Artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence
Complied & Edited
By Sivaraman Velmurugan

What do you consider intelligence?
It is composition of abilities like
Intelligence is
• Capacity to learn from experience
• Ability to adopt to different contexts
• The use of metacognition to enhance learning
4/16/2016 SivaramanVelmurugan 2

Emotional intelligence
“The capacity to reason about emotions, and of
emotions to enhance thinking. It includes the
abilities to accurately perceive emotions, to
access and generate emotions so as to assist
thought, to understand emotions and emotional
knowledge, and to reflectively regulate
emotions so as to promote emotional and
intellectual growth”– MAYER & SALOVEY (1997)

Social intelligence
• Ability to get along with others
• Knowledge of social matters
• Insight into moods or underlying personality traits of others

What is human Intelligence ?

• Learning

• Learning
• Reasoning

• Learning
• Reasoning
• Perceiving

• Learning
• Reasoning
• Perceiving
• Understanding of language

• Learning
• Reasoning
• Perceiving
• Understanding of language
• Feelings

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Artificial intelligence is the science & engineering of
making intelligence machines.

a) The intelligence of machines & the branch of computer
science that aims to create it.

b) “the study & design of intelligent agents”

c) No single goal of artificial intelligence

a) Some say it putting human mind into computers

d) What is intelligence?

a) The computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the
world.

a) The computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the
world.
b) We do not yet fully understand intelligence consists of

Artificial Intelligence methods.
AI can be divided into two broad categories
a. SYMBOLIC AI, which focuses on the development of knowledge-
based systems (KBS)
b. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, which includes such methods as
neural networks (NN), fuzzy systems (FS), ans evolutionary
computing.

Knowledge – Based Systems (KBS)
A KBS can be defined as a computer system capable of giving
advice in a particular domain, utilizing knowledge provided by a
human expert.

Neural – Networks (NN)
NNs are biologically inspired systems consisting of a massively
connected network of computational “NEURONS”, organized in
layers.

Neural Conversational Model (AI)
Neural Chatbot: Predicts the next sentence given the previous sentences in
a conversation.
The LSTM remembers facts, understands contexts and performs common
sense reasoning in the trained domain.
Human: what is the purpose of life ? Machine: i’m in the middle of nowhere .
Machine: to serve the greater good . Human: what is the purpose of dying ?
Human: what is the purpose of living ? Machine: to have a life
Machine: to live forever Human: what is the purpose of being
intelligent ?
Human: what is the purpose of
existence?
Machine: to find out what it is.
Machine: to find out what happens
when we get to the planet earth
Human: what is the purpose of emotions ?
Human: where are you now ? Machine: I don ’t know .
Philosophical Q&A –Network trained with OpenSubtitles (movie subtitles)

How AI is different?
Artificial Intelligence Natural Intelligence
Non Creative Creative
Precise May Contain Error
Consistency Non Consistent
Multitasking Can’t Handle

Artificial Intelligence - History.
History:
The modern history of AI can be traced back to the year 1956 when
John McCarthy proposed the term as the topic for a conference
held at Dartmouth college.

History:
The initial goals for the field were too ambitious & the first few AI
systems failed to deliver what was promised. After a few of these
early failures, AI researchers started setting some more realistic goals
for themselves.
In the 1960s and the 1970s, the focus of AI research was primarily on
the development of KBS or EXPERT systems.

History:
The late 1980s and the 1990s saw a renewed interest in NN research
when several different researchers reinvented the back propagation
learning algorithm (although the algorithm was really first discovered
in 1969). The back propagation algorithm was soon applied to many
learning problems causing great excitement within the AI
community.
There is also a move toward the development of hybrid intelligent
systems (i.e., systems that use more than one AI method)

AI is not alone at home
Crossbreeding of a lot of fields
Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system,
foundations of learning, language, rationality.
Mathematics Formal representation and proof, algorithms, computation,
(un)decidability, (in)tractability
Statistics Modelling uncertainty, learning from data
Economics Utility, decision theory, rational economic agents
Neuroscience Neurons as information processing units
Psychology /
Neuro Science
How do people behave, perceive, process cognitive
information, represent knowledge
Computer
Engineering
Building fast computers
Control Theory Design systems that maximize an objective function
over time
Linguistics Knowledge representation, grammars

Drawbacks of AI
Drawbacks of A.I
Limited Ability
Slow Real Time Response
Can’t Handle Emergency Situation
Difficult code
High Cost

Artificial Intelligence is real.

Space program
The MARS LANDER: Being able to navigate on the red
planet, the robot arm has been digging in the Martian
soil & ice for 2.5 hours per day.

Prosthetics limbs
Mind controlled prosthetic arm: The controls the arm
through existing nerves and it is sensitive enough to pick
up even a pieces of paper.

Surgical systems
Neuroarm: It is a surgical robotic system, that can do
delicate brain surgery, also enabling physicians to
manipulate tools at microscopic levels.

All in one floor cleaner
iROBOT: It performs the duty of the vacuum cleaner, floor
washer and gutter cleaner.

Your digital secretary
Ultra HAL assistant: A digital secretary that uses AI to
understand spoken English commands and to learn
over time…

Walk like a man
Dexter: Having flexible joints, driven by air cylinders, it
can walk, run and even jump.

Timeline of Computer History
1933
1934
1937
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
Telex messaging network comes on line

1933
1934
1937
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
World Brains

1933
1934
1937
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
Bell Laboratories scientist George Stibitz uses relays for
a demonstration adder

1933
1934
1937
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1. Elektro at the World's Fair (AI-Robotics)
2. Hewlett-Packard is founded

1933
1934
1937
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
The Complex Number Calculator (CNC) is completed

1933
1934
1937
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1. Konrad Zuse finishes the Z3 Computer
2. The Three Laws of Robotics (AI-Robotics)
3. The first Bombe is completed

1933
1934
1937
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) is completed

1933
1934
1937
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1991
1. A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in
Nervous Activity (AI-Robotics)
2. Bell Labs Relay Interpolator is completed
3. Curt Herzstark designs Curta calculator
4. Project Whirlwind begins

1933
1934
1937
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1. First Colossus operational at Bletchley Park
2. Harvard Mark 1 is completed

1933
1934
1937
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1. John von Neumann writes First Draft of a Report on
the EDVAC
2. Plankalkül (Plan Calculus)
3. “First actual case of bug being found”
4. “Memex” concept

1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1. A Logic Named Joe is published
2. Moore School lectures take place
3. Public unveiling of ENIAC

