علمي

1. ‫ﻣ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
١
-
‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﻔﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺃﻭﺯﺍ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
–
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
* *
-
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺻﻼ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻐﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﲡﻨﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻄﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻠﻔﻨﺔ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
:
‫ﺍﻷﲰﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
-
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲰﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
–
‫ﻣﻢ‬
٨
/
٣
١٠
٢
/
١
١٥
٤
/
٣
٢٠
١
٢٥
٤
/
١
-
١
٣٢
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬
–
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
/
‫ﻡ‬
٠,٨٣
١,١٢
١,٥٦
٢,٤٠
٣,٠٩
‫ﺍﻷﲰﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
–
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲰﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
–
‫ﻣﻢ‬
١,٥
٤٠
٢
٥٠
٢,٥
٦٥
٣
٨٠
٤
١٠٠
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬
–
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
/
‫ﻡ‬
٤,٥٥
٥,٠٢
٦,٤١
٨,٣٦
١٢,١٠
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬
٧,٥
%
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
١٠
‫ﻃﻦ‬
.
٢
-
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬
.
‫ﺃ‬
-
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
)
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻔﺮﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺯ‬
(
‫ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻴـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣـﺎﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿﻐﻮﻃ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱴ‬
‫ﺍﳌ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺮﱘ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗـﻢ‬ ‫ﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
)
‫ﻡ‬
٠
‫ﻕ‬
٠
‫ﻡ‬
٠١٠
(
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﳋﻄﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻄﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
.
‫ﺏ‬
-
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻓـﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺘﺎﻟﻮﺭﺟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﱃ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﲣﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﺼﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﺛـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺏ‬
.
‫ﺟـ‬
-
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﺋﺤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻌﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﲎ‬ ‫ﲟﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺃ‬
‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺣـﱴ‬ ‫ﻠـﲔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
٧٥
‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﲝﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﱏ‬
.
٤٠

2. ‫ﺩ‬
-
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
٠
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬
–
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﲰﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺟـ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
٨٠
٥,٥
١٤,٧
١٦,٠٠
١٧,٣
١٠٠
٧,١
١٨,٦
٢٠,٥
٢٢,٠٠
١٢٥
٩,١
٢٤,٢
٢٦,٤
٢٨,٧
١٥٠
١١,٥٠
٣٠,١
٣٣,٢
٣٥,٩
٢٠٠
١٦,٨
٤٤,٠٠
٤٨,١
٥٢,١
٢٥٠
٢٢,٩
٥٩,٣
٦٥,٠٠
٧٠,٦
٣٠٠
٢٩,٨
٧٦,٥
٨٤,٠٠
٩١,٤
‫ﺑﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬
٥
%
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
٤١

3. ٣
-
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺤﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺳـﻄﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﲣﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺪﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﺎﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻣﻠﺴ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻔﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻃﻼﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻰ‬
٠
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺃﻭﺯﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
:
-
‫ﺑﺘﺨﺎﻧﺔ‬
١,٠٠
‫ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺨﺎﻧﺔ‬
١,٥
‫ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺨﺎﻧﺔ‬
٢,٠٠
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬
/
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻮﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
/
‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬
/
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
/
‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬
/
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
/
‫ﻡ‬
١٣
/
١٥
٠,٣٧
١٢
/
١٥
٠,٥٤
١١
/
١٥
٠,٦٩
١٨
/
٢٠
٠,٥١
٢٠
/
١٧
٠,٧٤
١٦
/
٢٠
٠,٩٦
٢٣
/
٢٥
٠,٦٤
٢٢
/
٢٥
٠,٩٤
٢١
/
٢٥
١,٢٣
٣٠
/
٣٢
٠,٨٤
٢٩
/
٣٢
١,٢٢
٢٨
/
٣٢
١,٦٠
٣٨
/
٤٠
١,٠٤
٣٧
/
٤٠
١,٥٤
٣٦
/
٤٠
٢,٠٣
٤٨
/
٥٠
١,٣١
٤٧
/
٥٠
١,٩٤
٤٦
/
٥٠
٢,٥٦
٦٨
/
٧٠
١,٨٤
٦٧
/
٧٠
٢,٧٤
٦٦
/
٧٠
٣,٦٣
٧٨
/
٨٠
٢,١١
--
--
٧٦
/
٨٠
٤,١٧
‫ﺟـ‬
-
‫ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻃﻼﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻔﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
٠
٤٢

4. ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
)
p.v.c
(
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﳘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺜﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬
‫ﺑ‬
‫ﻠﻮﺗﺮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ‬
A.B.S)
(
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
.
‫ﻟﻸ‬ ‫ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﲬﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲪﺎﺽ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﺈ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
٧٠
‫ﺍﳌ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ْ
‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
٣
/
٨
‫ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
١٢
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﱃ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﲢﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ‬
.
‫واﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
.
٤٣

5. ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت‬
:
-
‫ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﲢﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬
.
-
‫ﳚﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬
.
-
‫ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
)
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
. (
-
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﲤﺪﺩﻫﺎ‬
)
٤
–
٥
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﲤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‬
. (
-
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﳋﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ‬
)
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺒﺴﺎﺕ‬
–
‫ﲤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ‬
–
‫ﺟﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬
(
-
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﳚﺐ‬
‫ﻯ‬
)
‫ﺭﺩﻳﺎﺗﲑ‬
–
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﱏ‬
٠٠٠
(
-
‫ﺗﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬
)
‫ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
–
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺮ‬
٠٠٠
(
-
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ‬
p .v .c
‫ﺛﻨ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬
‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻰ‬
:
‫ﳌﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬
٥
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺛﲎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺳﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺜﲎ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﱪﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻈﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
=
٣
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬
.
٤٤

6. ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮﺭﺭﺍﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﺑﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
C- pvc
:
-
‫ﻭﳏﺎﺑﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
C- pvc
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻃﺒﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬
٠
-
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﳑﺎ‬
‫ﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬
-
‫ﻇﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺮ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
.
-
‫ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺤﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﻧﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
.
-
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
.
-
‫ﺗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ‬
.
-
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
.
-
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻔﺮﻳﻐﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬
٠
-
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺳﲑ‬
٦
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
٠
-
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻏﻼﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
.
-
‫ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
٩٩
‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
.
-
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
C- pvc
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
.
-
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﻄﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬
٢
/
١
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
–
٦
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
.
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻞ‬
)
C. p .v .c
(
‫ﻛﺎﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
p .v .c
)
u. p. v .c
(
‫ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﲤﺘﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
)
p .v .c
(
-
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺘﻬﺎ‬
.
-
‫ﺃﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﲤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺴﺎﺀ‬
.
-
‫ﻭﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬
.
-
‫ﲟﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰱ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
.
٤٥

7. ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ‬ ‫اﻳﺜﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
:
-
PEX PIPES FOR DOMESTIC WATER SYSTEMS
‫ﺍﳌ‬
‫ﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
:
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
)
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﺑﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺜﻴﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬
(
‫ﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻠﻔﻦ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬
٠
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﲤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﱃ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻄﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺄﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﲣﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻓﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﳍﺎ‬
.
‫ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
:
-
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﱃ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬
-
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
.
-
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻠﺔ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛ‬
‫ﻞ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬
-
‫ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﲬﺴﻮﻥ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬
:
-
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄـﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺜﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻭﲢﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺜﻴﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﱃ‬ ‫ﺛﲑﻣﻮﺑﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺜـﻴﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﲢﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺛﲑﻣﻮﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﲑﻣﻮﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﺿـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﻴﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﲔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻧـﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺩﺗـﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﳌﺪﺓ‬
٥٠
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‬
.
٤٦

8. ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬
‫اﻳﺜﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻮﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬
–
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺑﻴﺾ‬
‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬
–
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﺌﺔ‬
–
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ‬
–
‫ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﻴﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﱃ‬
–
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﲬﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬
:
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﱀ‬
٠٠٠٠
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﱀ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺀ‬
–
‫ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
–
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﲢﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
٤٠
‫ﺣﱴ‬ ْ
٩٠
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ْ
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
١٠
‫ﺟﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬
١٢
/
١٦
١٤
/
١٨
٢٠
/
٢٥
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬
١٢
١٤
٢٠
‫ﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
١٦
١٨
٢٥
‫ﻟﻠﺜﲎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬
)
٥
‫ﻕ‬
(
‫ﻣﻢ‬
٨٠
٩٠
١٢٥
‫ﺟﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬
/
‫ﻃﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
٩٥
١١٥
١٨٠
‫ﻟﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‬
/
‫ﻃﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
٠,١١٣
٠,١٥٤
٠,٣١٤
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬
١٠٠
١٠٠
٢٥
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻘ‬
‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻰ‬
١٠٠٠
‫ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺳﻰ‬
٢٠٠٠
‫ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
٠,٤٥
‫ﻭﺍﺕ‬
/
‫ﻛﻠﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
٢٥
×
١٠
‫ﻣﻢ‬
/
‫ﻛﻠﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻡ‬
٤٧

9. ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫وﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
١٤
(
‫ﰱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬
-
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﰱ‬
‫ﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻦ‬
-
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬
١
-
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻞ‬
Nipple
:
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬
.
٢
-
‫ﺍﳉﻠﺒﺔ‬
Sleeve
:
‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺌﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﰱ‬
٣
-
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻉ‬
Elbow
:
‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺳـﻮﺭﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺻـﻞ‬ ‫ﻳـﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺬﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.
٤
-
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻪ‬
Tee
:
‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﻇﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
.
٥
-
‫ﻃﺒﺔ‬
Plug
:
‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬
‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‬
،
‫ﻣﺴﺪﺳﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻜـﻰ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﺭﺯﺓ‬
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﲟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺰﻡ‬
‫ﳜـﺸﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‬
.
٦
-
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻛﻮﺭ‬
Union
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻛﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺙ‬
( )
‫ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻳـﺼﻨﻊ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻠﻔﻦ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻛﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬
٠
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﰱ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﱴ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻛﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻛﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﰱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﻬﻤﺎ‬
)
١
(
،
)
٢
(
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻛـ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﱴ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﰒ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬
)
٣
(
‫ﻭﺻﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬
٠
٦٨

10. ‫اﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺻ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻼت‬
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
١٤
(
٦٩

11. ‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬
)
١٥
:
٢٠
(
‫أوﻻ‬
:
‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﻔﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
.
‫ﺍﺑ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﱂ‬ ‫ﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑـﺪﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺑﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺼﻖ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺰﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﻧـﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟـﻰ‬
)
(P.v.c )
‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
.
‫ﻋﻨ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻬﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﳌﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬
٢
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻗﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻭﲟﻘــﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬
٥
‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
٠
‫اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﻔﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﲢﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬
)
‫ﺃﻗﻔـﺰﺓ‬
(
‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻄﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺟﺎ‬
‫ﲝﻮﺍﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻮﺍﻣﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻄﺎﺕ‬
٣
‫ﺳﻢ‬
.
‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺳـﲑ‬ ‫ﻳـﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ‬
.
‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﻔﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬
‫ﺭﻗﻴﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﲟﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﻠﻮﻇﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻜﺸﻮﻓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺋﺪ‬
.
‫اﻟﺰهﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
.
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻠﻔﻦ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻔﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻡ‬
.
٧٠

12. ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
١٥
(
٧١

13. ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬
)
T
(
‫ﻋﺎدة‬
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
١٦
(
٧٢

14. ‫اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫وﺻﻼت‬
‫ى‬
:
١
-
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻃـﺮﰱ‬ ‫ﻷﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻫﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬
.
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰒ‬
٠
٢
-
‫ﺑﻠ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻡ‬
:
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﺼﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺨﻦ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺒﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻡ‬
٠
٣
-
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘـﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﰱ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻـﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻬﻮﺭ‬
٠
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬
Copper Pipework
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
٠
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﳘﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
:
١
-
‫ﻛﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬
)
Type K
(
‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﲰﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
.
٢
-
‫ﺁﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬
)
Type l
(
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﲰﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﺔ‬
٠
٣
-
‫ﺇﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬
)
Type M
(
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬
٠
٧٣

15. ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫وﺻﻼت‬
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
١٧
(
٧٤

16. ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻘﻼووظ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬
)
‫اﻟﺴﻤﻴﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
(
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
١٨
(
٧٥

17. ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ‬
:
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﲢﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ‬
:
‫ﺃ‬
–
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
:
–
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﲟﻨﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﺏ‬
-
‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
:
-
‫ﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬
١
–
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
:
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻭﺗﺸﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬
.
٢
–
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻨﺸﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
:
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺼﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻨﺸﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺪﺍﻡ‬
.
٣
–
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
:
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬
)
١٦٠
‫ﻡ‬
(
‫ﺍﳌـﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻔﻨﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻣﻪ‬
)
‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛـﺴﺠﲔ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻡ‬
(
‫ﻳـﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
.
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬
:
‫ﺃ‬
-
‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺛﲎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺔ‬
٠
‫ﺏ‬
-
‫ﻭﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲣﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
٠
٧٦

18. ‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
Joint Method
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
١٩
(
٧٧

19. ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫وﺻﻼت‬
‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
٢٠
(
٧٨

20. ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻮى‬ ‫اﻳﺜﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
:
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻼﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
Super Pipe
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬
)
Superpipe
(
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲬﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺜﻴﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﳌﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ‬
.
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
:
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺮﻭﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻄﻰ‬
‫ﲤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﳌﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺜﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻖ‬
)
Bond
(
‫ﻭﺛﻴﻖ‬
٠
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻠﻔﻦ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
٠
-
‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﻭﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
٣٠٠
‫ﻡ‬
٠
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻁ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻼ‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻟﻮﺍﻥ‬
.
-
‫ﻭﺟﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﳌﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﳊﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﲣﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﳝﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﳌﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﺧﻼﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬
.
-
‫ﺗﺮﺳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟﺪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬
٠
‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
.
-
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺼﻴﺼ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
)
0- Seal rings
.(
-
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﲎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬
.
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬
:
١
-
‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬
)
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
(
‫ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬
.
٢
-
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬
.
٣
-
‫ﺍﳌﱰﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
)
‫ﺍﻟﻐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﺎﺯ‬
(
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ‬
.
٤
-
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬
.
٧٩

21. ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
:
١
-
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻄ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻣﲑ‬
.
٢
-
‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺮﺍﻃﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺎﺩ‬
.
٣
-
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
.
٤
-
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻔﻀﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
.
٥
-
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﲟﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﲟﺤﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
١٦
‫ﻣﻢ‬
×
٢
/
١
ً
٨٠

22. ‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬
)
٢١
:
٢٤
(
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬
:
Valves
‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻬ‬
‫ﺎ‬
، ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑ‬
‫ﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﳏﺎﺑﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬
٠
‫ﺍﻟﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻧﺰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻄﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‬
٠
‫ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﻇﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﶈﺎﺑﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻧﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻧﺰ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﳏﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰱ‬
‫ﺧﻼﳍﺎ‬
٠
٨١

23. ‫اﻟﺴﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰهﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺑﺲ‬
:
‫ﺃ‬
–
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺎﺑﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬
Sluice Valve
‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﻠﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺟﺘﻪ‬
)
‫ﻣﺮ‬
–
٢٣
(
‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻃﺒﻘ‬
)
‫ﻡ‬
.
‫ﻕ‬
.
‫ﻡ‬
١
) (
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬
(
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬
١,١
. %
‫ﺏ‬
-
‫ﳓﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﺎﻣﻮﻟــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺸـﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻤﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬
٥
‫ﺃﻭ‬
١٠
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻢ‬
)
‫ﻡ‬
٠
‫ﻕ‬
٠
‫ﻡ‬
٢٤٧
. (
‫ﺟـ‬
-
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺜﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻧﺰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺎﺑﺲ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬
٠
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻗـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﳎﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻘﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺮﻯ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺒﺲ‬
.
‫ﺩ‬
-
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﻘﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺸـــﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻣﲑﺟﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﲤﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﲜﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺸﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﻅ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺸﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻣﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺸﻘﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻭﻳﻂ‬
.
‫ﻫـ‬
-
‫ﻗﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻄــﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺻﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ، ‫ﳏﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺒﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
.
‫ﻭ‬
-
‫ﺍﳍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﳚﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻔﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﶈﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﳏﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬
٣٠
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺎﺑﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬
)
‫ﻡ‬
٠
‫ﻕ‬
٠
‫ﻡ‬
٩٧١
" (
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺒﺲ‬
"
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﳜﺘﱪ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﲢﺖ‬
١٨
‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬
٩,٠
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻔﻮﻟﺔ‬
.
٨٢

24. ‫ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺑﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺑﺲ‬
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
٢١
(
٨٣

25. ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﳏﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﱴ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺑﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﰱ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻬـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻓﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﳏﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻰ‬
٠
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺘﻼﰱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﳚ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻨﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻋـﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
٠
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﶈﺎﺑﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬
)
‫ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﳏﺒﺲ‬
(
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﳏﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﳏﺒﺲ‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﳏﺒﺲ‬
٠
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻛﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻛـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﳏﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﲡﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬
٠
‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬
)
‫ﲪﺎﻡ‬
–
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
–
‫ﻣﻄﺒﺦ‬
–
‫ﺧﻼﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﲣﺪﱘ‬
(
‫ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﳏﺒﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺔ‬
٠
‫ﻣـ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬـﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻋـﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﳏﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﲟﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﺬﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬
٢
‫ﺑـﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﲟﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﺬﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﳏﺒﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬
٠
*
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻭﻭﻇﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺒﺲ‬
:
‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺎﺑﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﻅ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺳﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺹ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺰ‬
‫ﻣـﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﳝﻨـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﲤﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬
.
*
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﳏﺒﺲ‬
Rotating Wedge Valve
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺟـﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺒـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻮﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻘﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﳐﺮﻭﻃﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻔﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿـﻐﻄ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻔـﻞ‬ ‫ﺳـﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ــﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺎﺑـــﺲ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍ‬
‫ﺳﲑ‬
)
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
. (
٨٤

26. ‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬
‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫او‬
‫أﻣﺎن‬ ‫أم‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺮﺟﻮع‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
٢٢
(
٨٥

27. ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻡ‬
)
‫ﺭﺩﺍﺥ‬
(
Non Return Valve
‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
:
-
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻧﱪﻛﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
Spring
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬
٠
-
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
Swing
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬
٠
-
‫ﻓﻘـﻂ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﳌﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﳚﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﲑ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻡ‬
Float Valve
‫ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺫﺍﺗﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻰ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻡ‬
:
Pressure Regulating Valve
‫ﻤﻮﻋـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
.
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺩ‬
٥,٥
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
/
‫ﺳﻢ‬
٢
.
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬
.
‫ﻫﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎﻡ‬
:
Air Relief valve
‫ﺑﺘـﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻳـﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﲝﺒﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺼﻤﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﲟﺤﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺰﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫ﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬
٠
٨٦

28. ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
٢٣
(
٨٧

29. ‫اﻷﺟـــﺮﺑﺔ‬
:
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻭﺩ‬
٠٠٠
‫ﺍﱁ‬
‫ﲟ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺟﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﳚﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺟﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
٦
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﺧﻼﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‬
٠
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬
٠
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
٠
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﻠﻔﻂ‬
٠
‫ﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻔﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﲝﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﺮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﲨﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬
٠
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺑﺲ‬
.
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﳏﺎﺑﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺐ‬
٠
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺣﻴﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺻﻼ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺜﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻼﻭﻭﻅ‬
٠
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
.
‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫وﻋﺰل‬ ‫دهﺎن‬
‫ﻗﺒـﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﲞﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲢﺖ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻧـﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟـ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﻮﻣﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﻮﻣﲔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬
‫ﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬
٠
‫ﺑﺒﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﲞﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
٠
‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬
٠
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻏـﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺩﻥ‬
(Ferrous – Nonferrous )
‫ﻗﻄـﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﰉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﳌﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
(Dielectic lnslation )
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﳌﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﳊﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﲟﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺰﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﰉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻴﻔ‬
‫ﻠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻮﻥ‬
٠
٨٨

30. ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺪادت‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺮﺹ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻻﻳﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﺔ‬
٠
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
)
‫ﻡ‬
٠
‫ﻕ‬
٠
‫ﻡ‬
٧٧١
(
"
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺽ‬
‫ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ‬
."
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
٢٤
(
٨٩

31. ‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬
‫واﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎردة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
)
٢٥
(
٩٠

32. ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺮف‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻜﺎل‬
)
٢٦
:
٣٢
(
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺨﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﳏﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻄﺎﺑﺦ‬ ‫ﲪﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬
.
‫ﺍﻵﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﲎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ‬
:
١
-
‫ﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﺮﻳﻒ‬
.
٢
-
‫ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﲎ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻯ‬‫ﺍ‬
.
‫ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎرى‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
:
١
-
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﺎﺑﻴ‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ﺎﺭﻯ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻔﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
)
‫ﺟﺎﻟﻴﺘﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬
(
‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻟﻴﺘﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﱃ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻩ‬
.
٢
-
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﺎﺑﻴ‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
.
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺎﺭﻯ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﰱ‬
.
‫ﺍﻵﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺒﻌ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬
:
١
-
‫ﳌ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﻔﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺕ‬
)
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬
(
Soil Stack :
‫ﺍﳌﺒﲎ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ‬
٠
‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬
٤
‫ﺣﻮﺍﱃ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺻﻪ‬
٢٠
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺒﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﱪ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷ‬ ‫ﺑـﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻯ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ـــ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﻮﺍﻉ‬
.
٢
-
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﳌ‬
‫ﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﺻﺮ‬
‫ﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬
)
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬
(
waste Stack
‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻔﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺭﺿﻴﺔ‬
(Floor traps)
‫ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣـﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻏﺴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﺒﺦ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺵ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻯ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
٣
‫ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
٢٠
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺩ‬
.
‫ﳊﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻟﻴﺘﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻔﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻯ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻮﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻯ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺟﻬـﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻔﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﺟﺰﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﺒﺦ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻏﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬
٠
‫ﲣﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻟﻴﺘﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻯ‬
.
٩٢

