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1. * GB786204 (A)
Description: GB786204 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in or relating to reinforced concrete beams
Description of GB786204 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of filing Complete Specification: Jan 27, 1956.
Application Date: Nov 1, 1954 No 31504/54.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at Acceptance -Class 20 ( 4), D 2, F 1, G( 1:3 14), N 10.
International Classification:-E 04 b, c, f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Reinforced Concrete Beams.
I, HAROLD DESMOND ROBERT RIDGEON, of Gloucester Street, Cambridge, a
British Subject, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray
that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to reinforced concrete beams, and is
particularly concerned with an improved construction of beam for use
in flooring, ceiling or roof constructions embodying slabs supported
by and extending bteween parallel beams and a filling of concrete
applied in spaces between the slabs and beams to form a unitary
structure on which a floor surfacing of any suitable kind can be
applied.
The invention has for its object to provide an improved construction
of reinforced concrete beam for this purpose which, while possessing
adequate inherent strength to support the load, is sufficiently light
in weight to facilitate handling.
According to the present invention, there is provided a reinforced
concrete beam of inverted T-section, in which a horizontal bottom part
of the section of concrete incorporates a bottom central longitudinal
metal reinforcing member, and the web portion of the section comprises
an adulatory metal reinforcing member connected to the bottom central
reinforcing member and to a top longitudinal reinforcing member to
2. provide a substantially triangulated truss structure, the edge
portions of the concrete, forming the horizontal bottom part of the
section, providing supporting ledges for flooring slabs so that the
vertical web portion of the beam extends upwardly between and spaced
from adjacent slabs The undulatory reinforcing member preferably is
connected to the top and bottom longitudinal reinforcing members by
welding.
The concrete bottom part of the section may incorporate outer
longitudinal reinforcing members extending within said edge portions,
and the central and outer reinforcing members in the bottom part of
the section may be connected at intervals by transverse reinforcing
members The top reinforcing member and the outer reinforcing members
in the bottom part of the section also may be linked together at
intervals by transverse members of inverted V or U formation The
transverse members may be connected to the longitudinal reinforcing
members by means of wire bindings.
If desired, the beam may be pre-stressed, at the bottom of the section
for loading and at the top of the section for handling, the
pre-stressing being applied to the said longitudinal reinforcing
members or to additional pre-stressing elements.
The invention is hereinafter described, by way of example, with
reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, in which:Fig 1 is
a perspective view showing the reinforcing structure of part of a
reinforced concrete beam according to the invention before the
concrete is applied; Fig 2 is a perspective view of a portion of a
finished beam; Fig 3 is a section on the line III-III of Fig 1 showing
also the concrete bottom part of the section and the manner in which
slabs are supported by the beam; and Fig 4 is a section on the line
IV-IV, Fig 1.
In carrying the invention into effect according to one embodiment, and
with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, a reinforced
concrete beam according to the invention is of inverted Tsection A
horizontal bottom part 1 of the section is of concrete incorporating a
bottom 786,204 65.
central longitudinal metal reinforcing member 2 and the web Dortion of
the section comprises an undulatory metal reinforcing member 3
connected, preferably by welding, to the bottom central member 2 and
an upper longitudinal reinforcing member 4 to provide a substantially
triangulated truss structure which imparts strength and stiffness to
the beam while retaining lightness of weight.
The bottom concrete Dart 1 of the section preferably incorporates
outer longitudinal reinforcing members 5 spaced from the central
member 2 and dis Dosed substantially on the same level The bottom
central member 2 and outer members 5 may be connected at intervals by
3. transverse reinforcing members 6 each of which, as shown in Fig 4, may
extend beneath the members 2 and 5 and have upturned ends 6 a
extending at the outer side of the members 5, the members 6 being
secured to the longitudinal members 2 and 5 by wire bindings 7.
The top reinforcing member 4 and the outer reinforcing members 5 in
the bottom part 1 of the section also may be linked together at
intervals by transverse stirrup members 8 of inverted V or U formation
which members 8, as shown in Fig 3, may extend over the top of the
member 4 and have U-shaped end portions 8 a for engaging the members 5
The transverse members 8 may be secured to the longitudinal members 4
and 5 by wire bindings 9 and provide shear reinforcement.
The concrete bottom part 1 of the section is formed at its edge
portions with ledges la for the support of flooring slabs 10, as shown
in Fig 3, with the vertical web portion of the beam extending upwardly
between and spaced from adjacent slabs The vertical web portion of the
beam section is of such height as to extend substantially level with
the top of the flooring slabs 10.
The longitudinal reinforcing members preferably are of round section
iron or steel, or may be of any other suitable section.
The transverse reinforcing members also may be of round section rod or
the like.
Furthermore, the upper and/or lower longitudinal reinforcing members,
or separate wire or other tension members incorporated in the concrete
part of the structure, may be pre-stressed if desired.
The improved beam according to the invention is of particular utility
for use in combination with floor or ceiling slabs according to Patent
Specification No.
750,146.
It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the
particular embodiment hereinbefore described For example, the web
portion of the section may be encased in concrete to form a concrete
web portion which may be formed with holes in intervals for lightness
and may be provided with buttresses incorporating the reinforcing
members of inverted V or U formation connecting the top reinforcing
member and the outer reinforcing members in the bottom part of the
section.
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4. * GB786205 (A)
Description: GB786205 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in submarine electric cables
Description of GB786205 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION 71
Inventors: -ARTHUR LENNOX MEYERS and ERNEST HAROLD PULL.
Date of flling Complete Specification: Feb 6,1956.
Application Date: Nov 4, 1954 No 31973/54 Complete Specification
Published: Nov 13, 195,1.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 36, A 1 C.
International Classification:-H Olb.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Submarine Electric Cables.
We, SUBMARINE CABLES LIMITED, a Company organised under the laws of
Great Britain, of 22 Old Broad Street, London, E.C 2, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:-
Submarine electric communication cables of the well-known coaxial type
comprise a centre conductor, an extruded insulation normally of a
polyethylene compound, -a series of copper tapes which form an outer
or return conductor, protective wrappings and finally wire armour.
A normal construction for the outer conductor is a layer of long lay
copper tapes, for example, six in number, applied directly to the
surface of the insulation and forming substantially a closed cylinder
surrounding it, over which structure is applied a short lay copper
binding tape, for example, of width 1 " 3 and thickness 0003 or O 004
inch.
It has in the past been the practice to apply directly over this
copper binding tape an overlapping impregnated and coated fabric tape
for the triple purposes of adding mechanical strength, of limiting
undesirable electrolytic action between the copper tapes and the
armour wires, and of adding protection to the insulation This
impregnated and coated fabric tape prevents excessive electrolytic
5. action between the copper tapes and the galvanised steel armouring
wires by interposing a barrier of appreciable electrical resistance,
thereby limiting the flow of electrolytic currents in the sea water
which penetrates into the outer layers of the cable.