1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
Manchester Mark I Williams-Kilburn tube

1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1. Cybernetics (AI-Robotics)
2. The Mathematical Theory of Communication
3. First Computer Program to Run on a Computer
4. SSEC goes on display

1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1. Alan Turing quoted by The London Times on artificial
intelligence (AI-Robotics)
2. Birth of the Modem
3. Brain surgeon reflects on artificial intelligence (AI-
Robotics)
4. CSIRAC runs first program
5. EDSAC completed
6. EDSAC
7. IBM switches to electronics
8. MADDIDA developed
9. MIT - Magnetic core memory
10.Manchester Mark I completed

1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1. ERA 1101 introduced
2. Grey Walter's Elsie (AI-Robotics)
3. Isaac Asimov's I, Robot (AI-Robotics)
4. Magnetic drum memory
5. NPL Pilot ACE completed
6. Plans to build the Simon 1 relay logic machine are
published
7. SEAC and SWAC completed

1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1. CSIRAC plays the Colonel Bogey march
2. Ferranti Mark I sold
3. First Univac 1 delivered to US Census Bureau
4. J. Lyons & Company introduce LEO-1
5. Nimrod on display at Festival of Britain
6. Squee: The Robot Squirrel (AI-Robotics)
7. The Turing Test (AI-Robotics)
8. UNIVAC UNISERVO tape drive

1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1. Alexander Douglas writes OXO for EDSAC
2. Grace Hopper completes A-0
3. IAS computer operational
4. IBM 726 Magnetic tape
5. UNIVAC computer predicts election

1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1. Grimsdale and Webb build early transistorized
computer
2. IBM ships its Model 701 Electronic Data Processing
Machine
3. John Backus completes Speedcode
4. RAND Corporation completes Johnniac computer
5. Whirlwind core memory

1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1. Alan Turing is found dead at age 42
2. IBM 650 magnetic drum calculator introduced

1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1. Logic Theorist (AI-Robotics)
2. English Electric DEUCE introduced
3. First meeting of IBM users group SHARE

1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1. Direct keyboard input to computers (AI-Robotics)
2. Lejaren Hiller and Leonard Isaacson complete
the Illiac Suite
3. Librascope LGP-30 introduced
4. MIT researchers build the TX-0
5. RAMAC
6. Robby the Robot

1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1. Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) founded
2. FORTRAN
3. First computer scanned image on SEAC
4. MATH-MATIC

1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1. Digital Phone Lines
2. Higinbotham develops Tennis-For-Two at
Brookhaven National Labs
3. LISP (AI-Robotics)
4. RCA introduces its Model 501 transistorized
computer
5. SAGE Air Defense System: Network Pioneer
6. SAGE system goes online

1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1. Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) (AI-
Robotics)
2. Bryant Chucking Grinder Company magnetic disk
drive
3. Computerizing a “World Brain”
4. SRI designs ERMA

1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1. COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language)
2. DEC PDP-1 introduced
3. NEAC 2203 goes online
4. Quicksort algorithm (AI-Robotics)

1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1. Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) is
Demonstrated
2. IBM 7030 (“Stretch”) completed
3. IBM Introduces 1400 series
4. Magnetostrictive delay lines
5. Max Mathews and Joan Miller use MUSIC IV to
create Daisy Bell
6. Minuteman I missile guidance computer developed
7. Naval Tactical Data System introduced
8. Timesharing – the first online communities
9. UNIMATE (AI-Robotics)

1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1. Atlas computer
2. Card Random Access Memory (CRAM)
3. IBM 1311 Disk Storage Drive
4. Kenneth Iverson writes A Programming Language
5. MIT LINC introduced
6. Spacewar! debuts
7. The Atlas Computer debuts
8. Thin-film memory

1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1. ASCII
2. BEFLIX developed at Bell Labs
3. DAC-1 computer aided design program is released
4. DECtape
5. Ivan Sutherland publishes Sketchpad
6. The Rancho Arm (AI-Robotics)

1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1. CDC 6600 supercomputer introduced
2. Digital Equipment Corporation introduces the PDP-8
3. IBM 2315 disk cartridge
4. IBM 2321 Data Cell Drive
5. IBM Pavilion at New York World's Fair
6. IBM announces System/360
7. IBM introduces SABRE
8. Project TACT launched
9. SABRE comes on-line
10.SABRE
11.Teletype introduced its ASR-33 Teletype
12.Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny create BASIC
13.Transformer Read Only Storage (TROS)

1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1. 3C DDP-116 introduced
2. Alphaville released
3. DENDRAL artificial intelligence program (AI-
Robotics)
4. IBM 2314 direct access storage facility
5. Olivetti Programma 101 is released
6. Simula is written by Kristen Nygaard and Ole-John
Dahl
7. The Orm (AI-Robotics)
8. Victor 3900 desktop calculator

1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1. Carterfone
2. HP introduces the HP 2116A
3. ILLIAC IV project begins
4. Joseph Weizenbaum's ELIZA (AI-Robotics)
5. RCA announces its Spectra series of computers
6. Ralph Baer designs the Brown Box
7. Signetics 8-bit RAM

1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1. Star Trek debuts with multiple computation devices
2. IBM 1360 Photo-Digital Storage System
3. Seymour Papert designs LOGO

1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1. "GO TO considered harmful" letter is published
2. 2001: A Space Odyssey released
3. Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) makes its debut
4. CICS is released
5. Data General Corporation introduces the Nova
Minicomputer
6. IBM “Minnow” floppy disk drive
7. Multiplexers: Cramming More Users onto the Same
Line
8. SHRDLU natural language (AI-Robotics)
9. The Mother of All Demos
10.The Tentacle Arm (AI-Robotics)

1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1. Apollo Guidance Computer read-only rope
memory
2. Hooking up – networks come online
3. Kenneth Thompson and Dennis Ritchie develop
UNIX
4. SIGGRAPH is founded
5. The RS-232-C standard is adopted
6. Victor Scheinman´s Stanford Arm (AI-Robotics)

1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1. Amdahl Corporation introduces the Amdahl 470
2. Banking Automation Reaches the Customer
3. First IBM computer to use semiconductor memory
4. Pascal is introduced
5. Shakey the robot (AI-Robotics)