33. ‫رأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
١
-
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺄﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬
٢
-
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﺎﺽ‬
٣
-
‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬
٤
-
‫ﻛﻮﻉ‬
٥
-
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬
٦
-
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬
٧
-
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻏﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺽ‬
٨
-
‫ﺗﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﱃ‬
٩٣

34. ‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮد‬
VENT, STACK
‫ﻳﻜ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻮﻥ‬
٢
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘـﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﻔﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬
.
‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮد‬ ‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬
٩
-
‫ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﲡﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﲢﻠ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻞ‬
٠
١٠
-
‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊـﺎﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬
٠
١١
-
‫ﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﲡﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺃ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬
.
-
‫ﺩﺧـﻮ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻠﻔﻦ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻨﺒﻮﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬
.
-
‫ﻳـﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﰱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﰱ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﲎ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﺗﺼﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻮﺩ‬
٠
٩٤

35. ‫درا‬
‫وﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
:
‫اﻟﺰه‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫أ‬
-
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻃﺒﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻃﺒﻘـ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻄـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﻯ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺮﱘ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬
)
‫ﻡ‬
.
‫ﻑ‬
.
‫ﻡ‬
١٨٦
(
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏ‬
٠
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
.
‫ب‬
-
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻗﻄﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻃﻮﳍﺎ‬
١,٨
‫ﻗﺪﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﲰﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
١٠
%
‫ﺍﶈﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
.
٦
×
٤
/
١
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
=
٤٢,٠٠
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
٥
×
٤
/
١
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
=
٣٥,٥٠
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
٤
×
٤
/
١
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
=
٢٨,٥
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
٣
×
٤
/
١
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
=
١٩,٠٠
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
٢
×
٤
/
١
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬
=
١٣,٥
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺟـ‬
_
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺳـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺳـﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬
)
‫ﻡ‬
.
‫ﻑ‬
.
‫ﻡ‬
١٨٦
(
‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬
.
‫ﺩ‬
-
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴ‬ ‫ﲢﺖ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺟﻬﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘﻮﻣﲔ‬
‫ـ‬
‫ﺎﺧﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠ‬
‫ﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻼﺻﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻗﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﻮﻣﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
٠
‫ﻫـ‬
-
‫ﺗﺪﻫ‬
‫ـ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻘﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ـ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺑﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬
‫ـ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
.
‫ﻭ‬
-
‫ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺐ‬
)
‫ﻃﻨﺒﻮﺷﺔ‬
(
‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ــ‬
‫ﻠﻔ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻠﻚ‬
‫ـ‬
‫ﻦ‬
‫ﲰﻚ‬
٣
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻡ‬
.
٩٥

36. ‫اﻟﺮﺻﺎص‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪ‬
‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻡ‬
‫ﻗﺒـﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻠـﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﲢـﺖ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺼﻖ‬
٠
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳـﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﱮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻔﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺳـﺒﻴﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﲰﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﲰﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‬
١
:
٢
‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
)
C.P.V
(
‫ﻣﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﻳﺜﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬
(P.E)
‫ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﳘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﲪﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻰ‬
)
‫ﲬﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
(
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮﻁ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
.
‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
)
C.P.V
(
‫ﻟﻼﻧﺤﺪار‬
:
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬
.
-
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻗﻄﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬
١
‫ﺣﱴ‬ ً
٩
ً
-
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﲰﻚ‬
.
-
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
.
‫ﻟﻠﺼﺮف‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺑﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
.
-
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬
.
-
‫ﻻﺻﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬
.
‫اﻟﻔﺨﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬
:
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﲢﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﲎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﳚﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺯ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫ﲟﻌﻈـﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰱ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱴ‬
٩٦