Categorization describing resource classes and types
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Glushko, R. J. (Ed.). (2013). The discipline of organizing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Chapter 6.Categorization describing resource classes and types
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Categorization describing resource classes and types
- 1. Categorization: Describing Resource Classes and Types. Glushko, R. J. (Ed.). (2013). The discipline of organizing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Chapter 6. James Chuang
- 2. Outline 6.1 Introdution 6.2 The What and Why of categories 6.3 Principle for creating categories 6.4 Category design issue and implications 6.5 Implementing categories
- 3. Introduction
- 6. The What and Why of categories
- 7. The What and Why of categories ✘Categories are equivalence classes, sets or groups of things or abstract entities that we treat same. ✘Include and Exclude ✘Cognitive and Linguistic models
- 8. All human languages and cultures divide up the world into categories.
- 11. Cultural Categories ✘描述各種實體與人類各層面經驗 ✘Plato: “Carving nature at its joints” ✘Nature Language E.g., Banana
- 12. Cultural Categories Linguistic Relativity (Whorf, 1956) 陳長益(2000)。語言相對論。雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網。 取自http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1313416/ Hopi English
- 13. Cultural Categories Linguistic Relativity (Whorf, 1956) ✘ 語言不僅是思考的「工具」而已，它同時 也是思想的內容與思想的「塑造者」。 ✘ 愛斯基摩人用不同的字詞代表或指示不同 類的雪。 ✘ 亞洲人以「稻」、「米」及「飯」指稱未 剝殼的米、剝了殼的米及已煮熟的米。 陳長益(2000)。語言相對論。雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網。 取自http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1313416/
- 16. Individual Categories Individual Categories ✘ 應付立即行動，處理緊 急狀況 ✘ 具獨創性，可能跳脫文 化的框架 ✘ 自個人經歷或成長歷史 中融合文化分類 Cultural Categories ✘ 需長時間且發展緩慢
- 18. Institutional Categories ✘有邏輯地、明確地創造，由多人協作 ✘Information-intensive domain ✘Laws , Regulation, Standards ✘Classification: the systematic assignment of resources to categories.
- 19. Institutional Categories ✘Reconcile mismatches between existing Individual Categories. ✘Overcome the vagueness and inconsistency of Cultural Categories. ✘Collaboration of many individuals. ✘Different business or technical perspectives.
- 20. Credit: Serge Lachinov & Den fjättrade ankan https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Dmitri_Mendeleev
- 22. Categorization Continuum https://www.pinterest.com/pin/532972937125341485/ Linnaean taxonomy human beings homo sapiens
- 23. Categorization Continuum Animal (Cultural / Institutional) Mammal (Institutional) Domestic short-hair (Institutional) Cat (Cultural) Trouble maker, favorite (Individual)
- 26. Principle for creating categories 1. Enumeration 2. Single properties 3. Multiple properties and Hierarchy 4. Family resemblance 5. Similarity 6. Theory-based categorization 7. Goal-based categorization
- 27. Enumeration ✘ The simplest principle for creating a category is enumeration. ✘Extensional definition ✘Institutional Categorization ✘Unambiguous, Impractical, Inefficient.
- 29. Single properties ✘Intrinsic static properties ✗CDs, DVDs, 8-track cartridges, etc. ✗Author, date, location, etc. ✘Extrinsic static properties ✗Alphabetic ✗Numeric
- 30. Single properties ✘Extrinsic and Dynamics ✘Usage or Behaviors→Context-dependent 1. Current owner or location of a resource 2. Frequency of access 3. Joint frequency of access with other resources 4. Current rating or preference with respect to alternative resources
- 32. Single properties ✘Choice of properties ✘A large number of items in a system of categories → lack coherence
- 33. Multiple properties and Hierarchy 1. Multi-level or Hierarchical Categories 2. Different properties for subsets of resources 3. Necessary and sufficient properties
- 34. Multi-level or Hierarchical Categories ✘ Logical hierarchy ✘ Inherited or inferred
- 35. How many properties and levels do we need? Logically complete It’s complete for “all intents and purposes”
- 36. Different properties for subsets of resources Intrinsic extrinsic Static 依上衣、褲、襪， 再依顏色 跟室友分衣櫃格子 Dynamic 依季節分 最常穿的放門邊
- 37. Necessary and sufficient properties ✘A large set of resource dose not always require many properties and categories to organize it. ✘E.g. Prime number ✘Every member of the category is an equally good member or example of the category. ✘Monothetic (單設定) → Classical categories 黃震昇(2008)。被動綜合與單╱ 多設定：舒茲現象社會學意識界域的探討(碩士論文)。 取自http://nthur.lib.nthu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/4734
- 38. The Classical View of Categories
- 39. The limits of property-based categorization ✘Basing categories on easily perceived properties is often not effective. ✘Surface E.g. the size of a book, the color of its cover. ✘Aboutness
- 40. Family Resemblance ✘Logical → Statistical
- 42. There are three related consequence: 1. An effect of typicality or centrality. 2. It isn’t all properties creates what we call family resemblance. E.g. What is a game? (Ludwig Wittgenstein) 3. The boundaries of the category are not fixed.