1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1. Computer Space is released
2. Europe and the First Mass-Market “Webs”
3. First Kenbak-1 is sold to a private girl’s school
4. Hewlett-Packard introduces the HP-35
5. Honeywell vs. Sperry Rand trial begins
6. ILLIAC IV supercomputer
7. Intel 1103 memory chip
8. Intel introduces the first microprocessor
9. Laser printer invented at Xerox PARC
10.Networked Email as an Early “Killer App”

1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1. C programming language is released
2. LUNAR natural language information retrieval
system (AI-Robotics)
3. Pong is released
4. SuperPaint is completed

1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1. Birth of modern mobile networks
2. Dean Koontz publishes Demon Seed
3. IBM 3340 data module
4. Inventing the Internet
5. Linking the Office: Ethernet and Local Networks
6. Micral is released
7. The TV Typewriter plans are published
8. Wang Laboratories releases the Wang 2200

1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1. La Faim (Hunger) debuts
2. IBM 3850 mass storage system
3. IBM announces SNA (Systems Network Architecture)
4. Scelbi advertises its 8H computer
5. The Mark-8 appears in the pages of Radio-
Electronics
6. The Silver Arm (AI-Robotics)
7. Xerox PARC Alto introduced

1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1. Commercial Networks Multiply
2. Community Memory
3. DEC RL01
4. MITS Altair 8800 kit appears in Popular Electronics
5. MOS 6502 is introduced
6. Southwest Technical Products introduces the SWTPC
6800
7. Tandem Computers releases the Tandem-16
8. VDM prototype built

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1. CP/M is developed
2. Cray-1 supercomputer introduced
3. Intel 8080 and Zilog Z-80
4. Japanese manufactured dynamic random-access
memory (DRAM)
5. Queen’s First Email
6. Shigeo Hirose´s Soft Gripper (AI-Robotics)
7. Steve Wozniak completes the Apple-1

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1. Star Wars (Death Star Briefing)
2. Apple II introduced
3. Atari launches the Video Computer System game
console
4. C3PO and R2D2 in Star Wars (AI-Robotics)
5. Commodore 1530 Datasette
6. ROM chips
7. Tandy Radio Shack introduces its TRS-80
8. The Commodore PET (Personal Electronic
Transactor) introduced

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1. First computers installed in the White House
2. LaserDisc
3. Shugart 5 ¼-inch flexible disk drive
4. Speak & Spell (AI-Robotics)
5. The DEC VAX introduced
6. WordStar is created

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1. Atari introduces its Model 400 and 800 computers
2. Bubble memory
3. Computing for One: Personal computers vs.
Networks
4. MUDs
5. Motorola introduces the 68000 microprocessor
6. North America: Rise of Online Services and BBSs
7. Rise of Professional and Geek Networks
8. Texas Instruments TI 99/4 is released
9. The Stanford Cart (AI-Robotics)
10.Visicalc is developed
11.Worms

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1. Commodore introduces the VIC-20
2. Enquire
3. Seagate ST506 hard disk drive
4. The Sinclair ZX80 introduced

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1. 3 ½-inch floppy drive
2. The Computer Programme debuts on the BBC
3. Apollo Computer unveils its first workstation, its
DN100
4. Arnie Katz, Joyce Worley-Katz, and Bill Kunkle form
first video game magazine, Electronic Games
5. IBM introduces its Personal Computer (PC)
6. MS-DOS released with the IBM PC
7. Osborne 1 introduced
8. The First Mass “Web”: Minitel Goes Public
9. The direct drive arm (AI-Robotics)

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1. TIME announces “Machine of the Year”
2. Automating the office – LAN operating systems
3. Commodore introduces the Commodore 64
4. Franklin releases Apple II “clones”
5. ILM produces The Genesis Effect for Star Trek II – The
Wrath of Khan
6. Internetting as a Business
7. Mitch Kapor develops Lotus 1-2-3
8. Movie Tron released
9. Sun Microsystems is founded
10.The FRED robot (AI-Robotics)
11.The IBM 7535 (AI-Robotics)

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1. Apple introduces the Lisa computer
2. Bernoulli Box
3. CD-ROM
4. Compaq Computer Corporation introduces the
Compaq Portable
5. DIGITAL ships the HSC50 controller, its first intelligent
disk subsystem
6. Lucasfilm produces The Road to Point Reyes
7. MIDI and The Age of Intelligent Machines
8. Microsoft introduces Word
9. Richard Stallman develops GNU

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1. Apple 1984 commercial debuts
2. Apple Computer launches the Macintosh
3. CD-ROMs introduced, multimedia takes off
4. CompacTape
5. Flash memory
6. Hero Jr. robot kit (AI-Robotics)
7. IBM 3480 cartridge tape system
8. IBM releases its PC Jr. and PC/AT
9. Matlab is released
10.OSI standard published: Protocol Wars
11.Term ‘cyberspace’ coined
12.Verilog is created

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1. The C++ Programming Language is published
2. Aldus announces PageMaker
3. Denning Sentry robot (AI-Robotics)
4. MIT Media Lab founded
5. Nintendo releases the Nintendo Entertainment
System (NES) in the U.S.
6. Omnibot 2000 (AI-Robotics)
7. PC's Limited is founded
8. The Amiga 1000 is released
9. The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL) is founded.
10.U.S. National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET)
starts up

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1. Compaq introduces the Deskpro 386 system
2. IBM releases the first commercial RISC-based
workstation
3. LMI Lambda (AI-Robotics)
4. Pixar is founded
5. SCSI-1 standard
6. The Connection Machine is unveiled

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1. Acorn Archimedes is released
2. Conner CP340A hard disk drive (HDD)
3. GSM standard formally agreed
4. HyperCard revives hypertext
5. IBM introduces its Personal System/2 (PS/2)
machines
6. Mitsubishi Movemaster RM-501 Gripper is introduced
(AI-Robotics)
7. Perl is written by Larry Wall
8. William Atkinson designs HyperCard

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1. Tin Toy wins Oscar
2. Apple co-founder Steve Jobs unveils the NeXT Cube
3. Creative Arts releases the first SoundBlaster
4. Laser 128 is released
5. Mathematica is created
6. The Morris Worm

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1. 100,000 hosts: The Internet Comes From Behind
2. Computer defeats master chess player (AI-
Robotics)
3. Intel introduces the 80486 microprocessor
4. James Cameron's The Abyss is released
5. Macintosh Portable is introduced
6. More than six Online Systems for the Internet
7. Nintendo releases the Game Boy handheld game
console