It is valuable as a protection of the insulation because it is highly
desirable that tarry compounds used in the superimposed protective
jute servings should not be in direct contact with the insulation The
copper lPrice 3 s 6 d l structure referred to above is already a good
barrier, but with the addition of a well overlapped fabric tape
complete protection is assured.
There is, however, a serious disadvantage in the present practice of
using a fully impregnated coated fabric tape, viz that this tape acts
as a partially effective water barrier, very much delaying the ingress
of water to the surface of the insulation When the copper tape
structure is only partially wetted by fresh or salt water, the normal
power factor of the cable insulation is increased by a partial or high
resistance contact between it and the copper tapes When the cable is
fully wet, down to the surfaces of the insulation, this extra source
of loss disappears.
From the above explanation it will be realised that if a fully
impregnated and coated fabric tape is applied with an overlap, the
electrical characteristics measured shortly after manufacture are not
the same as will be eventually realised when sea water has completely
soaked through the fabric tape This is a great disadvantage in that
accurate measurement of final characteristics cannot be made for many
months after the cable is manufactured, nor can it be determined
whether the expected characteristics of the insulation have been
obtained in the finished product.
To obviate this disadvantage, in accordance with the present
invention, for the fabric tape above referred to is substituted a
fabric tape which is prepared by being impregnated and coated on one
side only.
With this tape the feature of mechanical strength is retained; and
there is still an appreciable (though somewhat reduced) resistance
barrier between copper tapes and armouring wires, sufficient to limit
undesirable electrolytic action Since, however, one 169205 side and
the edges of the tape are uncoated, water readily passes from the
outside by way of the overlapping edges down to the surfaces of the
insulation, quickly stabilising the electrical characteristics.
The tape above-mentioned can be applied with the coated side either
innermost or outermost-the latter arrangement having been found most
effective.
According to a further feature of the invention a plurality of tapes
is used, of which only one is impregnated, the-edgesof the impregnated
6. tape being separated by a non-impregnated tape.
13 The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in
which: _ Figure 1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a submarine
cable partly constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the
invention, and having a single impregnated fabric tape applied over
the copper binding tape of the outer conductor.
Figure 2 is a detail section of another embodiment of the invention.
Referring to the drawing there is shown a communication cable of the
coaxial type comprising a central conductor and a solid insulation
such as polythene or polythene compound indicated generally at "A",
"B" being the outer conductor which is usually built up of a number of
copper tapes applied with a long lay, and held in position by a short
lay copper binder tape C.
On the outside of the cable is provided a layer of steel armour wire
indicated at "S" beneath which is an impregnated jute serving J
Separating the serving and the outer conductor "B" it is usual to
provide a fabric tape which is applied with an over4 ( lap, the tape
being impregnated and coated on both sides The purpose of this double
sided tape is to prevent excessive electrolytic action between the
copper tapes and the galvanised steel armouring wires by inter4.5
posing a barrier of appreciable electrical resistance, thereby
limiting the flow of electrolytic currents in the sea water which
penetrates into the outer layers of the cable.
That part of Figure 1 above the centre line X-X shows an existing
construction of cable having fabric tape F impregnated and provided on
each side with a coating of an insulating composition, this coating
being shown at D.
,5 In the arrangements shown below the axis X-X in Figure 1, in place
of a tape impregnated and coated on both sides we make use, in
accordance with the invention, of a single tape wound over the copper
binding tape of the outer conductor which is prepared by impregnation
and a coating on one side only.
With this tape the feature of mechanical strength is retained; and
there is still an appreciable (though somewhat reduced) resistance
barrier between copper tapes and armouring wires, sufficient to limit
undesirable electrolytic action It will be seen, therefore, that by
reason of the edges of the tapes as shown at 2 being uncoated, the
exterior surface of the tape is broken up 70 into non-impregnated
areas or sections separated by impregnated areas and thus there is
provided a series of water absorbent paths, indicated at 2 ',
extending between the overlapping sections of the tape and along which
75 the water can seep to gain access to the copper tapes forming the
outer conductor B which, throughout its length, is wholly exposed to
the unimpregnated face of the fabric tape Water thus readily passes
7. from R( the outside by way of the overlapping edges down to the
surfaces of the insulation, quickly stabilising the electrical
characteristics.
Thus the disadvantage inherent in employ 85 ing a fully impregnated
fabric tape which prevents the infiltration of water is obviated since
the cable, when immersed quickly becomes wetted down to the surface of
the insulation so that the electrical charac 20 teristics are quickly
stabilised and can readily be ascertained.
In Figure 1 the impregnated side of the tape has been placed on the
outside but if desired the impregnated and non-impreg nated sides can
be reversed By arranging the non-impregnated side on the inside the
wetting action is more satisfactory in that a' greater surface area of
the outer conductor is wetted equal approximately to half the 1 ( O
width of each tape, whereas by reversing the tape the contact area
would be reduced.
In the arrangement shown in Figure 2 use is made alternately of
strands of impregnated and coated and non-impregnated fabric 105 tape
as indicated respectively at 3 and 4.
In a series of experiments, a coaxial cable, having the conventional
fully impregnated and overlapped tape, was found to have an effective
power factor of 0 0013 even after 110 being soaked in water for three
months, while the power factor of the cable protected in accordance
with this invention was stabilised, under the same conditions, at its
true value of approximately 0 0004 within 115 a few days A suitable
material for the coating applied to one side of the single tape, or to
the whole of the impregnated tape used in the alternative construction
with an unimpregnated tape, is the rubber, bitumen 120 and wax
composition known under the Registered Trade Mark "Telconax".
The fabric tape may consist of cotton but where greater strength is
required we may make use of nylon or other woven synthetic 125 fibre.
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* GB786206 (A)
Description: GB786206 (A) ? 1957-11-13
8. Improvements in or relating to electrically heated boilers
Description of GB786206 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATlON
786,206 Inventors:-FREDERICK JOHN BECKET and JOHN LAMBERT RYCROFT.
Date of filing Complete Specification: Dec 6, 1955.
Application Date: Dec 7, 1954 No 35453/54.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 19, 7.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 39 ( 3), H 1 J( 2: 3), H 3 C.
International Classification:-H 05 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Electrically Heated Boilers.
We, THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY LIMITED, of Magnet House, Kingsway,
London, W C 2, a British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
This invention relates to water boilers in which heating is effected
by an electric heating element or elements arranged to extend into the
boiler shell.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a boiler of this
type which may be used safely in situations such as coal mines where
inflammable gases may be present.
