata. 3 Kinds of Long-term Memory
12. Thinking about thinking. An individual’s awareness on his or her own cognitive processing and how it works. Planning, monitoring and evaluation are three crucial cognitive skills. Metacognition
13. Underlining or Highlighting Taking Notes – focuses attention and helps encode information Visual Tools like Cmaps(http://cmap.ihmc.us) Mnemonics Applications of Cognitivism
14. Knowledge is not passively received but actively constructed by the learner. Learners organize experience, rather than discover reality. Constructivism Jonassen’s Web of Constructivism (1994)
15. Individual (Piaget) – meaning is constructed by the individual Social (Vygotsky) – Knowledge is socially constructed Radical (Postmodernism) – Knowledge is not an reflection of the external world. We interpret meaning in our own way. No belief is any better or any worse than any other. Three Types of Constructivism
16. Students should avoid basic skill drills and artificial problems. Students should be challenged with complex situations and fuzzy problems Teaching through authentic tasks and problems. Situated learning – tied to context in which something is learned. Learning should occur in groups and through social activities A Few General Constructivist Ideas
17. Inquiry and problem-based learning Cognitive apprenticeships – experts with extensive knowledge guide, model, demonstrate, and correct, as well as provide a personal bond that is motivating. Cooperative learning Applications of Constructivism