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1. IBM 9345 hard disk drive
2. Intel's Touchstone Delta supercomputer system
comes online
3. Magneto-Optical Discs
4. Microsoft ships Windows 3.0
5. Photoshop is released
6. The "WorldWideWeb" is born
7. Video Toaster is introduced by NewTek
8. William Gibson and Bruce Sterling publish The
Difference Engine

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1. Babbage's Difference Engine #2 is completed
2. Linus Torvalds releases the Linux kernel
3. Michael Jackson's Black or White video premieres
4. NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of the
Internet
5. PGP is introduced
6. PowerBook series of laptops is introduced
7. Web browsers: a Cry for Help

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1. Terminator 2: Judgment Day opens
2. DEC announces Alpha chip architecture
3. Intel Paragon is operational
4. JPEG standard finalized
5. Japan's Fifth Generation Computer Systems project
abandoned (AI-Robotics)
6. SSD module
7. Storage Tek 4400 ACS tape library

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1. Doom is released
2. Jurassic Park released
3. Wired Magazine debuts
4. Apple ships the first Newton
5. Fantasy game Myst is released
6. FreeBSD is launched
7. Gopher Stumbles
8. Intel's Pentium microprocessor is released
9. Microsoft Windows NT is released
10.Mosaic popularizes the Web
11.Online ads mark the slow start of the commercial
Web

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1. CompactFlash
2. Entertainment Software Rating Board
3. Iomega Zip Disk
4. RISC PC is released
5. Web momentum moves to US

1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1. BeBox is released
2. Browser War II: Netscape vs. Microsoft
3. Computer-animated Homer Simpson appears
on The Simpsons
4. Digital Video Disc (DVD)
5. IBM releases the ThinkPad 701C
6. Java 1.0 is introduced
7. JavaScript is developed
8. Online Services make way for the Web
9. Sony releases the PlayStation in North America
10.The MQ-1 Predator drone called to duty (AI-
Robotics)

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1. 3dfx begins selling Voodoo Graphics chips
2. Diary of a Camper machinima created
3. Palm Pilot is introduced
4. Sony Vaio series is begun
5. Web users reach 36 million, now biggest user
community

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1. Grand Theft Auto is released
2. ASCI Red is operational
3. Compact Disc-ReWritable (CD-RW)
4. Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov (AI-Robotics)
5. IBM’s Deep Blue defeats world chess champion
Garry Kasparov
6. Microsoft introduces Visual Studio

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1. Furby ignites buying frenzy (AI-Robotics)
2. SGI releases Maya
3. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act becomes law
4. The iMac, a range of all-in-one Macintosh desktop
computers, is launched

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1. EverQuest is released
2. The Matrix released
3. IBM Microdrive
4. Nvidia releases the GeForce 256
5. The AIBO robotic pet dog (AI-Robotics)
6. The Mobile Web arrives in Japan
7. WiFi Comes Home

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1. The Sims is released
2. First camera phone introduced
3. Honda’s Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility
(ASIMO) humanoid robot (AI-Robotics)
4. Sony releases the PlayStation 2
5. USB Flash drive
6. Y2K bug

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1. BitTorrent is launched
2. First Apple stores open
3. Mac OS X is released
4. Microsoft enters gaming arena with Xbox
5. Steven Spielberg’s A.I. Artificial Intelligence released
worldwide
6. The Dot Com Boom…and Bust
7. Windows XP is released
8. iTunes is released

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1. DARPA's Centibots project (AI-Robotics)
2. Earth Simulator is world's fastest supercomputer
3. Handspring Treo is released
4. The Roomba is introduced (AI-Robotics)

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1. Eve OnLine is released
2. Blu-ray optical disc
3. CSAIL at MIT is formed (AI-Robotics)
4. MySpace founded
5. PowerMac G5 is released

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1. World of Warcraft comes on-line
2. Google’s IPO and the New, Slow Boom
3. Hacker group Anonymous forms
4. Opportunity and Spirit Mars Rovers land on Mars (AI-
Robotics)
5. “Web 2.0” brings back Interactivity

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1. Arduino
2. Hadoop is developed
3. Lenovo acquires IBM's PC business
4. NASA Ames Research Center supercomputer
Columbia
5. Stanford's autonomous vehicle wins 2005 DARPA
“Grand Challenge” (AI-Robotics)

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1. Amazon Web Services Launches Cloud-Based
Services
2. Fiftieth anniversary of seminal artificial intelligence
conference (AI-Robotics)
3. Nintendo Wii comes to market
4. One Laptop Per Child initiative begins
5. Verb 'to google' added to dictionaries
6. WikiLeaks established
7. “The Cloud”: Computer utilities return

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1. Portal is introduced
2. Checkers is Solved (AI-Robotics)
3. Dropbox
4. First 1 TB hard disk drive (HDD)
5. Hulu is founded
6. Nvidia releases Cuda GPU
7. Scratch is publicly released
8. The Amazon Kindle is released
9. The Apple iPhone is released

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1. WALL-E debuts
2. The MacBook Air is released

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1. Minecraft is introduced
2. Plants vs. Zombies is released
3. Bitcoin
4. Cloud-based network-attached storage solutions
5. IBM's Roadrunner supercomputer is completed
6. Jaguar Supercomputer at Oak Ridge upgraded
7. The Mobile Web hits the Mass Market

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1. Angry Birds becomes top-selling mobile game
2. Apple Retina Display
3. China's Tianhe supercomputers are operational
4. First Emily Howell album released
5. IBM’s Watson defeats Jeopardy! Contestants (AI-
Robotics)
6. Reports of the Stuxnet virus surface
7. The Apple iPad is released

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1. Adobe Creative Cloud is Announced
2. Arab Spring protests spread by social media
3. IBM Sequoia is delivered to Lawrence Livermore
Labs
4. Nest Learning Thermostat is Introduced
5. Passing of Steve Jobs
6. Siri is Announced (AI-Robotics)

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1. Facebook Acquires Instagram
2. Raspberry Pi, a credit-card-size single board
computer, is released as a tool to promote science
education

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1. Edward Snowden
2. Microsoft introduces Xbox One
3. Sony releases PlayStation 4
4. The Stable Release of Microsoft Office 365 is
Unveiled

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1. Silicon Valley TV series
2. Apple Pay is Released
3. Gamergate
4. HTML 5 is Announced
5. Heartbleed Bug Discovered
6. Sony Hack
7. University of Michigan Micro Mote is Completed

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1. Apple Watch
2. FCC issues Net Neutrality decision
3. Gates Joins Musk, Hawking in Expressing Fear of AI
(AI-Robotics)

Timeline of AI-Robotics (1939)
Elektro at the World's Fair
Built by Westinghouse, the
relay-based Elektro robot
responds to the rhythm of
voice commands and delivers
wisecracks pre-recorded on 78
rpm records. It appeared at
the World's Fair, and it could
move its head and arms… and
even "smoked" cigarettes.