According to the present invention, an electrically heated boiler
comprises a boiler shell adapted to contaift water to be heated, a
metal apparatus plate closing in a fluid tight manner an aperture in
the boiler shell and supporting at least an electrical heating element
extending in a fluid tight and flame proof manner through said
apparatus plate into the boiler shell, a flame proof compartment
defined at one end by said apparatus plate and closed in a flame proof
manner by a terminal plate through which extend supply terminals for
the heating element, and a further flame proof compartment one end of
which is defined by said terminal plate and which is arranged to
receive conductors for connecting an electric supply to said
terminals.
A boiler shell may be provided with a flange surrounding said aperture
and the apparatus plate may be bolted to this flange.
Said flanfe proof compartment may be cylindrical, a tubular member
forming the body of the flame proof compartment being bolted to the
9. apparatus plate.
The apparatus plate and the terminal lPrice.
plate may define opposite walls of said flame proof compartment.
The heating element may be secured in a spigoted flange which is
received in a boss formed on the apparatus plate.
The requirements for an enclosure to be flame proof vary according to
the inflammable gas or vapour in which the apparatus is to be flame
proof These requirements are set out in British Standard Specification
No.
229 and they should be borne in mind when constructing apparatus for
use where inflammable gas or vapour may be present.
One construction of electrically heated boiler according to the
present invention will now be described by way of example with
reference to the six Figures of the accompanying drawings, in
which:Figure 1 is a part-sectional side elevation of the boiler;
Figure 2 is a plan view of the boiler; Figure 3 is an end elevation of
the apparatus plate assembly; Figure 4 is a sectional view taken on
the line A-A in Figure 3; Figure 5 is an end elevation of a terminal
chamber the cover plate being broken away to show the interior of the
chamber; and Figure 6 is a sectional elevation taken on the line B-B
in Figure 5.
The electrically heated boiler is designed for operation in coal
mines, etc for producing steam for dust suppression and other
purposes.
Referring now to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, the boiler comprises
a cylindrical boiler shell having a domed end 2 and an open end Around
the open end is welded a flange ring 3, and the aperture in the open
end is arranged to be closed by a steel apparatus plate 4, seen in
Figures 3 and 4, bolted to studs 5 secured in the flange ring 3 Three
electric heating elements 6 extend 786,206 through apertures in the
apparatus plate 4 into the boiler shell 1 and are bolted to this
plate, closing the apertures in a fluid tight and flame proof manner
as described more fully below The boiler shell 1 is mounted with its
longitudinal axis horizontal, and feed water enters the shell through
a pipe 7 welded to the domed end 2 of the shell.
Water level in the boiler shell 1 is limited automatically by a float
switch housed in a separate float chamber assembly shown
diagrammatically at 8 adjacent and in fluid communication with the
shell 1, and a second float switch in this chamber 8 is arranged to
de-energise the heating elements 6 if the water level drops below a
safe level.
The shell 3 is well lagged by glass wool 9 confined between the shell
1 and a surrounding metal casing 10, and steam produced within the
shell 1 is led off through an antipriming dome 11 welded to the top of
10. the shell 1 Attached to this dome 11 are a pressure relief valve 12
and pressure gauge 13.
The apparatus plate 4, see Figures 3 and 4, consists of a plane steel
disc formed with an aperture for each of the three heating elements 6
and for an emergency thermal control switch 14 and two pressure
control switches 15 The heating elements are of the sheathed wire
type, each brazed into a gunmetal spigoted flange 16, and annular
bosses 17 are welded to the apparatus plate 4 around three of the
apertures to receive the elements 6 Each boss 17 is stepped internally
to receive the spigot of an element flange 16, and the depth of the
spigot in close contact with the step 18 of the boss 17 exceeds 1 ",
the maximum clearance between the spigot and the boss 17 along this
step 18 being 0 01 " A gasket 19 provided at the bottom of the step 18
of the boss ensures a fluid tight seal with the bottom of the spigot
when the flange 16 is bolted to studs 20 secured around the boss 17
but is so dimensioned that it cannot reduce the length of the flame
proof path between these parts to less than 1 ".
The emergency thermal control switch 14 comprises a pilot electric
heating element in contact with a thermostat tube, and the switch
extends through the apparatus plate 4 below the normal water level in
the boiler shell If the water level drops below this switch 14 then
the pilot heating element causes the thermostat to operate and this is
arranged to de-energise the main heating elements 6.
The two pressure control switches 15 also extend through the apparatus
plate 4 but above the normal water level in the boiler shell These
switches are thermostats of the expanding rod pattern with the
thermostat rods fitted within pocket tubes 21 which are brazed into
screwed heads 22 Each pocket tube assembly is made flame proof by the
threaded portion of the head 22 engaging in a tapped hole in the
apparatus plate 4 to a depth of not less than 1 inch.
A gasket seal 23 under the head ensures that 70 the apparatus plate 4
is steam and water tight The thermostats may be removed from their
pocket tubes through the apparatus plate 4 for replacement or
servicing The steam in the boiler is normally saturated 75 during
operation, and the steam temperature is therefore directly
proportional to the pressure and the thermostats thereby act as
pressure control switches One thermostat is arranged to form the
regular pressure S O conttrlof-the boiler and causes the heating
elements 6 to be energised and de-energised to maintain a
substantially constant pressure with the boiler The second thermostat,
which is of the hand-reset type, is employed 55 i as an emergency
pressure trip switch and de-energises the heating elements 6 in the
event of an excess pressure being created in the boiler and which is
not released through the pressure relief valve 12.
11. The engaging faces of the apparatus plate 4 and the flange 3 are
machined to fit together and, additionally, a jointing gasket 24 is
disposed in a shallow groove 25 in the machined face of the apparatus
plate 4 I 5 to render the joint fluid tight With the heating elements
6 properly mounted in the apparatus plate 4 and this plate bolted to
the flange ring 3 the boiler shell is effectively closed except
through the feed pipe 7 which 100 is arranged to be closed by one of
the float switches in the float chamber assembly controlling a
magnetic valve, not shown, in the feed pipe 7, and except through the
steam outlet pipe 26 leading from the anti-priming 105 dome 11 and
which is arranged to be closed by a valve 27 Additional valves, not
shown, are fitted in the steam outlet pipe 26 near the point at which
the steam is to be utilised.
During assembly the boiler shell sealed by 110 the magnetic valve and
the valve 27 is subjected to an internal pressure test of 150 lb.
per square inch.
The apparatus plate 4, see Figures 3 and 4, also forms one end wall of
a cylindrical 115 enclosure 28 adapted to constitute a flame proof
enclosure, a tubular member 29 being welded to the apparatus plate 4
and the open end of the tubular member 29 having a flange ring 30
welded around it Studs 31 120 are secured in this flange ring 30 so
that a terminal plate 32, see Figures 1 and 2, may be bolted on to
close this open end of the cylindrical enclosure 28 This terminal
plate 32 constitutes one wall of a cast aluminium 125 terminal chamber
33 seen in Figures 5 and 6, and through this wall are sealed terminal
studs 34 insulated by insulating bushes 35 for connecting the external
electric supply and control conductors to the heating 130 brushes (Not
shown) in the terminal plate 32, and these terminals are connected to
the switches in the enclosure 28.
