9. GN is group disease of glomerulus, an inflammatory
process that involves glomerular structures, caused by
immune disruption, is the leading cause of renal
interstitial tissue damage.
12. By clinical and disease progress
Acute GN
o Nephrotic Acute GN /minimal GN/
o Nephritic AGN
o Classical type
Rapidly progressive GN /Crescentic GN/
Chronic GN
o Latent Chronic GN
o With Hematuria
o Nephrotic CGN
o Hypertensive CGN
“Бөөр судлал” Гэлэгжамц.Х нар
22. By far the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adolescent
Declining to about 25% of cases of nephrotic syndrome in older
adults
Lesion of podocytes constitution
GBMs charge changed
No depositions in GBM
Present with nephrotic syndrome
No RBC and WBC in urine
23. Most common glomerular disease worldwide, is IgA nephropathy
(Berger’s disease)
Mesangial widened
Mesangial cells proliferation
Mesangial matrix concentration
Hematuria, some times flank pain,
Hypertension is common
Nephrotic syndrome is uncommon
30% progressive renal failure
24. IC accumulated in
mesangiocyte &
endothelium
mesangium thickened
IgG, IgA, C3
Berger’s disease
Etiology is unknown
25. Sub-epithelial immune deposits, thickened GBM
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults
Prognosis:
25% End stage renal disease over 25 years
25% spontaneous remission
26. Second most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in
adults
Prognosis: Up to 75% develop progressive renal
failure over 20 years.
27. Prognosis: 50% End stage kidney failure over 20 years
There is no effective therapy
30. 1. Acute GN
2. Membranous GN
3. Membrano-
proliferative GN
4. Mesangial GN or
IgA GN
31. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory process
affecting primarily the glomerulus, with infiltration
and proliferation of acute inflammatory cells.
These are principally mononuclear cells and
neutrophils in post-infectious glomerulonephritis.
32. The inflammation is immunologically mediated with
immune deposits in the glomerulus. Onset of symptoms
is usually acute.
Usually Acute GN occurs after upper respiratory tracts
infection, 10-21 days.
Children and guys
33. * Post streptococcal GN
1. Bacterial: endocarditis,
pneumococcal pneumonia,
* Non- meningococcecemia
1 Infectious
streptococcal 2. Viral: B, C hepatitis, салхин
GN цэцэг, Коксаки
3. Parasite: mosquito, malaria,
toxoplasmosis
2 Systemically disease: SLE, RA, Schonlein-Henoch vasculitis
Primary renal disease: Mesangial capillary GN, Berger’s disease,
3
Mesangial proliferative GN
4 Холимог: serum disease, Гийен-Баррын хам шинж
A groups, 4, 19, 25, 49 β hemolytic streptococcal angina
“Бөөр судлал” Гэлэгжамц.Х нар
34. Acute Nephritic syndrome
o Hypertension /Hypervolemia, hyperhydration/
o Hematuria
o Swelling, urine volume ↓
Facies nephritica
Dry skin /lose nutrient/
Striae distansae
Fragile nail and hair
Swelling weakness, anasarca
Edema Face, back around, abdomen, genital organ
35. Tachypnea,
Palpitation,
Loss of appetite
Tympanitis
Thirst
Oligo-anuria
Weakness
36. Presented with nephritic syndrome
Classical type of AGN
Presented with nephrotic syndrome
37. Slowly beginning
Puffiness around the eyes and face
Flank pain
Usually no urine color changes
Symptoms are Latent chronic nephritis
Mild hypertension /70-80%/
Proteinuria less than 1 gr/l
RBC, cylinder is seen in the urine
Macrohematuria occurs in few cases
38. Acute Nephritic syndrome is clear
GFR ↓
Sodium reabsorption in tubule ↑ Nephritic
edema
Imbalance of water-salt exchange
Nephritic edema level < Nephrotic edema level
Arterial Hypertension 140/100 – 170/110 ↑
Palpitation, tachypnea, left ventricle failure
Proteinuria 1-3 gr/l
Urine volume ↓
Heavy condition: pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, acute kidney and heart failure
39. Proteinuria >3gr/l per day
Decreased protein in blood serum oncotic pressure ↓
Edema
Anasarca
Foam in urine (slowly removed)
Hyperlipidemia
No hematuria
Arterial hypertension is rare
41. After 14-21 days of angina and other infections, young
people could have acute nephritic syndrome and
backache.