The Three Laws of Robotics
Isaac Asimov publishes the science fiction short
story Liar! in the May issue of Astounding
Science Fiction. In it, he introduced the Three
Laws of Robotics:
1. A robot may not injure a human being or,
through inaction, allow a human being to
come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given to it by
human beings, except where such orders
would conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as
long as such protection does not conflict
with the First or Second Laws.
This is thought to be the first known use of the
term “robotics.”

A Logical Calculus of the Ideas
Immanent in Nervous Activity
Two scientists, Warren S. McCulloch and
Walter H. Pitts, publish the groundbreaking
paper A Logical Calculus of the Ideas
Immanent in Nervous Activity. The paper
quickly became a foundational work in
the study of artificial neural networks and
has many applications in artificial
intelligence research. In it McCulloch and
Pitts described a simplified neural network
architecture for intelligence, and while
the neurons they described were greatly
simplified compared to biological
neurons, the model they proposed was
enhanced and improved upon by
subsequent generations of researchers.

Cybernetics
Norbert Wiener publishes the
book Cybernetics, which has a
major influence on research into
artificial intelligence and control
systems. Wiener drew on his World
War II experiments with anti-
aircraft systems that anticipated
the course of enemy planes by
interpreting radar images. Wiener
coined the term "cybernetics"
from the Greek word for
"steersman."

Alan Turing quoted by The London
Times on artificial intelligence
On June 11, The London Times quotes
the mathematician Alan Turing. “I do
not see why it (the machine) should not
enter any one of the fields normally
covered by the human intellect, and
eventually compete on equal terms. I
do not think you even draw the line
about sonnets, though the comparison
is perhaps a little bit unfair because a
sonnet written by a machine will be
better appreciated by another
machine.”

Brain surgeon reflects on artificial
intelligence
On June 9, at Manchester University’s Lister
Oration, British brain surgeon Geoffrey
Jefferson states, “Not until a machine can write
a sonnet or compose a concerto because of
thoughts and emotions felt, and not by the
chance fall of symbols, could we agree that
machine equals brain – that is, not only write it
but know that it had written it. No mechanism
could feel (and not merely artificially signal, an
easy contrivance) pleasure at its successes,
grief when its valves fuse, be warmed by
flattery, be made miserable by its mistakes, be
charmed by sex, be angry or miserable when it
cannot get what it wants.”

Grey Walter's Elsie
A neurophysiologist, Walter built
wheeled automatons in order to
experiment with goal-seeking
behavior. His best known robot,
Elsie, used photoelectric cells to
seek moderate light while
avoiding both strong light and
darkness—which made it
peculiarly attracted to women’s
stockings.

Isaac Asimov's I, Robot
Isaac Asimov's I, Robot is
published. Perhaps in reaction
to earlier dangerous fictional
robots, Asimov’s creations must
obey the “Three Laws of
Robotics” (1941) to assure they
are no threat to humans or
each other. The book consisted
of nine science fiction short
stories.

Squee: The Robot Squirrel
Squee: The Robot Squirrel uses two
light sensors and two contact switches
to hunt for ”nuts” (actually, tennis
balls) and drag them to its nest. Squee
was described as “75% reliable,” but it
worked well only in a very dark room.
Squee was conceived by computer
pioneer Edmund Berkeley, who earlier
wrote the hugely popular book Giant
Brains or Machines That Think (1949).
The original Squee prototype is in the
permanent collection of the
Computer History Museum.

The Turing Test
Alan Turing creates a standard
test to answer: “Can machines
think?” He proposed that if a
computer, on the basis of
written replies to questions,
could not be distinguished
from a human respondent,
then it must be “thinking”.

Logic Theorist
Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon
and J.C. Shaw begin work
on Logic Theorist, a program
that would eventually prove
38 theorems from Whitehead
and Russell’s Principia
Mathematica. Logic
Theorist introduced several
critical concepts to artificial
intelligence including
heuristics, list processing and
‘reasoning as search.’

Robby the Robot
Robby the Robot appears in MGM’s
1956 science fiction movie Forbidden
Planet. In the film, Robby was the
creation of Dr. Mobius and was built
to specifications found in an alien
computer system. Robby's duties
included assisting the human crew
while following Isaac Asimov's Three
Laws of Robotics (1941). The movie
was a cult hit, in part because of
Robby's humorous personality and
Robby the Robot toys became huge
sellers.

LISP
The programming language LISP
(short for "List Processing”) is
invented in 1958 by John McCarthy
at MIT. A key feature of LISP was that
data and programs were simply lists
in parentheses, allowing a program
to treat another program – or itself –
as data. This characteristic greatly
eased the kind of programming that
attempted to model human
thought. LISP is still used in a large
number of artificial intelligence
applications.

Automatically Programmed Tools
(APT)
MIT´s Servomechanisms Laboratory
demonstrates computer assisted
manufacturing (CAM). The school´s
Automatically Programmed Tools
project created a language, APT, used
to control milling machine operations.
At the demonstration, an air force
general claimed that the new
technology would enable the United
States to “build a war machine that
nobody would want to tackle.” The
machine produced a commemorative
ashtray for each attendee.

Quicksort algorithm
While studying machine
translation of languages in
Moscow, C. A. R. Hoare develops
Quicksort, an algorithm that
would become one of the most
used sorting methods in the
world. Later, Hoare went to work
for the British computer company
Elliott Brothers, where he
designed the first commercial
Algol 60 compiler. Queen
Elizabeth II knighted C.A.R. Hoare
in 2000.

UNIMATE
UNIMATE, the first mass-produced
industrial robot, begins work at
General Motors. Obeying step-
by-step commands stored on a
magnetic drum, the 4,000-pound
robot arm sequenced and
stacked hot pieces of die-cast
metal. UNIMATE was the
brainchild of Joe Engelberger
and George Devol, and originally
automated the manufacture of
TV picture tubes

The Rancho Arm
Researchers design the Rancho
Arm robot at Rancho Los Amigos
Hospital in Downey, California as
a tool for the handicapped. The
Rancho Arm´s six joints gave it
the flexibility of a human arm.
Acquired by Stanford University in
1963, it holds a place among the
first artificial robotic arms to be
controlled by a computer.