The terminal chamber and the enclosur28 are both flame proof, and
access to the interior of the terminal chamber may be obtained by
removing the cover plate 45 and without disturbing enclosure 28 Access
to the interior of enclosure 28, for replacing a heating element 6 for
example, may be obtained by removing the terminal plate 32 and without
disturbing the flame proofing of the terminal chamber 33 Good access
to the interior of the boiler shell may be obtained by removal of the
apparatus plate 4 with the enclosure 28 and terminal chamber 33 still
flame proof.
elements 6 and switches A hollow boss 36 is inserted in and welded to
the wall of the tubular member 29 so that the enclosure 28, when
sealed by the heating elements 6 and the spigoted flange 16 being
mounted in the apparatus plate 4 and the terminal chamber 33 bolted on
to the flange ring 30 may be subjected to an internal pressure test of
120 lb per square inch The hollow boss is normally sealed by the
12. fitting of a screw threaded plug An eye bolt 38 is provided for
lifting purposes A perforated metal cover 54, see Figures 1 and 2, is
arranged to be positioned around the en1,5 closure 28, and the boiler
in use is mounted on a support frame 55 Anodic strips 56 are mounted
within the boiler shell to protect against corrosion.
The cast aluminium terminal chamber 33 is in the form of a hollow box
of rectangular cross-section, and one wall of the box is formed by the
disc-like terminal plate 32.
This plate is reinforced by radial webs 39 extending to the terminal
chamber 33 from bolt shrouds 40 The opposite wall of the terminal
chamber 33 is formed with seven holes through which electric
conductors may extend, and a rectangular aperture, and cable sealing
boxes 42 and 43 are bolted to this wall around six of these holes The
seventh hole is arranged to be closed by the socket part 46 of a flame
proof plug and socket assembly seen in Figure 6, and the rectangular
aperture is arranged to be closed by a rectangular cover plate 45
bolted to the wall of the terminal chamber The terminal chamber 33,
with the cover plate 45 and socket part 46 in position and with the
cable sealing boxes 42 and 43 sealed off is subjected to an internal
pressure test of lb per square inch.
Electric power for the heating elements 6 is arranged to be supplied
through an external supply cable 47 terminating in the plug part 48 of
the plug and socket assembly.
Conductors 49 in the terminal chamber are connected between the socket
part 46 and the terminal studs 34, and further conductors (not shown)
in the enclosure 28 are connected between the heating elements 6.
Control cables 53, seen in Figures 1 and 2, for the boiler are brought
in through the cable sealing boxes 42 and 43 and connected to
terminals 50 Connecting blocks 51 are provided to facilitate wiring
and to enable connection to be made of two relays 52 one of which may
be arranged to prevent energisation of the elements 6 until the
control circuit is energised and the other of which may be arranged to
energise an alarm circuit if a dangerous condition arises.
The terminals 50 extend through insulating
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13. * GB786207 (A)
Description: GB786207 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in or relating to process of preparing carbonaceous material
Description of GB786207 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
786,207 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Dec 9,
1955.
No 35486/55.
Application made in United States of America on April 18, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
index at acceptance:-Class 55 ( 1), AK( 4:5 B:6 B:6 C:9:10).
International Classification:-C 1 Qb.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Process of Preparing Carbonaceous
Material We, GREAT LAKES CARBON CORPORATION, a corporation organised
under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of
18, East 48th Street, New York City, State of New York, United States
of America, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of a
carbonaceous product by heat treatment of a solid, bituminous material
More particularly, this invention relates to a process for preparing a
carbonaceous product suitable as a filteraid by heat treatment of a
bituminous material normally solid at ordinary temperatures and
capable of expanding on heating to plasticity.
The present invention provides a threestage process for preparing a
carbonaceous material from finely divided bituminous particles
normally solid at ordinary temperatures and capable of expanding on
heating to plasticity, comprising, in the first stage;
filash-calcining the particles in gaseous atmosphere containing oxygen
in an amount such that at least 10,% of the evolved combustible
volatile matter remains unburned; in the second stage, separating the
solids first-stage product from gaseous and vaporous products at a
temperature not less than that at which substantially all of said
14. vaporous products remain in the vaporous state, and in the third
stage, heating the solid second-stage product to remove residual
volatile matter remaining on the surfaces of the particles.
The most commonly used filteraid in the filtration of water and
industrial liquids for the removal of finely divided colloidal and
mucilaginous suspensoids involves the use of specially prepared
diatomaceous earth filter:
aids These are selected from particular diatom strata and their
manufacture usually involves calcination at an elevated temperature
with or without a fluxing agent Diatomaceous filteraids are to be
contrasted with such agents as sand, pumice, gravel, etc 50 which
merely effect a rough straining of the liquid leaving colloidal
particles suspended in the filtrate and which cannot be classed as
true filteraids Filtration with diatomaceous earth filteraids is
usually carried out 55 by admixing small proportions of the powdered
agent with the liquid and filtering the liquid through a medium
(screen, cloth or other readily permeable support) on which the
filteraid and entrained suspensoids are 60 retained while the clear
liquid passes through Alternatively, or in conjunction with the
practice just described, a precoat of filteraid may be built up on a
filtration apparatus (rotary or plate and frame filter 65 process) and
liquid passed through it to remove the suspended matter.
Up to the present time the filtration of an alkaline liquid with
diatomaceous earth, especially at high temperatures, has been 70
difficult and often impossible This is due to the rapid rate of
solution of diatomaceous silica in the alkaline liquid accompanied by
an adverse result upon the structure of the filteraid with attendant
reduction in flow 75 rate Where the suspended matter in such liquids
is of large particle size, resort has been had to ground, washed
anthracite fines which are only about as effective as regular sand
filters In the event that the suspended 80 matter is of finer particle
size, use has been made of certain chars recovered from the
dehydration and oxidation of "black liquors", a by-product of paper
manufacture.
This liquid is evaporated to recover soda ash 85 by spraying it into a
kiln internally heated by combustion of solid fuels A charred product
results from which the inorganic soluble chemicals are recovered by
leaching with water, leaving an insoluble char which is 90 786,207
reasonably low in ash Since this is classified as a by-product it
varies in quality and is also characterized by a fairly high degree of
activation and friability The latter property is considered to be
objectionable since the particles degrade or break down readily during
handling and also due to the mechanical action of the filtration
apparatus The increased amount of fines in the product sharply reduces
15. filtration rates thereby slowing down other depending plant
operations.