- 43. Similarity 1. Featured- or Properties-based 2. Geometry-based 3. Alignment-based 4. Transformational
- 44. Similarity 1. Featured- or Properties-based 2. Geometry-based 3. Alignment-based 4. Transformational
- 45. Similarity 1. Featured- or Properties-based 2. Geometry-based 3. Alignment-based 4. Transformational Things you need to feed
- 46. Similarity 1. Featured- or Properties-based 2. Geometry-based 3. Alignment-based 4. Transformational
- 47. Theory-based categories ✘Family resemblance and Similarity → Visible properties ✘Theory-based E.g. mammals ✘Origin or Causation
- 48. Goal-derived categories ✘ Satisfy a goal. ✘ A particular goal in some context.
- 49. Category design issue and implications
- 50. 1. Resource Properties 2.Similarity 3.Goals Depth and Breadth
- 51. Abstraction and Granularity ✘ The size of class ✘Context and Intent ✘Find-grained categories
- 52. Basic or Natural Subordinate Basic Superordinate Clothing Shirts White shirt Long- sleeve dress shirt Socks Black hiking socks
- 53. Recall and Precision Tradeoff
- 54. Audience and Propose ✘Goals, Breadth, Uses. ✘Language E.g. Mandarin, Wu, Cantonese.
- 56. Implementing categories ✘Sometimes invisible Communicate, Solve problems, Organize ✘Sometimes apparent Signs, labels, Folders, etc. ✘ Institutional Categories
- 57. Implementing classical categories ✘Classical view of categories ✘Decision tree Vehicles Weight Off-road capability Maximum number of passengers
- 58. Implementing that do not Conform to the classical categories ✘Novel ✘Stream of Consciousness http://cwriter-creativewriter.blogspot.tw/2012/10/when-i-think-stream- of-consciousness-i.html
- 59. Stream of Consciousness (William James, 1842~1910) 反對結構主義以意識是靜止的元素的說法， 指出意識不是支離破碎的感覺原子，而是 連續不絕經驗瀑流，人的思考活動與意識 總在不斷流動之中。 意識流。雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網。取自 http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1312051/ http://www.stuffyoushouldknow.com/blog/tag/stream-of- consciousness/
- 60. Implementing that do not Conform to the classical categories ✘Machine learning ✗Supervised ✗Unsupervised (Statistical pattern recognition) https://www.lexalytics.com/technology/machine-learning
- 61. Implementing that do not Conform to the classical categories ✘Unsupervised →Clustering techniques 1. Some measures of inter-item similarity can be calculated. 2. Hierarchical Clustering, K-means clustering 3. Refining the system of categories.
- 62. THANK YOU!
Notas del editor
- 文化、個人、機構
- 這個圖要表達的意思是個人分類與機構分類都是以文化分類為基礎，但是沒有誰的範圍比較大。
- 不同的語言有不同的思想方式。
- 前面說到這三種分類是以文化分類為基礎，並且列出三者的不同與差異。雖然文化、個人、機構的分類雖前面我們仔細區別他們的差異，但是其實這三者也有重疊、融合的部分。所以作者稱作文化連續體。
- 接著是建立分類的原則。
- 列舉、單一特徵、多重特徵階層、家族相似性、相似度、理論基礎分類、目的基礎分類。
- 多樣化的特徵與階層。組織分類系統也經常使用多樣化的特徵來定義分類。這裡分為三個部分：分類的多層級、資源次集合的不同特徵、特徵的必要性與足夠性。
- 在必要性與足夠性方面。如果有一個大量的資源集合，並不一定需要很多特徵與分類來組織他，重點在於是否足夠與必要。必須定義一些最重要的特徵來分類。 以質數為例，質數的定義是了一與其本身之外無法被其他自然整數整除，這個就是必要且足夠的分類特徵。 所以進一步而言，所有在一個類別的成員，都是可以完整表現一個類別所有傳達的特徵。 而在古典的分類上，對於必要且足夠的分類的特徵，稱為Monothetic (單設定) 。 單設定（monothetic）跟多設定（polythetic）。單設定綜合像是單一、單方面的注意、理解或推論；而多設定綜合則像是多元的、多方面的注意跟理解。
- 柏拉圖古典觀點的分類思想
- 家族相似性 主要是以統計性來取代邏輯性分類，來計算要分類的項目的相似度。
- 向量模型，跟資訊檢索的方式一樣，計算兩個詞彙之間的向量距離，這裡是測量兩個事物的向量距離。
- 對齊為基礎。牽涉到兩個物件之間比較複雜的關係。這個取鏡中不需要去理解兩個物件間有沒有分享相似的特色。
- 變形取徑，計算兩個物件的距離，以及設定彼此之間相互指向。像是名稱的對應，
- 古典分類的應用有決策樹。
- 機器學習。 Supervised給有系統有分類標籤的物件，進行分類。 Unsupervised 給系統物件，但是系統必須以給定的分類架構自行分類。
- 叢集技術。 計算項目之間相似度。 Kmean一開始給定K個分類，項目就分類到這K個分類之中。 系統中每加一個項目入系統，系統就會計算分類之間的相似性，然後予以合併或去除。