DENDRAL artificial
intelligence program
A Stanford team led by professors Ed
Feigenbaum, Joshua Lederberg and
Carl Djerassi creates DENDRAL, the
first “expert system.” DENDRAL was
an artificial intelligence program
designed to apply the accumulated
expertise of specialists to problem
solving. Its area of specialization was
chemistry and physics. It applied a
battery of "if-then" rules to identify
the molecular structure of organic
compounds, in some cases more
accurately than experts.

The Orm
Developed at Stanford University,
the Orm robot (Norwegian for
"snake") was an unusual air-
powered robotic arm. It moved
by inflating one or more of its 28
rubber bladders that were
sandwiched between seven
metal disks. The design was
abandoned because
movements could not be
repeated accurately.

Joseph Weizenbaum's ELIZA
Joseph Weizenbaum finishes ELIZA. ELIZA
is a natural language processing
environment. Its most famous mode was
called DOCTOR, which responded to
user questions much like a
psychotherapist. DOCTOR was able to
trick some users into believing they were
interacting with another human, at least
until the program reached its limitations
and became nonsensical. DOCTOR
used predetermined phrases or
questions and would substitute key
words to mimic a human actually
listening to user queries or statements.

SHRDLU natural language
Terry Winograd begins work on his PhD
thesis at MIT. His thesis focused on
SHRDLU, a natural language used in
artificial intelligence research. While
precursor programs like ELIZA were
incapable of truly understanding English
commands and responding
appropriately, SHRDLU was able to
combine syntax, meaning and
deductive reasoning to accomplish this.
SHRDLU’s universe was also very simple,
and commands consisted of picking up
and moving blocks, cones and
pyramids of various shapes and colors.

The Tentacle Arm
Marvin Minsky develops the
Tentacle Arm robot, which moves
like an octopus. It has twelve
joints designed to reach around
obstacles. A DEC PDP-6
computer controls the arm,
powered by hydraulic fluids.
Mounted on a wall, it could lift
the weight of a person.

Victor Scheinman´s Stanford
Arm
Victor Scheinman´s Stanford Arm robot
makes a breakthrough as the first
successful electrically powered,
computer-controlled robot arm. By
1974, the Stanford Arm could assemble
a Ford Model T water pump, guiding
itself with optical and contact sensors.
The Stanford Arm led directly to
commercial production. Scheinman
then designed the PUMA series of
industrial robots for Unimation, robots
used for automobile assembly and
other industrial tasks.

Shakey the robot
SRI International´s Shakey robot
becomes the first mobile robot
controlled by artificial intelligence.
Equipped with sensing devices and
driven by a problem-solving program
called STRIPS, the robot found its way
around the halls of SRI by applying
information about its environment to a
route. Shakey used a TV camera, laser
range finder, and bump sensors to
collect data, which it then transmitted
to a DEC PDP-10 and PDP-15. The
computer sent commands to Shakey
over a radio link. Shakey could move at
a speed of 2 meters per hour.

LUNAR natural language
information retrieval system
LUNAR, a natural language
information retrieval system is
completed by William Woods, Ronal
Kaplan and Bonnie Nash-Webber at
Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN).
LUNAR helped geologists access,
compare and evaluate chemical-
analysis data on moon rock and soil
composition from the Apollo 11
mission. Woods was the manager of
the BBN AI Department throughout
the 1970s and into the early 1980s.

The Silver Arm
David Silver at MIT designs the
Silver Arm, a robotic arm to do
small-parts assembly using
feedback from delicate touch
and pressure sensors. The arm´s
fine movements approximate
those of human fingers.

Shigeo Hirose´s Soft Gripper
Shigeo Hirose´s Soft Gripper robot
can conform to the shape of a
grasped object, such as a wine
glass filled with flowers. The
design Hirose created at the
Tokyo Institute of Technology
grew from his studies of flexible
structures in nature, such as
elephant trunks and snake spinal
cords.

C3PO and R2D2 in Star Wars
C3PO and R2D2 play a critical
role in 1977’s blockbuster hit
movie Star Wars. Throughout the
movie C3PO served as an
ambassador-like robot that is
knowledgeable of customs,
traditions and over 6,000,000
languages. C3PO's companion
robot, R2D2, served as a
mechanic, computer interface
specialist and co-pilot for the
film’s main protagonist Luke
Skywalker.

Speak & Spell
Texas Instruments Inc. introduces Speak
& Spell, a talking learning aid for
children aged 7 and up. Its debut
marked the first electronic duplication
of the human vocal tract on a single
integrated circuit. Speak & Spell used
linear predictive coding to formulate a
mathematical model of the human
vocal tract and predict a speech
sample based on previous input. It
transformed digital information
processed through a filter into synthetic
speech and could store more than 100
seconds of linguistic sounds.

The Stanford Cart
The Stanford Cart was a long-term
research project undertaken at
Stanford University between 1960
and 1980. In 1979, it successfully
crossed a room on its own while
navigating around a chair placed
as an obstacle. Hans Moravec
rebuilt the Stanford Cart in 1977,
equipping it with stereo vision. A
television camera, mounted on a
rail on the top of the cart, took
pictures from several different
angles and relayed them to a
computer.

The direct drive arm
The first direct drive (DD) arm by
Takeo Kanade serves as the
prototype for DD arms used in
industry today. The electric
motors housed inside the joints
eliminated the need for the
chains or tendons used in earlier
robots. DD arms were fast and
accurate because they minimize
friction and backlash.

The FRED robot
Nolan Bushnell founded
Androbot with former Atari
engineers to make playful robots.
The “Friendly Robotic
Educational Device” (FRED),
designed for 6-15 year-olds,
never made it to market.

The IBM 7535
Based on a Japanese robot,
IBM’s 7535 was controlled by an
IBM PC and programmed in IBM’s
AML (“A Manufacturing
Language”). It could manipulate
objects weighing up to 13
pounds.

Hero Jr. robot kit
Heathkit introduces the Hero Jr.
home robot kit, one of several
robots it sells at the time. Hero Jr.
could roam hallways guided by
sonar, play games, sing songs
and even act as an alarm clock.
The brochure claimed it “seeks to
remain near human
companions” by listening for
voices.

Denning Sentry robot
Boston-based Denning designed
the Sentry robot as a security
guard patrolling for up to 14
hours at 3 mph. It radioed an
alert about anything unusual in a
150-foot radius. The product, and
the company, did not succeed.