It is an object of this invention to provide a process for producing a
carbonaceous material capable of removing finely divided colloidal and
mucilaginous suspensoids when employed as a filteraid in the
filtration of water and industrial liquids.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a process for
preparing a carbonaceous material suitable as a filteraid in the
filtration of highly alkaline liquids, particularly where adsorption
or solution of silica in the clarified liquor would be harmful or
objectionable in subsequent operations involving the clarified liquid.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a process for
preparing a carbonaceous material of a special type from normally
solid bituminous material.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a process for
preparing a uniform carbonaceous material which is granular, hard, and
improved in friability resistance.
The above objects as well as others which will become apparent upon an
understanding of the invention as herein described are accomplished by
flash-calcining in a gaseous atmosphere containing a limited and
controlled amount of oxygen, a finely divided bituminous feed material
normally solid at ordinary temperatures and capable of expanding on
heating to plasticity; followed by separating the resulting solid
particle material from the gaseous products and finally heating the
separated particles t 6 remove volatile matter remaining on the
surfaces of the particles.
The term "flash-calcination" (first stage reaction) as used herein and
in the appended claims may be defined as a method whereby finely
divided particles of a suitable bituminous material are subjected to a
very rapid upheat rate, estimated to be in excess of 2000 'F (particle
surface temperature) per second, in a reactor maintained at a
temperature of 1150 'F or higher, but sufficient to ignite the
particles This rapid upbeat of the particles is conducted in the
presence of air or other oxygen-containing gas (or 6 o oxidizing gas)
the oxygen being present in an amount such that at least 10: of the
evolved combustible volatile matter remains unburned The amount of air
or oxygen present is sufficient to make the process selfsustaining
while permitting expansion of the individual bituminous particles at a
rapid rate but is insufficient to permit more than a minimum burning
of the individual expanded first-stage product particles In general it
has been observed that higher 70 temperatures may be tolerated when
larger particle feed sizes are used.
In a broad embodiment of the invention, finely divided bituminous feed
material which is normally solid at ordinary tempera 75 tures and
16. which is capable of expanding on heating to plasticity, is processed
in three stages In the first stage, the 'feed material is
flash-calcined in gaseous atmosphere containing oxygen in an amount
such that at 80 least 10 ', of the evolved combustible volatile matter
remains unburned.
In the second stage of the process the resulting expanded particles
are separated from gaseous and vaporous products at a 85 temperature
not less than that at which substantially all of the vaporous products
of the first stage remain in the vaporous state This temperature will
vary with the type of feed material employed and is intended to be 90
high enough to minimize condensation of the vapors on the expanded
particles.
In the third stage, the separated expanded particles are given a
further heat treatment to remove sufficient volatile matter remain 95
ing or condensed on the surfaces of the particles to render them
wettable, the term "wettable" being defined in a subsequent part of
this description This heat treatment may consist of heating the
particles in contact loo with oxidizing gases at a temperature
sufficiently high to burn off the volatile matter remaining on the
surfaces of the particles or it may consist of contacting the
particles with a stream of inert gases, such as flue 105 gas, at a
temperature sufficiently high to distill off the volatile matter
remaining on the surfaces of the particles.
The bulk density of the final product should be maintained at a value
of less than I 1 C lbs/cu ft We have found that the type of product
desired can best be produced where the flash-calcining temperature in
the first stage is maintained at no less than about l 1150 F and no
more than about 2000 SF, 1 l; the optimum temperature var Vipg with
the feed size and type of bituminous material used Employment of too
low a temperature will result in an insufficiently expanded product
Use of too high a temperature will 12 ( result in undue shrinkage or
collapse of the particles and a consequent excessively high bulk
density of the product.
Control of the temperature of heat treatment in the first stage is
accomplished by 12 regulating the oxygen intake It has been found that
the required amount of oxvcen in standard cu ft /lb of bituminous
material is between about 20 and 4 O when unheated air is used as the
source of oxygen Lesser 13 ( 786,207 amounts of oxygen can, of course,
be used if either the feed or the air or oxygen intake are preheated
or if the source of oxygen be relatively pure oxygen or oxygen
enriched air, etc In any event, the oxygen should be present only in
such an amount that at least of the evolved combustible volatile
matter remains unburned This unburned volatile matter is largely
separated from the expanded particles in the second stage separator
17. from which it is conveyed to some disposal point such as combustion
chamber 26 illustrated in the drawing By thus limiting the burning of
evolved combustible volatile matter in the first stage, reactor
temperatures can be maintained sufficiently low ( 2000 'F or lower),
to avoid the aforementioned shrinkage or collapse of the bituminous
particles.
The expanded particles obtained from the first stage will not be
wettable, but in the third stage the proper heat treatment is supplied
to achieve wettability This is an important feature of the invention
which further distinguishes it from the prior art The three stage
method of this invention results in substantially higher yields and
quality than could be achieved in, for example, a single stage process
in which both expansion and wettability would be sought in the one
stage The process of this invention makes possible controlled
expansion of the particles in the first stage and controlled heating
in the third stage to obtain the desired wettability.
While it is preferable that the source of heat used in each of the
stages be the particle itself, it is conceivable and within the
contemplation of this invention that a substantial portion of the heat
may be supplied by some outside source or auxiliary fuel The most
rapid upheat rates are, of course, obtained using the particle itself
as the source of heat.
The raw material employed in this novel process may be any finely
divided bituminous material normally solid at ordinary temperatures
and capable of expanding on heating to plasticity By the latter is
meant the ability of the material to soften when heated through the
plastic state and swell if the volatile matter of each particle is
driven off at a sufficiently high rate Examples of such materials
include both low volatile and high volatile bituminous coals, raw coal
tar pitch coke, and coal tar pitch fortified with any of the various
thermal blacks or carbon blacks In any event the processing history of
the raw material selected must not include Co any heating at a
temperature high enough to result in a permanently set carbonaceous
structure Any raw material subjected to such temperature will not
expand satisfactorily on heating to plasticity under the conditions
disclosed herein.
In preparing the bituminous material described above for the first
stage flash-calcination operation, the material must be suitably
ground or milled to produce finely divided particles This involves the
use of a Ray 70 mond hammer mill, Babcock and Wilcox ring roller or
other appropriate pulverizing apparatus which will reduce the
bituminous material to a particle size of about 950 ' mesh and
preferably about 75 to 95 % 75 mesh It has been found that the latter
size of feed is to be preferred in order to produce from coal a final
18. carbonaceous filteraid which will have a particle size falling within
the range of 5 to 140 microns, very 80 little of the product falling
outside of this range We also contemplate under certain circumstances
the milling and classification (by either dry or wet methods) of the
bituminous feed 85 If the liquid to be filtered with the carbonaceous
filteraid, whose process of manufacture is described herein, is
sufficiently neutral or has a p H within the range of 6 to 8, the ash
content of the filteraid product is 90 not of prime importance and it
will not be necessary to select a raw material having a particularly
low ash content However, as previously stated, the carbonaceous
filteraid is particularly well suited for the filtration 95 of highly
alkaline systems, wherein the p H will be greater than 10 and often 12
to 13.
