The document discusses various bioactive materials that are used in dentistry and medicine for regeneration, repair, and reconstruction. It describes different bioactive materials like calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium-enriched mixture, Biodentine, and others. The materials are available in different forms and compositions and directly interact with tissues to induce healing and repair by stimulating growth factors and cells. The document outlines the properties, compositions, and uses of various bioactive materials in applications like pulp capping, restorations, tubule occlusion, and bone regeneration.

1. BIOACTIVE RESTORATIVE
MATERIALS
DONE BY :
S.G.SUDARSSAN ,
CRI,DEPT OF OPERATIVE DENTISTRY,
CSICDSR.

2. BIOACTIVE MATERIALS
Bioactive materials have been used in every field of
dentistry and medicine. These materials are broadly
used in the field of conservative dentistry for
regeneration, repair and reconstruction. These materials
are available in different form and composition that acts
directly on vital tissue inducing its healing and repair.
These materials directly function because of induction of
various growth factors and different cells. Thus, this
article describes various bioactive materials, the form in
which they are available and its uses.

3. INTRODUCTION
Recently introduced materials mainly concentrate on the bioinductive activity.
The terms bioactive, bioinductive, biomaterial and biomimetic are different and have
been defined separately. Bioactive material is defined as a material that has the effect
on or eliciting a response from living tissue, organisms or cell such as inducing the
formation of hydroxyapatite. The bioinductive property is defined as the capability of a
material for inducing a response in a biological system. Biomaterial is defined as any
matter, surface or construct that interacts with biological systems. Biomimetics is the
study of formation, structure or function of biologically produced substances and
materials (such as silk or conch shells) and biological mechanisms and processes
(such as protein synthesis or mineralization) for the purpose of synthesizing similar
products by artificial mechanisms that mimic natural structures. These definitions thus
describe the difference between each term.

4. The ideal properties of bioactive material are; bactericidal and bacteriostatic,
sterile, stimulate reparative dentine formation, sterile and maintain pulp vitality.
The various bioactive materials are calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide
aggregate (MTA), calciumenriched mixture (CEM), Biodentine, Inert material (isobutyl
cyanoacrylate and tricalcium phosphate ceramic), ActiveTM BioACTIVE restorative
material, Pulpdent (composite resin that are more bioactive and release more fluoride
than glass ionomers),MTYA1-Ca filler,tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP),sol-gel-derived
bioactive glass (BAG) ceramic containing silver ions (Ag-BG),calcium phosphate,
novel endodontic cement (NEC),endo sequence root repair material.

5. USES OF BIOACTIVE
MATERIAL
1. It can be used as pulp capping material
2. Used for permanent restorations
3. It can be used for dentinal tubule occlusion. Huaxi-BAGceramic (HX-BGC) a
BAG ceramic material can be an effective material for reducing dentine
permeability and thus can be used for the treatment of dentinal
hypersensitivity
4. Bioactive materials such as BAG act as scaffold and helps in regeneration of
bone tissue.The other material that is advanced composite modified with
Ag-BG and natural ECM have improved properties for tooth regeneration
5. It promotes tooth remineralization and has been found that both BAG and
casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate are effective in
remineralizing

6. MATERIALS
Calcium hydroxide dissociates into calcium and hydroxyl ions.
These calcium ions reduce capillary permeability thus in turn
reducing the serum flow and reducing the levels of inhibitory
pyrophosphates that cause the mineralization. The hydroxyl ions
neutralize acid produced by osteoclasts maintaining optimum pH for
pyrophospahatase activity leading to increase level of calcium-
dependent pyrophosphatase which reduced the levels of inhibitory
pyrophosphate and causing mineralization.
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE

7. MTA
MTA introduced by Torabinejad in 1990. It’s a bioactive material that is mainly
composed of calcium and silicate. Major content of the mixture is dicalcium silicate,
tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, gypsum, and tetracalcium
aluminoferrite.These calcium silicate containing materials have a common
characteristic of apatite formation.This is a material of choice for vital pulp therapy,
apexification and apexogenesis, correcting procedural errors as well as for root-end
filling material in apicoectomy procedures.
The exact mechanism of dentinal bridge formation when MTA is used is not
known completely and detailed research should be carried out for understanding this
mechanism. However, it was found that when MTA was used as a pulp capping
agent it induces cytologic and functional changes within pulpal cells, resulting in
formation of fibrodentine and reparative dentin at the surface of mechanically
exposed dental pulp. When placed it causes proliferation, migration and
differentiation of odontoblast-like cells that produce a collagen matrix. This formed
umineralized matrix is then mineralized by osteodentin initially and then by tertiary
dentin formation.