Important things:
o Never had renal disease
o Never had changes in the urinalysis
In urinalysis:
o Proteinuria 1-3 gr/l [in heavy case: 3-20gr/l]
o Detected erythrocytes, few leucocytes/lymphocytes/ and
cylinders
o Specific gravity is normal [during excess proteinuria SG ↑]
42. CBCC /Complete Blood Cell Count/
o Decreased hemoglobin /water accumulated in body then it leads
dissolved blood/
o Lightly increased WBC, УЭТХ ↓
Blood Function Test
o During nephrotic syndrome, Serum protein and albumin ↓
o γ-globulin↑, disproteinemia
o Lipid and cholesterol ↑
o C3 ↓, after 6-8 weeks becomes normal
o GFR slightly ↓
o During heavy acute nephritis, serum creatinine, urea, leftover
nitrogen ↑
43. Scan tests:
Fundus photography:
o Arterial hypertension arterioles constricted, bulbous n. opticus
swollen and stroke
Ultrasound:
o Renal size is normal or little enlarged.
44. Urinalysis, identify: protein in daily urine
CBCC: Hgb
Хоолойн арчдас авч, нян ургуулах
BFT: total protein, protein group, total
lipid, cholesterol, leftover nitrogen, creatinine, K+ Na+ C-
reactive protein
Coagulogram: protrombin, fibrinogen
Immunology: ЦИК, IgA, M, G, complement, T, B
lymphocytes
Renal ultrasound: Size, cortex thick
Renal biopsy
Fundus photography, chest x-ray, ECG
45. Chronic GN
o Whether patient had renal disease or urine changes
o After grater influenced, GNs symptoms and edema increased within
short term
o During Chronic GN, urine changes keeps for long term
o Arterial hypertension increased, constantly
o GFR ↓ - constantly, irreversible
o Ultrasound: Parenchymal dense ↑, kidney size normal or small
Pyelonephritis
o Dysuria, чинэрч өвдөнө, шээлэйн дагуу дамжиж өвдөнө
o Fever, loss of appetite, weakness
o Palpate or push to Angle cost-vertebral/Symptom Pasternatski/:
Clear
o Urinalysis: Protein 0,5-1,0 gr/l, leucocyte and bacterium +
46. Administrate to hospital for 30 days
Keep treatment for 3 months to 1 year
In not heavy case: symptomatic therapy for 14 days
o Anti-infection treatment: if it caused by infection
o Immunosupressant: if immune activation is high or heavy nephrotic
syndrome
General principle of treatment
o Regimen
o Diet
o Drug
o Sanatorium care
47. Bed rest or decubitus for 14-21 days
Diet:
First 1-2 days restraint food, only given apple, fruit juice
& rice glop
Next 5-7 days, limited animal protein 0,5 gr/kg, only use
non-animal protein
After 10 days, protein 1gr/kg
Kcal – 2300-2800 kcal
No salt /2-3 week/
48. Post-streptococcal:
o Хагас нийлэг penicillin oxicillin, amoxicillin – 1-2 mill U/day
o Penicillin G 1-2 mill U/day by injection
o Vitamin C oral or inject
Keep symptomatic treatment for 2-6 months
Immunosuppressant/if there is no result >2 months/:
o During nephrotic syndrome, prednisone 0,8-1,2 mg/day, slowly
decrease dosage by clinical and laboratory changes
o Keep treatment for 6 months to 1 year
o If patient can’t use glucocorticoid, We can use cytostatic drugs
49. Improve renal blood supply:
o Heparin 15000-20000 ED/day
o Anti-aggregant: Curantil 200-300 mg/day for 2-4 months by
slowly decrease dosage
o Nicotine acid 1%
Anti-hypertensive and diuretics
o Anti-hypertensive drugs /6 groups/
o Diuretics: Thiazides – furosemide 20-80 mg/day 2-3 times
50. Under doctors control for 2 years
Avoid manual labor about 1 year
Second prevention!!!
