Brief history of Japan

1. In Japan, emerging technologies has been applied in various activities of government such as policy evaluation, personnel affairs, public relations,
research and development, medical and policing among others. Japan has a population of 127, 103, 388 (2017 estimate) with an internet
penetration
of 86.2 per cent, country literacy of 99 per cent and 109, 626, 672 internet users. The emerging technology in cyberspace and all aspects of
Information and Computing Technology (ICT) in Japan has become an essential infrastructure that aids numerous operations across the entire
domains of land, air, sea and space. Furthermore, Japan’s advancement in nanotechnology has been applied for numerous industrial and security
applications. Nanotechnology has been incorporated in many parts of autonomous and hybrid vehicles, high performance batteries, image sensor
for surveillance, satellites and robots to make them lighter. They have also been used in these technologies to enhance energy-saving and low
environmental impacts. In the first half of 2018, Japan was reported to have invested about USD 186.64 billion into R&D in emerging technology.
At present, Japan is ranked third by gross R&D expenditure worldwide ranked third. Japan has effectively leveraged emerging technology towards
enhancing its national security.
. William Underwood, “Embracing Cyberspace: The Evolution of Japan’s Internet Culture” <http://www.wiliamunderwood.org>
accessed 14 Nov 17.
. Internet World Stat, “Top 50 Countries with Highest Internet Penetration Rate”, <http://www.internetworldstats.com/top25.htm>,
accessed 14 Nov 17.
. Centre for Research and Development Strategy Japan Science and Technology Agency, “Nanotechnology and Materials R&D in
Japan (2018): An Overview and , March 2018” ,<https: //www.jst.go.jp/crds/pdf/en/CRDS-FY2017-XR-02.pdf> accessed 6 Jul 18.
. Statista, “Leading Countries by Gross R&D Expenditure World Wide in 2018” June 2018, <https://www.statista.com/statistics
/732247/ world wide -research-and-development-gross-expenditure-top-countries/> accessed 6 Jul 18.

2. . William Underwood, “Embracing Cyberspace: The Evolution of Japan’s Internet Culture” <http://www.wiliamunderwood.org> accessed 14 Nov 17.
. Internet World Stat, “Top 50 Countries with Highest Internet Penetration Rate”, <http://www.internetworldstats.com/top25.htm>,
accessed 14 Nov 17.
. Centre for Research and Development Strategy Japan Science and Technology Agency, “Nanotechnology and Materials R&D in
Japan (2018): An Overview and , March 2018” ,<https: //www.jst.go.jp/crds/pdf/en/CRDS-FY2017-XR-02.pdf> accessed 6 Jul 18.
. Statista, “Leading Countries by Gross R&D Expenditure World Wide in 2018” June 2018, <https://www.statista.com/statistics
/732247/ world wide -research-and-development-gross-expenditure-top-countries/> accessed 6 Jul 18.