In such cases it will often be essential that the ash content of the
carbonaceous filteraid produced be controlled as to composition 100
and amount by selection of the raw material to avoid solution of
silica, iron or other deleterious materials In general, we have found
that a bituminous material having an ash content of up to 7 %, and
depending also 105 on the volatile matter content, produces a
satisfactory filteraid for alkaline systems.
In preparing carbonaceous filteraids by the process described herein,
we have found that particularly beneficial results are to be 110
obtained by maintaining the moisture content of the raw material at a
value of less than 5 % by weight Excess moisture in the bituminous
material fed to the unit in which the flash-calcination is conducted
necessi 115 tates vaporization of the water to a temperature above
1150 '17, or whatever reactor temperature used, which sharply reduces
the rate of temperature rise of the bituminous particles Often this
must be done by burn 120 ing additional fuel in the unit since excess
moisture in the particles reduces the temperature of the operation to
a point where the desired results are not obtained.
The carbonaceous filteraid, whose process 125 of manufacture is
described herein, may have a very narrow particle size
distributiondepending upon the requirements of the liquid which is to
be filtered For example, a product may consist of particles whose size
130 786,207 is less than 100 mesh and not muore than % 2; 10 microns;
or the product may consist of particles whose size is graduated and
falls essentially within the range of 5 to 70 microns Proper particle
Size distribution may be obtained by air classification of either or
both the feed material and the product of any stage employing means
known to those skilled in the art of preparing diatomaceous earth
filteraids, the product may also be wet classified Both of these
operations are designed to restrict upper and lower limits with
respect to the size of the particles.
19. A usually essential characteristic of a carbonaceous filteraid is that
it be substantially completely wettable in the liquid which is to be
filtered This is readily determined by placing a small quantity of the
filteraid product in a sample of the liquid and agitating the liquid
vigorously If the product is readily dispersed and suspended in the
liquid it is said to be "wettable".
A further requirement of the carbonaceous filteraid product produced
by the process of our invention is that it have a bulk density of less
than 25 lbs /cu ft and preferably within the range of 5 to 20 lbs/cu
ft Bulk density values are determined by permitting the product to
fall freely into a graduated cylinder and measuring the loose-settled
volume of a given weight of the product.
In addition to the foregoing definitions, the following will be useful
in describing carbonaceous filteraids produced by the process of our
invention:The "volatile content" of the coal and carbonaceous
filteraid product, exclusive of water, is determined by a procedure
which is a modification of ASTM Procedure No.
D 271-48 A small sample of the coal or final filteraid product is
heated to 950 C.
for five to ten minutes, the difference in weight between the sample
and the final product being defined as "volatile content".
The "cake density" of a filteraid is measured by suspending the
filteraid in water and passing the suspension through a screen or
cloth filter which will render it filtered.
50) The "cake density" (lbs per cubic foot) is calculated from the
volume and dry weight of the resulting filter cake.
The "flow ratio" and "clarifying power" of the filtered product is
obtained relative to a standard diatomaceous earth filteraid such as
"DICALITE SPEEDPLUS" which is a high-grade free-flowing material
extensively used in the clarification of raw sugar solutions (the word
"Dicalite" is a Registered Trade Mark) Such a solution is employed as
a standard in numerous industries which have filtration problems as a
check against the properties or clarifying power of the filteraid.
In a preferred embodiment of our invention, finely divided bituminous
coal having a volatile content of between about 15 and about 20 %,, is
'lasli-calcined by entraining in an air stream ard feeding it into the
top of a vertical reactor Secondary air is sup 70 plied to the reactor
to give J total oxygen content of between 2 2 and about 3 5 standard
cu ft lb of coal and to produce a reactor temperature between about
1350and about 1650-F The expanded solid 75 product of this first stage
is then separated from the gaseous products in a cyclone collector
operated at a temperature not less than that at which substantially
all of the vaporous products remain in the vaporous state 8 o In the
third stage, the separated particles are conveyed into the top of a
20. second vertical reactor Secondary air is supplied to this reactor to
produce a temperature sufficiently high to burn off residual volatile
matter re 85 maining on the surfaces of the particles.
The foregoing preferred embodiment is illustrated in the accompanying
drawing in which the finely divided bituminous coal is fed into the
top of pressurized feed hopper 90 12 having an agitator 13 (rotatina
shaft with radial spikes) and screw feeder 14 The coal feed from screw
feeder 14 is entrained in an air stream and carried to the top of a
first stage reactor 15 into which it is injected pre 95 ferably
through a water cooled nozzle (not shown) Secondary air is added to
reactor at a position near the top of the reactor.
Temperatures within this reactor are preferably between 1350 and 1650
W Blower 1 i O 24 is employed to supply both the primary and secondary
air streams through valves 27 and 28, respectively The entrained
product particles of reactor 15 are carried from the bottom of the
reactor to cyclone 16 along 105 with gaseous and vaporous products
where their separation is effected The gaseous and vaporous products
are removed from the top of cyclone 16 and passed into combustion
chamber 26 where they are burned Prior to 110 escape through a stack
Air supplied by blower 25 and controlled by valve 32 along with fuel
gasis injected into the combustion burner to effect the burnin 2 of
the gases.
Blower 23 is emnloved orior to normal oper 115 ation of the plant to
supply fuel gas to auxiliary burners in 15 and 17 which bring the
reactors up to operating temperatures.
The product of the second stage operation (cyclone 16 ' is removed
through seal valve 120 and carried bv an air stream supplied by blower
24 through valve 31 to the top of reactor 17 Seal valve 30 is
necessary since reactor 15 and cyclone 16 are maintained under
positive pressure whereas reactor 17 is 125 maintained at a negative
pressure by blower 22 operating as an exhauster.
Secondarv air is bled into reactor 17 through valve 33 in sufficient
quantity to maintain the reactor temperature at about 130 786,207
13000 to about 2300 'F The product of reactor 17 (third stage
operation) is removed from the bottom of reactor 17 and carried to
collector cyclone 18 Gaseous products from reactor 17 are carried from
the top of cyclone 18 to scrubber 19 having water sprays 35, 36, and
37 Sludge from scrubber 19 is deposited in sludge pot 20 from which it
may be conveniently removed The final filteraid product passes from
the bottom of cyclone 18 through valve 34 into a drum 21.
In order to further illustrate the invention, but with no intention of
being limited thereby, the following examples are set forth in which
various forms of solid bituminous materials were preliminarily ground
to suitable particle size, with controlled moisture content, after
21. which the comminuted material was processed in apparatus of the type
illustrated in the drawing.