Urinalysis - every 3 months
Blood function test – every 3months
Zimnitskii, Reberg’s test and isotopic renogram - every
1 year
If there was no deterioration or were no changes in
analysis in 2 years we will suggest that the patient is
recovered
51. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a
syndrome associated with severe glomerular injury and
does not denote a specific etiologic form of
glomerulonephritis. It is characterized clinically by rapid
and progressive loss of renal function associated with
severe oliguria and signs of nephritic syndrome; if
untreated, death from renal failure occurs within weeks
to months.[7]
The U.S – 7:1,000,000
The U.K – 2:100,000
Male : Female – 1:1
2-92 age
52. Rapidly Progressive
Glomerulonephritides
TYPE I (ANTI-GBM ANTIBODY)
Renal limited
Goodpasture syndrome
TYPE II (IMMUNE COMPLEX)
Idiopathic
Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
Lupus nephritis
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA nephropathy)
Others
TYPE III (PAUCI - IMMUNE)
ANCA-associated
Idiopathic
Wegener granulomatosis
Microscopic polyangiitis Source: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
53.
54. Hematuria
Edema acute
Arterial hypertension
After 2-3 months:
o Azotemia
o Anemia
RENAL BIOPSY
55. 4 complexes treatment:
o Hormone
o Cytostatic
o Plasmophoresis
o Hemosorbtive
2nd combination treatment
56. Nearly all forms of acute glomerulonephritis have a
tendency to progress to chronic glomerulonephritis. The
condition is characterized by irreversible and progressive
glomerular and tubulo-interstitial fibrosis, ultimately
leading to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate
(GFR) and retention of uremic toxins. If disease
progression is not halted with therapy, the net results
are chronic kidney disease(CKD), end-stage renal
disease (ESRD), and cardiovascular disease.[10]
57.
58. Exogenic
Endogenic
Immunogenic
Non-Immunogenic
o Renal function
o Circulatory
o Coagulation
o Metabolism
59.
60. By Clinical
Latent CGN
o CGN with Proteinuria Nephritic syndrome
o CGN with Hematuria
Nephrotic CGN
CGN with arterial hypertension
CGN холимог хэлбэр
61. Only Urine changes
No complains,
No urine color & volume changes
In few case: swelling
Urinalysis:
o Protein less than 3 gr/l
o Erythrocytes and cylinder is seen
Renal functions measurements keep normal range foe
20-30 year
62. Usually occurs children, young people
Hematuria
Decreased blood in urine within few days
Protein in urine: 1-2 gr/L
Old erythrocytes and cylinder in urine
No renal pain, no edema, no hypertension
Disease progress: 30-40 years
63. Dry skin
Urine has foam
Daily urine volume ↓
First, puffiness around the eyes and face,
Then, anasarca
Sometimes, fluid accumulated in organ that has cavity
Loss of appetite
Sensitive to cold
Proteinuria: 3,5-20 gr/l
Anemia
64. Complication of infection /immune weakness/
Fluid accumulation in thorax leads wound(pus)
Pneumonia
Urinary tract infection
Venous thrombosis
Tingle around kidney
Blood pressure ↓
Acute Renal failure
Nephrotic crisis fever, nausea, vomiting, tingle around
abdomen, detected symptom of peritonitis
65. High blood pressure
Nephritic syndrome
Initial phase – normal blood pressure
Deterioration period – high blood pressure
Headache, dizziness, worsen eyesight, pain around the
heart.
