4. Birth asphyxia
• the Greek word asphyxia
means pulseless
• Fetal compromise:
– hypoxia and increased anaerobic metabolism
– acidosis (metabolic and respiratory)
– depletion of energy reserves
5. Severe birth asphyxia is a disaster
• Often a normal pregnancy of a healthy fetus…
• Many survivors have significant problems
– motor problems
– deafness
– blindness
– epilepsy
– global developmental delay
– etc-etc
6. Birth asphyxia and cerebral palsy
Ellenberg. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013;55:210–216
7. Public health impact of asphyxia
• Globally - 814.000 deaths
• Accounts for 9% of the world’s <5y mortality
• Deaths per 1000 live births (WHO data)
Region 0-27 days of life 1-59 months of life
Africa 8.3 0.9
Americas 1.1 0.1
South-East Asia 4.8 0.3
Europea 1.0 0.2
Eastern Mediterranean 6.0 0.5
Western Pacific 1.6 0.1
http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.CM2002015REG6-CH11?lang=en
10. Apgar score still relevant predictor
• Apgar 0-3 at 5’: mortality 25%
Apgar 7-10 at 5’: mortality 0.02%
• Low Apgar better predictor than low pH:
– compared to pH≤7.0, Apgar 0-3 at 5’ was associated
with an 8-fold increased risk of death
Casey. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:467-471
11. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)
• HIE refers to clinical and laboratory evidence
of brain injury / malfunction due to asphyxia
• Our NICU mission is to manage HIE,
i.e. consequences of birth asphyxia
12. New review
Martinello K, Hart AR, Yap S, et al
Management and investigation of neonatal encephalopathy: 2017 update
Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition Published Online
First: 06 April 2017. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-309639
13. Sarnat staging of HIE
Grade 1 (mild) Grade 2 (moderate) Grade 3 (severe)
Alertness Hyperalert Lethargy Coma
Muscle tone
Normal or
increased
Hypotonic Flaccid
Seizures None Frequent Uncommon
Pupils Dilated, reactive Small, reactive Variable, fixed
Respiration Regular Periodic Apnea
Duration < 24 Hours 2 - 14 Days Weeks
Sarnat. Arch Neurol 1976;33:695 - 705
15. During insult
• Hypoxia
• Loss of cerebral blood flow
autoregulation
• Cerebral blood flow
reduction
• Anaerobic metabolism
After insult
• Blood reperfusion
• Energy failure
• Cellular electrolyte
disturbances (Na & Ca):
– excitation (glutamat)
– free radicals
– disordered osmoregulation
• Inflammation
• Apoptosis
• Suppression of syntheses
PrimarySecondary
16. When does the brain injury occur?
• Direct/necrotic cell death within first hours
• Apoptotic cell death after 6-72 hours
• Treatments need to be started ASAP!
17. Can HIE be prevented?
• Very difficult!
– CTG is a poor predictor of neonatal outcomes
– Fetal ECG ST analysis (vs CTG) does not seem to
reduce risk of HIE
– Scalp lactate – large studies underway
Neilson. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 21;(12):CD000116
18. What we do matters!
• the ”Helping Babies Breathe” program
reduced infant mortality by 50% (Tanzania)
• We can organize
care well 24/7
Msemo. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e353-60
Lou. BMJ 2001;323:1327-30
19. What can we do?
• Resuscitate
• Monitor
• Induce hypothermia
• Neuroprotection?
20. Resuscitation – ”per protocol”
• oxygenation / ventilation
• perfusion
• neurological status
• body temperature
• blood glucose
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000267
21. General management in the NICU
• Avoid hypo- and hyperoxia
• Avoid hypo- and hypercarbia
• Maintain adequate perfusion
• Monitor and control
– temperature
– fluids
– electrolytes
– glucose
– seizures
22. Monitoring with aEEG
• Amplitude integrated EEG has a predictive
value of HIE outcomes
Del Rio. PLoS One 2016;11:e0165744
23. aEEG as a criteria for hypothermia?
• 3 of 6 RCTs used aEEG as inclusion criteria
• Swedish guidelines do not require abnormal
aEEG tracings before initiation of hypothermia
(but we monitor with aEEG and I think it helps
our decision-making)
25. Hypothermia
• Favorably alters processes both during the
primary and secondary phases of HIE
• Animal data shows that ”therapeutic window”
is within ~6 hours after the hypoxemia
Gunn. NeuroRX 2006;3:154-169
26. Cooling, maintenance & warming
• Text
Robertson. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2010;15:276-86
27. the Swedish guidelines
We admit infants with ”A-criteria”
– Apgar ≤5 at 10 minutes or
– Resuscitation ongoing at 10 minutes or
– pH<7.0 or BE < -16 any time during first hour
We cool infants with ”B-criteria” before 6 hours
– Seizures or
– HIE grade 2-3
29. Hypothermia improves outcomes
• Risk of death of major disability is reduced
by ~25% (RR 0.75)
• NNT ~8-9 (i.e. you need to cool 8-9 infants to
have one additional disease-free survivor)
• Although risks decreased with cooling, a
significant proportion of cooled infants had
adverse outcomes (30-50%)
31. Transfer and passive/active cooling
• Study of 134 infants transferred
– 64 cooled passively
– 70 cooled with servo-controlled mattress
• Active cooling resulted in
– earlier cooling (age: 46 vs 120 minutes)
– better cooling (100% vs 39% in target temp range
at arrival)
Chaudhary. Pediatrics. 2013;132:841-6
32. Future directions of hypothermia
• Temperature and duration of cooling?
(However… deaths were not reduced with longer and/or
deeper cooling for 120 hours and at 32 degrees)
• Cooling + neuroprotective agents?
Shankaran. JAMA 2014;312:2629-39
33. Neuroprotection – hype or hope?
There are a number of possible ”targets” for neuroprotection
• Prevent / reduce seizures (prophylactic phenobarbital)?
• Free radical inhibitors and scavangers (allopurinol)?
• Reduce excitation of neurons (NMDA-receptor blockers, Mg)?
• Reduce apoptosis and inflammation (Xenon, erythropoetin)?
34. Martinello K. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal
Edition Published Online First: 06 April 2017. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-
309639
35. Neuroprotection – hype or hope?
• We shall expect new neuroprotective strategies but none is
yet ready for implementation in regular clinical care
36. Post-discharge follow-up
• Despite attempts to
predict outcomes,
asphyxiated infants
face high risks
• Post-discharge follow-up is essential
37. Image from ”Father’s day, a cartoonist’s journey into first-time fatherhood”
http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/fathers-days/index.html
38. SUMMARY
• Monitor for HIE after birth asphyxia
• Monitor and manage all vital parameters
• Monitor and manage seizures
• Hypothermia reduces risks related to HIE
• Use criteria-based guidelines for hypothermia
• Start <6 hours, keep 33.5 degrees for 72 hours
• Have post-discharge follow-up