The percent ash and bulk density or cake density of the resulting
products were determined in accordance with the procedures previously
mentioned herein The flow ratio values of the products were determined
with a 600 Brix aqueous raw sugar solution at WC The flow ratio
figures indicate the relative performance (rate of flow of liquid
through the filter cake) of the carbonaceous filteraids as compared to
a standard grade diatomaceous earth filteraid The procedure for
determining flow ratio is as follows:To the raw sugar solution is
added 0 3 % by weight of carbonaceous filteraid based upon the solids
content of the sugar solution.
The resulting liquor is passed through a one inch diameter filter for
a twenty-one minute period, the pressure on the system being uniformly
raised from 10 up to 40 psi at threeminute intervals ( 10 psi each)
during the first nine minutes of the test The values are relative with
respect to a high quality, freeflowing diatomaceous earth filteraid of
the type known as "DICALITE SPEEDPLUS" which is widely used in the
filtration of sugar solutions Favourable flow rate values for
carbonaceous filteraids in comparison to this type of diatomaceous
earth filteraid permits a prediction of the performance of the former
product on other systems which are normally difficult to filter.
The filtrate obtained in the above determination of flow ratio (except
for that obtained during the first three minutes which is discarded)
is tested optically for "transmission clarity" which is a measure of
the "clarifying power" of the filteraid The values given in the
examples following are relative to DICALITE SPEEDPLUS arbit6 ( O
rarily given the value of 100.
EXAMPLE No 1
A sample of Lillybrook No 3 Mine bituminous coal having a volatile
content of 17 % and ash content of 4 3 % was milled to 75 % 200 mesh
The first stage reactor 15 was preheated to a temperature of 1410 'F
by burning gas supplied by gas pump 23 to auxiliary burners in the
reactor A stream of the coal was then fed into reactor 15 and
processing carried out as described in the 70 preferred embodiment
above The feed rate was 135 lbs /hour The maximum temperature in the'
first stage (reactor 15) was 15620 F The minimum temperature in the
second stage (cyclone 16) was 810 'F The 75 maximum temperature in the
third stage (reactor 17) was 1960 'F A satisfactory filteraid product
was obtained in a yield of 50 1 % based on the dry weight of feed to
the first stage The product had an ash content of 80 9.23 % by weight,
a cake density of 15 9 lbs / cu ft, a flow ratio of 173, and a
transmission clarity of 44.
EXAMPLE No 2
22. An identical sample of milled coal and 85 the same processing
apparatus as were used in Example No 1 were employed with slightly
different reactor conditions The feed rate was 161 lbs /hour The
maximum temperature in the first stage was 1605 F, 90 the minimum
temperature in the second stage was 8150 F, and the maximum
temperature in the third stage was 2025 'F A satisfactory filteraid
was obtained in a yield of 58.0 %, having an ash content of 7 88 % 95
by weight, a cake density of 17 1 lbs /cu ft, a flow ratio of 186, and
transmission clarity of 44.
EXAMPLE No 3
A sample of Red Jacket bituminous coal 100 having a volatile content
of 22 %, and a feed size of 750/ 200 mesh was processed as described
in Example 1 using a feed rate of 131 lbs /hour, a first stage reactor
maximum temperature of 14920 F, and a third stage 105 reactor maximum
temperature of 20250 F.
A 42 % yield was obtained having an ash content of 5 80 % by weight, a
cake density of 12 3 lbs /cu ft, a flow ratio of 198, and a
transmission clarity of 29 110 EXAMPLE No 4
A sample of Ditney Hill bituminous coal having a volatile content of
36 %, and a feed size of 63 % 200 mesh was processed as described in
Example 1 using a feed rate of 115 lbs /hour The maximum reactor
temperatures were 1639 F in the first stage and 2217 'F in the third
stage A satisfactory filteraid was obtained in a yield of 30 6 %
having an ash content of 10 11 % by weight, 120 a cake density of 14 9
lbs /cu ft, a flow ratio of 191 and a transmission clarity of 38.
EXAMPLE No 5
A sample of Lillybrook No 3 Mine coal, milled to 75-79 % 200 mesh, was
proces 125 sed as described in Example No 1 above.
The feed rate was 138 Ibs /hour The maximum reactor temperature in the
first stage was 1693 'F The air to coal ratio was 19 3 cu ft /lb of
coal A satisfactory filteraid 130 786,207 having a bulk density of 18
5 was obtained in a yield of 70 %' b.
EXAMPLE No 6
A sample identical to that used in Example No 5 above was processed in
the same manner except that the 'feed rate was 124 lbs /hour and the
maximum first stage reactor temperature was 1472 '1 F The air to coal
ratio was 17 8 cu ft llb of coal A 690 % O yield was obtained of a
good filteraid having a bulk density of 13 5.
EXAMPLE No 7
A sample identical to that used in Example No 5 above was similarly
processed except that the feed rate was 125 lbs /hour and the maximum
reactor temperature in the first stage was 1454 'F The air to coal
ratio was 17 8 cu ft /lb coal An excellent yield of 83 % was obtained
of an excellent filteraid having a bulk density of 12 5.
23. EXAMPLE No 8
A sample of Williams bituminous coal.
Seam No 6 having a volatile content of 37 % by weight and ash content
of 3 %, was milled to 49 % 200 mesh and processed similarly to Example
No 1 The first stage reactor temperature was 1460 'F However, instead
of passing to the third stage vertical reactor, the particles from
cyclone 16 were calcined in a moving bed in an oxidizing atmosphere
for ten minutes at 1500 'F An excellent wettable filteraid was
obtained in a yield of 37.0 % The bulk density of the product was
extremely low, being 7 0 The flow ratio was 135 and the transmission
clarity 69.
The above described carbonaceous filteraids were found to be suitable
for the filtration of alkaline lignin or sodium aluminate solutions,
the latter produced by the refining of bauxite In these cases a
minimum of silica pickup from the carbonaceous filteraid has been
observed In all cases the flow rate and clarity properties satisfied
the requirements of commercial production.
For a complete understanding of our invention it is pointed out that
the reactor temperatures set forth in the various embodiments of our
invention are the apparent atmospheric temperatures, rather than
partide temperatures, and are measured by means of thermocouples
inserted into the interior of the reactors through ceramic sealed
wells in the reactor walls. It is also to be understood that bitumi-
-55 nous materials other than those described in the foregoing
examples may be used to produce carbonaceous filteraids by our
invention, provided that these materials are capable of expanding on
heating to plasticity.