Omnibot 2000
The Omnibot 2000 remote-
controlled programmable robot
toy could move, talk and carry
objects. The cassette player in its
chest recorded actions to be
taken and speech to be played.

LMI Lambda
The LMI Lambda LISP workstation
is introduced. LISP, the preferred
language for AI, ran slowly on
expensive conventional
computers. This specialized LISP
computer, both faster and
cheaper, was based on the
CADR machine designed at MIT
by Richard Greenblatt and
Thomas Knight.

Mitsubishi Movemaster RM-
501 Gripper is introduced
The Mitsubishi Movemaster RM-501
Gripper is introduced. This robot gripper
and arm was a small, commercially
available industrial robot. It was used for
tasks such as assembling products or
handling chemicals. The arm, including
the gripper, had six degrees of freedom
and was driven by electric motors
connected to the joints by belts. The
arm could move fifteen inches per
second, could lift 2.7 pounds, and was
accurate within .02 of an inch.

Computer defeats master
chess player
David Levy is the first master
chess player to be defeated by a
computer. The program Deep
Thought defeats Levy who had
beaten all other previous
computer counterparts since
1968.

Japan's Fifth Generation Computer
Systems project abandoned
After spending hundreds of millions of dollars in
research and development, Japan’s Ministry of
International Trade and Industry (MITI) abandons
its Fifth Generation Computer Systems project.
The project was intended to build a platform from
which artificial intelligence systems could grow
and ultimately build machines that had reasoning
capabilities as opposed to simply perform
calculations. In part, the announcement of the
Fifth Generation project in Japan caused the
American computer industry to react, and a
group of companies formed the Microelectronics
and Computer Technology Corporation.

The MQ-1 Predator drone
called to duty
The MQ-1 Predator drone is introduced
and put into action by the United States
Air Force and the Central Intelligence
Agency. It was widely used in
Afghanistan and the Pakistani tribal
areas against Al-Qaeda forces and
Taliban militants starting after
September 11, 2001. The unmanned
aerial vehicles were equipped with
cameras for reconnaissance and could
be upgraded to carry two missiles.

Deep Blue defeats Garry
Kasparov
With the ability to evaluate 200 million
positions per second, IBM’s Deep Blue
chess computer defeats the current world
chess champion, Garry Kasparov on May
11. Of the six matches played, Deep Blue
won two, Kasparov won one and the other
three matches ended in a draw. The
games took place over several days and
were played in a television studio with a
sold out audience of 600 watching each
match on television screens in a theater
several floors below. These matches were
considered a rematch, as Kasparov had
defeated an earlier version of Deep Blue in
1996.

Furby ignites buying frenzy
The Furby ignites a 1998 holiday
season buying frenzy, with resale
prices reaching $300. Each Furby
initially spoke only “Furbish” but
could gradually learn English
commands. It communicated with
other nearby Furbies using an
infrared port between its eyes.

The AIBO robotic pet dog
The Sony AIBO, the $2,000 “Artificial
Intelligence RoBOt” was a robotic
pet dog designed to “learn” by
interacting with its environment, its
owners and other AIBOs. It
responded to more than 100 voice
commands and talked back in a
tonal language. It was even
programmed to occasionally ignore
commands like its biological four-
legged counterparts.

Honda’s Advanced Step in
Innovative Mobility (ASIMO)
humanoid robot
Honda’s Advanced Step in
Innovative Mobility (ASIMO)
humanoid robot is introduced. It
could walk 1 mph, climb stairs and
change its direction after detecting
hazards. Using the camera mounted
in its head, ASIMO could also
recognize faces, gestures and the
movements of multiple objects.
Additionally, ASIMO had microphones
that allowed it to react to voice
commands. About 100 were built.

DARPA's Centibots project
The Centibots project, funded by
the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA), sought
to prove that up to 100 robots
could survey a potentially
dangerous area, build a map in
real time, and seek items of
interest. Centibots communicated
with each other to coordinate their
effort. If one robot failed, another
took over its task. The robots were
completely autonomous, requiring
no human supervision.

The Roomba is introduced
iRobot’s Roomba is introduced.
Using a cleaning algorithm, the
autonomous robotic vacuum
cleaner could clean a room
while detecting and avoiding
obstacles. Rodney Brooks, co-
founder of iRobot, previously
performed research at MIT’s
Mobile Robotics Lab. The
research focused on using insect-
like reflex behaviour instead of a
central “brain” to create
purposeful behaviour.

CSAIL at MIT is formed
The Computer Science and Artificial
Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) at
MIT is formed with the merger of the
Laboratory for Computer Science
and the Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory. The AI lab was founded
in 1959 by John McCarthy and
Marvin Minsky and the Laboratory
for Computer Science was opened
in 1963 as Project MAC.

Opportunity and Spirit
Mars Rovers land on Mars
Caltech designs both the
Opportunity and Spirit Mars
Rovers. Both landed in 2004
and ran 20 times longer than
their planned lifetime of 90
days. While Spirit ceased to
move in 2009 and
communications from the
rover stopped in 2010,
Opportunity far exceeded its
expected lifetime.

Stanford's autonomous vehicle wins
2005 DARPA “Grand Challenge”
Stanford Racing Team’s autonomous
vehicle “Stanley” wins the 2005 DARPA
“Grand Challenge” held near Las Vegas.
Driving autonomously on an off-road,
175-mile long desert course, the
Volkswagen Touareg R5 finished the
challenge in less than 7 hours with no
human intervention--well before the 10
hour time limit. For winning the
challenge, the Stanford Racing Team
took home $2 million. The DARPA
challenges, first introduced in 2004, are
intended to spur interest and generate
innovation in the area of self-driving cars.

Fiftieth anniversary of seminal
artificial intelligence
conference
AI@50, the fiftieth anniversary celebration
of Dartmouth Summer Research Project on
Artificial Intelligence, is held on the
Dartmouth College campus. Five
attendees of the original conference in
1956 were present at the anniversary--John
McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Trenchard More,
Oliver Selfridge and Ray Solomonoff. The
coining of the term “Artificial Intelligence”
was credited to the proposal for the
original conference, which is viewed as the
founding event of AI..

Checkers is Solved
An article is published titled Checkers is
Solved in a September issue of the
journal Science. The article stated, “Perfect
play by both sides leads to a draw.” The
team that conducted the research was
led by Professor Jonathan Schaeffer at the
University of Calgary who had been
working to solve the checkers problem
since 1989. In the course of their work the
team created a checkers program called
“CHINOOK”, which played successfully in
several man-machine competitions,
including one held at The Computer
Museum in Boston in 1994.