8. CEM
It is also known as NEC and was introduced by Asgary.It
consists of calcium oxide, whereas calcium oxide and silica in
Portland cement and calcium oxide, silica, and bismuth oxide in
MTA are the major ingredients.This cement releases both calcium
and phosphorus ions leading to hydroxyapatite production.It is also
known as CEM. It is composed of calcium oxide, calcium
phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, calcium sulfate, and
calcium chloride.

9. BIODENTINE
It is a bioactive dentin replacemental material having similar
properties of dentin and has a positive effect on vital pulp cells
stimulating tertiary dentin formation

10. ActiveTM BioACTIVE
restorative material
It is a composite resin that is bioactive and release more
fluoride than glass ionomers. It contains bioactive resin matrix, a
shock absorbing resin component and BAG fillers that have similar
properties of tooth.

11. MTYA1-Ca filler
It is a resinous direct pulp capping agent. It consists of powder
(89.0% microfiller, 10.0% calcium hydroxide and 1.0% benzoyl
peroxide) and liquid (67.5% triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, 30.0%
glyceryl methacrylate, 1.0% O-methacryloyl tyrosine amide, 1.0%
dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate and 0.5% camphorquinone).

12. TTCP
It can be used for biomedical purpose as it contains
bioresorbable polylactide composite that was incorporated with
more basic filler for biomedical application. It was proved that it
reduces inflammation and allergic effect resulting from acidic
substances.

13. Sol-gel-derived Ag-BG
It is a Ag-BG having antibacterial and regenerative properties.

14. CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
It has properties such as good biocompatibility, superior
compressive strength, and its transformation into hydroxyapatite
over time. It induces bridge formation with no superficial tissue
necrosis and significant absence of pulpal inflammation.

15. ENDO SEQUENCE ROOT
REPAIR MATERIAL
It consists of calcium silicates, monobasic calcium phosphate,
zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, proprietary fillers and thickening
agents.

16. MONOMERS
It was found that HEMA-BisGMA-TEGDMA resin with
antimicrobial agent as quaternary ammonium salt monomer 2-
methacryloxylethyl dodecyl methyl ammonium bromide was an
effective pulp capping material for vital pulp preservation and
treatment of deep caries.

17. HX-BGC
It is novel BAG-ceramic available in powder form and
containing SiO2 -P2 O5 -CaO-Na2 O-SrO. It was used to reduce
dentine permeability and works by the property of occluding dentinal
tubule.

18. THERACAL
It is a light cured, resin modified calcium silicate filled liner
insulating and protecting dentin-pulp complex. It can be used in
direct and indirect pulp capping, as a protective base/liner under
composites, amalgams, cements, and other base materials. When
this material was compared with ProRoot MTA and Dycal, it was
found that calcium release was higher and solubility was low.

19. CASTOR OIL BEAN CEMENT
It consists of 81-96% triglyceride of ricinoleic acid, and is
considered a natural polyol containing three hydroxyl radicals and
can be used as a pulp capping material.

20. DOXADENT
It is a calcium aluminate product available in powder liquid
form. It can be used as a permanent restorative material. It consists
of alumina, calcium oxide, water, zirconium dioxide and other alkali
oxides. When powder and liquid are mixed water dissolves the
calcium aluminate powder leading to the formation of calcium,
aluminum and hydroxyl ions leading to the formation of katoite and
gibbsite.

21. CERAMIR
It is calcium aluminate cement used as a luting agent. It works
on the principle of two cements they are calcium aluminate and
glass ionomer cement.This cement helps in luting of permanent
crowns and fixed partial dentures, gold inlays and onlays,
prefabricated metal and cast dowel and cores, and highstrength all-
zirconia or all-alumina crowns

22. BIOAGGREGATE
It is a calcium silicate material available in powder and liquid
form. This can be used for pulp capping, apexification, root
resorption, root perforation and root end filling material.

23. ENDOSEQUENCE ROOT
REPAIR MATERIAL
It is also a calcium silicate material available in paste or putty
form. The applications are same as bioaggregate.

24. iRoot BP
It is also a calcium silicate material available in paste or putty
form and is a injectable root repair material

25. RESIN IMPREGNATION WITH
TITANIUM OXIDE (TiO2 )
The TiO2 nanoparticles can be impregnated in dental resins
such as dental monomers and dentin bonding adhesives. It has
found that with this type of restorations hydroxyapatite formation is
promoted further enhancing the strength and bactericidal property.
These nanoparticles helps in remineralization of both enamel and
dentin by restoring the marginal gaps. Thus, because of this
property it reduces the incidence of secondary caries and other
properties of implant surface.

26. CONCLUSION
Bioactive materials can be considered as boon to
dentistry because of its regeneration potential.

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