Also other conventional types of reactors units may be employed as
long as they provide the temperature and atmospheric conditions
specified in the broad embodiment set forth above For example,
alternative to the vertical reactor 17 described in Fig 1.
one may employ a thermal fluidizing unit, an externally fired rotary
kiln, or a multiplehearth furnace of the type known as the Herrschoff
furnace in which the coal particles are passed progressively down
through 70 the unit while being subjected to a stream of hot gases It
is also to be understood that the carbonaceous filteraids produced by
the method described herein may be classified (or milled and
classified) by dry or wet 75 methods in order to regulate the flow
rate characteristics, particle size, and particle size distribution in
accordance with the requirements of the liquid to be filtered In
general, a reasonable percentage of 10 micron par 80 tides will
provide improved clarification where this is necessary: a minimum of
10 micron particles will greatly improve the flow rate properties of
the product where clarity of the final solution is not of prime 85
24. importance.
It is also to be understood that we do not intend to limit the uses of
the products of our invention to such as filteraids The carbonaceous
material produced by our 90 novel process may very well meet
specifications for other uses such as, for example use as absorbent
carbon material employed in liquid oxygen explosives.
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* GB786208 (A)
Description: GB786208 (A) ? 1957-11-13
A device for lifting and transporting hay and like crops
Description of GB786208 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
A Device for Lifting and Transporting Hay and like Cropse
I, WILLIAM FLEMING, of The Smithy, Deanfoot Road, West Linton,
Peeblesshire,
Scotland, a British Subject, do hereby declare the invention, for
which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement :-
This invention relates to a device for lifting and transporting hay
and like crops and comprising a carrier framework rockably mounted on
wheels and formed partly by a plurality of spiked members or tines and
a drawbar or the like attached to'the frame- work for attaching the
latter to an agricultural tractor.
A device of the above kind made in accordance with the invention is
provided with means actuated by the hydraulic pressure system of the
tractor for rocking the framework relatively to the wheels, these
25. means comprising a hydraulic cylinder and plunger and rod ideviVe
operatively con- nected between the framework and the drawbar which is
pivotally attached to the framework, and means for operatively
connecting the hydraulic cylinder to the hydraulic pressure system of
the tractor.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the lower end of the
hydraulic cylinder is connected to the drawbar, the outer end of the
plunger rod is connected to the rockable frame, and the top end of the
cylinder is provided above the plunger with a port for the hydraulic
fluid which port is arranged for connection to the hydraulic pressure
system of the tractor.
One embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the accompanying
drawings, in which :-
Figs. 1 and 2 are perspective views res- pectively showing the device
in the loading and transporting positions,
Fig. 3 is a detail sectional view of the wheel mountings ; and
Fig. 4 is a constructional detail view.
The device shown in the drawings consists of a framework mounted on
two wheels 10, 101 rotatably mounted respectively each on an axle stub
11 (Fig. 3), the two axle stubs being fixed respectively one at each
end of a tubular axle 12. A drawbar 13 is pivotally mounted at one end
between two
L-shaped brackets 14 secured to the tubular axle 12, and formed at the
other end with means for coupling it to an agricultural tractor 15.
The rear part of the framework comprises a fork 16 consisting of five
spiked tubular members or tines the inner ends of which are secured to
the tubular axle 12, on the side thereof opposite to that to which the
drawbar 13 is secured. The two outer spiked members are respectively
connected by inclined stays 17,171 to the outer side members of the
front part 18 of the frame, which consists of four tubes disposed in
parallel relationship, the lower ends of these four tubes being welded
or otherwise secured to the tubular axle 12, and the top ends being
connected to a transverse end member 19 of channel section. In the
form shown in the drawings the front part of the device is provided
with a telescopic extension consisting of two tubes or rods 20,201
connected at top by a cross member 21, the two tubes or rods being
slidably mounted in the two inner tubes of the framework, so as to be
withdrawable therefrom when required. The arrangement is such that the
front and rear parts of the framework together form an open
cradle-like carrier which is rockably mounted relatively to the wheels
10,101. Means are provided for rocking this carrier relatively to the
wheels. These means comprise a hydraulic tube or cylinder 22 pivotally
mounted at its lower end in a
U-shaped bracket 23 fixed to the drawbar 13 and a plunger and rod
26. device 24 slidably mounted in the cylinder 22, the rod being pivotally
connected at its upper end between two L-shaped brackets 25,26 fixed
to the end member 19. The rod slides between two plates 2,21
respectively welded or otherwise fixed to opposite sides of the
cylinder 22 so as to project above the top end thereof. The plate 2 is
formed with a semicircular groove 3 (see Fig. 4), and the rod 24 is
formed with a notch 4, which when the rod is in the fully extended
position is in register with the groove 3, forming therewith a
circular aperture to receive a bolt 5, which constitutes a locking
device and takes the strain from the rod 24 when the latter is
extended. The top end of the cylinder 22 is provided above the plunger
with a port for the passage of hydraulic fluid, which port can be
connected by a flexible pipe connection 27 to the hydraulic pressure
system of the tractor, the admission and exhaust of pressure fluid
being controlled from the standard oil-pressure valve of the tractor.
By suitably admitting pressure fluid into the cylinder 22 the plunger
and rod 24 are forced down into the tube, from the position shown in
Fig. 1 into the position shown in Fig. 2, whilst on subseauently
exhausting the pressure fluid the rod 24 is moved out of the hydraulic
tube under the weight of the tines and any load carried thereby, and
the frame is swung back in the opposite direction so that the outer
ends of the tines drop into a position approximately parallel with the
ground, as shown in Fig. 1.
A semi-circular ground rest 28 is fixed to the lower surface of the
drawbar 13 at the end thereof remote from the wheels to enable the
drawbar to pass over stone and like obstructions during travel.
A device made according to the invention is intended more particularly
for lifting and transporting small hay ricks such as can pass through
farm gates, i. e. gates which do not exceed 8ft. in width or diameter,
but is in no way limited in this respect. Assuming the device is to be
used for transporting such a small hayrick the operation is as follows
:-
The device with the framework in the position shown in Fig. 2 is
brought by the tractor to which it is coupled to the hayrick to be
transported, with the pointed ends of the tines adjacent to the side
of the hayrick.
Pressure in the hydraulic tube is relieved and the tines drop
approximately to ground level, whereupon the tractor is driven in
order to drive the tines under the hayrick.
Pressure fluid is now admitted into the hydraulic cylinder to rock the
framework into the position shown in Fig. 2, thereby lifting the tines
together with the hayrick off the ground, whereupon the hay drops into
the carrier constituted by the two parts of the framework in which it
is retained whilst it is being transported by the tractor to a new
27. site. On the new site the fressure is again relieved, the hay drops
with the tines, and is deposited on the ground when the tractor is
driven in the forward direction.
When the height of the hayrick makes it desirable the telescopic
extension 20,21 is extended by hand.
In the constructional form above described the plunger rod has a
diameter of li-and the hydraulic cylinder has an internal diameter of
2i-"". The drawbar is made of steel and has a cross-section of 4 x 2 x
li-inches. The overall width of the device including the wheels is
approximately 7'6", and standard fittings are used for operating the
plunger.
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