This document provides information on different types of harbours classified based on the protection needed. It discusses natural harbours like Mumbai which require no artificial protection, semi-natural harbours like Visakhapatnam which need protection only at the entrance, and artificial harbours like Chennai which require breakwaters or dredging for protection. It also provides examples of harbours in Mumbai, Visakhapatnam and Chennai and discusses their infrastructure like docks, berths and cargo handling capacity. The document highlights issues with Indian port hinterland connectivity and solutions to improve efficiency.
1. Report:
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HARBOUR
Concentrating on the classification based on Protection
needed
Prepared by:
Rohi Muthyala
NIT Hamirpur
(2008-12) batch
3. A harbour can be defined as a basin or haven or road-stead of
navigable waters well protected naturally or artificially from
action of wind and waves, and is situated along sea-shore or
river estuary or lake or canal connected to sea.
The harbours are classified as under:
Classification depending upon the protection needed
Classification depending upon the utility
Classification based upon the location
4. Terminology
Break Waters: Structures constructed on coasts as part of coastal
defence or to protect an anchorage from the effects of weather and long
shore drift to absorb the energy of the waves that hit it.
Road-Stead: A place outside a harbour where a ship can lie at anchor. It
is an enclosed area with an opening to the sea, narrower than a bay or
gulf.
Dock: An area of water for building or repairing or loading and
unloading ships or ferries
Jetty: A structure, such as a pier, that projects into a body of water to
influence the current or tide or to protect a harbor or shoreline from
storms or erosion.
Wharf: A fixed platform, commonly on pilings, where ships are loaded
and unloaded.
Port: A facility for receiving ships and transferring cargo.
Quay: A wharf or bank where ships and other vessels are loaded.
5. Classification of Harbour depending upon the
protection needed
Natural Harbours (Eg: Mumbai and Kandla harbours)
It is naturally protected.
Semi-Natural Harbours (Eg: Visakhapatnam harbour)
It is protected on sides by headlands and it requires
man-made protection only at the entrance.
Artificial Harbours (Eg: Chennai harbour)
It is protected from the effect of waves either by
breakwaters or by dredging.
16. DOCKS IN
THE PORT
OF
CHENNAI
BERTHS TOTAL
LENGTH(m)
MAX.
PERMISSIBL
E DRAFT(m)
LENTH OF
EACH
BERTH(m)
JAWAHAR
DOCK
6 1310 10.4 - 11 218.3
AMBEDKAR
DOCK
13 1676 8.5 - 12 246(longest)
BHARTHI
DOCK
3 917.2 14.6 -16.5 274.3 -338.9
19. The Port of Visakhapatnam's East Quay
It has a total of 1849 meters of berths.
East Quay Berths 1-4 have maximum permissible draft
of 10.06 meters.
Berths 1-3 are each 167.6 meters long, and Berth 4 is
231 meters long.
East Quay 5 is 167.6 meters long, East Quay 6 is 182.9
meters long.
Both berths have maximum permissible draft of 10.21
meters.
East Quay Berths 7-9 are each 255 meters long with
maximum permissible draft of 11 meters.
22. PORTS OF MUMBAI
400 sq.Km. natural
deep water lake.
Total area of 46.3
hectares.
Total quay lenth of
7.8 thousands
meters.
63 anchorage points.
Handled total of 57
millions tons of cargo
32.4 million tons of
imports
24.7 million tons of
exports
CARGO HANDLING
Contains eight
berths when
commissioned in
1880.
When
commissioned in
1888 , then total
of 14 berths.
23. DOCKS OF
PORT OF
MUMBAI
BERTHS TOTAL
LENGTH OF
BERTHS(m)
ALONGSIDE
BERTH
DEPTH(m)
INDIRA DOCK 26 228.6(each) 7-9
PRINCE’S
DOCK
8 1220 6.1-6.4
VICYORIA
DOCK
14 1732 6.7
25. HINTERLAND
The hinterland is the land behind
the borders of a coast or river.
Specifically, the word is applied to the
inland region lying behind a port,
claimed by the state that owns the
coast.
The area from which products are
delivered to a port for shipping
elsewhere is that port's hinterland
27. Inefficient & Efficient Hinterland Links
“A Comparison”
Inefficient Hinterland Links
• It is like a congested Road
traffic
• Increases Supply Chain cost
with consequent economic,
environmental & social
problems
Efficient Hinterland Links
• It is like a superhighway
system.
• Efficient turnaround time
• Cost saving & environment
friendly
• Boost to Hinterland economy
28. Nodes of Infrastructure for Port
Success of port is a function of all the 3
major Nodes
Minimum capacity of any node determines
Capacity of Port
31. SOLUTION
Avoid unnecessary journeys.
Upgrading more transport arteries and hubs.
Cross state border transport initiatives shifting more traffic to railways and inland
waterways
Environmentally friendly and climate friendly transport
Good working conditions and good training in the freight transport industry
33. CARGO FORECASTING
Cargo Forecast:-
Cargo handling forecast is the most
pertinent factor as it enables us in deciding upon the future
infrastructure and other functional facilities required and service
levels demanded.
Cargo forecasting includes two components:-
Commodity analysis
Market Drivers
34. CONT….
Commodity Analysis:-
In order to understand the
trade flux, the traffic analysis is carried out based on the last
some year statistics of cargo volume handled at the Port. The
same is presented in table which helps to analyze the
transformation pattern for each major commodity
individually.
35. CONT…
Market Drivers:-
The traffic handled at the Port is affected by the multiple
market drivers. These market drivers help in projecting the
growth rates for the commodities as we look into the future
and work out a traffic forecast.
37. DEMAND FORECASTING
Demand forecasting is done to know about the
commodities required in a particular dock.
Commodities have been split into two groups:
Major commodities
Other commodities
38. Major commodities
1) Coal
2) Iron Ore
3) Containers
4) Automobiles
Other commodities
1) Fertilizers
2) Grains and sugar
3) Engineering goods
4) Steel products
5) Consumer products
6) SEZ products
39. Storage capacity of docks depends upon:-
Land Available
Material to be handled
Storage boxes available
40. CONT….
Dock boxes are also known as indoor dock storage boxes or
outdoor dock storage boxes. Their main objective is to
provide a suitable place to keep your dock accessories safe
and sound. These can also be used to store other equipment
like
garden equipment
pool tools
blankets and toys etc.
They keep the goods dry even in harsh weathers. They can be
used as an additional seat on your boats while you have your
dock accessories or boat washing supplies stored in them.
45. References:
www.worldportsource.com
www.deloitte.com
http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/index.html
Images from Google Earth
International Journal of Offshore and Polar
Engineering
Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2003 (ISSN 1053-5381)
‘Harbour, Dock and Tunnel Engineering’
by R.SRINIVASAN