2nd sound loudly around the aorta and systolic clamor
Left ventricle hypertrophy, arhythmia/heavy case/
Urinalysis: 1-3 gr/l protein, few erythrocyte & cylinder
BFT: Lipid↑, cholesterol↑
66. Hypertension + Nephrotic syndrome
Swelling, hypertension
Complication: After 3-5 years Renal failure
67. Decreased production of erythropoietin, thus resulting in
anemia
Decreased production of vitamin D, resulting in
hypocalcemia, secondary
hyperparathyroidism, hyperphosphatemia, and renal
osteodystrophy
Reduction in acid, potassium, salt, and water
excretion, resulting in
acidosis, hyperkalemia, hypertension, and edema
Platelet dysfunction, leading to increased bleeding
tendencies
68. After deteriorate, suddenly swelling
During deterioration: Urine changes ↑, long term
Ultrasound: shallow parenchyma, kidney size ↓
Necessary test:
o CBCC, Urinalysis
o Identify protein in daily urine
o Ничепоренко, Аддис-Каковскийн сорил
o Зимницкийн сорил
o Blood function test: Total protein, proteins group, lipid,
cholesterol, creatinine, BUN, leftover nitrogen, K, Na, Ca, P
69. Cystitis
Renal tuberculosis
Hereditary nephritis
Chronic Pyelonephritis:
o Urine color and odor changes, smoky urine
o Neutrophilic leucocyturia and microbe in urine
o Fever, pain around kidney
o Scan test: Detected calyx and pelvis changes
Acute GN ???
Interstitial tissue and tubular nephritis/toxicosis/
70. During deterioration, administrate to hospital for 14-30 days
Regimen and nutrient therapy
Pathophysiological treatment
o Glucocorticoid – Prednisone 1mg/kg for 2-9 weeks
o Cytostatic – Имуран/азатиоприн/ 100-150 мг, циклофосфамид
2-3 мг/кг/өдөр
o Anti-coagulant – Heparin 10,000-40,000 U/day
o Anti-aggregant – Дипиридамол/курантил/ 225-400 мг/өдөр
o Anti-hypertensive
o Symptomatic
Specific therapy for each types of CGN
71. Bed rest or decubitus for 2-3 weeks
Nephrotic, Hypertensive GN:
o Protein 0,5 gr/kg, after 3rd week 1 gr/kg
o Hyperproteinuria, hypoalbuminemia : add egg, fish, chicken
o 2800-3000 kcal/day
o Apple, banana, cream, honey, jam – allow
o Parching, grilled, preserved products, spicy… - Not-allowed
o Salt decrease about 2-3 gr hypertension
72. Stage GFR The action plan
mL/min
1 ≥90 Diagnosis and treatment,
Treatment of comorbid conditions,
Slowing of the progressing of kidney disease
Reduction of cardiovascular disease risks
2 60-90 Estimation of the progression of kidney
disease
3 30-59 Evaluation and treatment of complications
4 15-29 Preparation for renal replacement therapy
5 - Kidney failure, Kidney replacement if the
patient is uremic
www.emedicine.medscape.com
73. Urinalysis – every 3 months
BFT – every 6 months
On time treatment:
o Respiratory tract infection
o Every deterioration of CGN
74. 1. Бөөр судлал, Гэлэгжамц.Х, Ариунаа.Т нар, 2010 он
2. Color atlas of pathophysiology, Silbernagl et al. 2000
3. Color atlas of physiology, 5th edition Agamemnon
Despopoulos et al. 2003
4. Clinical nephrology, Woo Keng Thye, 1998
5. Fox: Human physiology, 8th edition, 2003
6. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th edition
7. Pathologic Basis of Disease, Robbins & Cotran, 8th edition,
2009
8. Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, Carol
Mattson Porth, 7th edition, 2004
9. Textbook of medical physiology, 11th edition Guyton & Hall,
2006
10. www.emedicine.medscape.com