IBM’s Watson defeats
Jeopardy! contestants
In 2010, IBM’s Watson spars against
former Jeopardy! Tournament of
Champion contestants and finishes with a
71% winning percentage. This was
preparation for a 2011 matchup where
Watson would defeat two former human
Jeopardy! champions. In the televised
exhibition match, Watson handily
defeated two of the all-time best
Jeopardy! players, Ken Jennings and
Brad Rutter, by analyzing natural
language questions and content more
accurately and faster than its human
counterparts.

Siri is Announced
Siri is introduced as a built-in feature with the Apple
iPhone 4S smartphone in October. A voice-activated
personal assistant, Siri could “understand” natural
language requests and also adjust the information it
retrieved from the web by learning user tendencies
and preferences. Siri could perform a wide number
of functions – from recommending local restaurants
(using the web and the iPhone’s built-in GPS
navigation system), providing walking or driving
directions, giving weather forecasts, showing current
sports scores, and even answering seemingly
meaningless questions like, “Who is your favorite
NCAA college football team?” Although the
program’s “voice” was female by default, it could
be changed to a man’s voice.

Gates Joins Musk, Hawking in
Expressing Fear of AI
Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates joins a number
of prominent tech gurus and scientists in
revealing his thoughts on the potentially
dangerous effects and unintended
consequences of artificial intelligence on
human civilization. Previously, Elon Musk,
Stephen Hawking, and others had expressed
similar sentiments. Those on the other side of the
debate felt artificial intelligence would usher in
an era of unprecedented human achievement,
aided by the “minds” of humanity’s artificial
brethren. While Gates and others felt that in the
short-term intelligent machines would benefit
mankind, they foresaw a future where more
advanced super-intelligent machines could
pose a grave threat to human existence.

Will they (AI) assist us?
Timeline of Artificial Intelligence

Fields of AI
Computer science:
• Graphical user interface
• Automatic Storage management
• Object Oriented Programming
• Data miming
• Computer gaming
Telecommunication:
• Automated Online Assistants
• Voice dialing
• Speech Reorganization

Fields of AI
Aviation & Automation:
• NASA's fight research center
• Voice recognition in fighter jets
• Directions to A.I pilots through air traffic controllers
• Automatic Gearing System in Cars

Fields of AI
Robotics:
• Assembling of robots
• Welding robots
• Behavior based robotics
• Dancing robots
• Robot navigation

Other fields of AI
• Credit granting
• Information management and retrieval
• AI & expert systems embedded in products
• Plant layout
• Helpdesks and assistance
• Employee performance evaluation
• Shipping
• Marketing
• Warehouse optimisation
• In space workstation maintenance
• Satellite controls
• Network developments
• Military activity controls
• Nuclear management

Daily life application of AI
• Home security
• Bank
• Post office
• Web sites
• Digital cameras
• News & Publishing
• Financial Trades
• Health & Medicine
• Games & Toys

Will they (AI) assist us?

Application of AI
• Science
• Industrial
• Business
• Consumer
• Medical research
• Underwater mining
• Space Exploration
• Military
• Entertainment
• Music
• Antivirus

Application of AI
Science
Development of new drugs
• Model clinical studies in animals and humans

Application of AI
Science
Remote controlled surgical procedures
• Uses robotics & computer based optical systems
• Can be performed half-way around the world

Application of AI
Science
Advanced weather modelling
• Doppler radar
• Looks at trends and past models to predict weather patterns

Application of AI
Industrial
Machine vision inspection systems
• Cameras & computers are placed on assembly lines to find
defects
• Huge machines involve risk in their manual maintenance and
working. So it becomes necessary part to have an efficient and
safe operation agent in their operation.

Application of AI
Industrial
Robotic systems
• Use computer automation & mechanical equipment
• Take place of humans in manufacturing of cars

Application of AI
Business
Macros
• Computer mimics the programmer’s actions
Telecommunications
• Many telecommunications companies make use of heuristic
search in the management of their workforce, for example BT
group has deployed heuristic search in a scheduling
application that provides the work schedules of 20,000
engineers.

Application of AI
Business
Advanced financial systems
• Quickly analyse trends
• Allows for rapid investment decisions
• Organise operations, invest in stocks, and manage properties.
• Some other applications in this section include loan
investigation, ATM design, safe and fast banking etc.

Application of AI
Consumer
Personal computers
Computer applications for APPLE & IBM
• Voice and character recognition.
Entertainment
• Games, such as chess, where over 120 million moves can be
recognized.

Medical research:
• A medical clinic can use AI systems to organise bed schedules,
make a staff rotation, and provide medical information.
• AI has also application in fields of cardiology
(CRG), neurology (MRI), embryology (sonography), complex
operations of internal organs etc.
Application of AI

Medical research:
AI technology can perform delicate operations more
precisely and effectively.
Application of AI

Application of AI
Underwater mining:
It is not possible to have a mining staff on site at such a
depth.

Application of AI
Underwater mining:
No issues with a robot.

Space exploration:
Human needs provisions for: water, recycling, food, Space
radiation & psychological issues of confinement.
Application of AI

Space exploration:
None of these issues concern a robot.
Application of AI

Military Technology:
Aiming, defending, and moving are done simultaneously
by us, Now.
Application of AI

But AI technology, the tank will be able to auto detect the
enemy units and take action.
Application of AI

Application of AI
Smart Bombs
• Guided by remote control camera systems directed to the
intended target.

Application of AI
Unmanned drone aircraft
• Missiles fly military missions & Launch weapons from a distance

Application of AI
Decoding of enemy secret codes
• Rapid translation of foreign language

Entertainment:
Application of AI
Gaming:
• In the earlier days gaming technology was not broadened.
Physicist willy higinbotham created the first video game in 1958. it
was called “ Tennis for Two” and was plan oscilloscope. But now
AI technology has become vast and standard has also been
increased.
• E.g. Sudoku, fear, fallout etc.

Entertainment:
Application of AI

Entertainment:
Xmen Origins Wolverine
Application of AI

Robodog
Entertainment:
Application of AI

Application of AI
Music:
• Scientists are trying to make the computer emulate the activities
of the skilful musician. Composition, performance, music theory,
sound processing are some of the major areas on which research
in music and artificial intelligence are focusing on.
e.g. Chucks, Orchextra, Smartmusic etc.

Application of AI
Antivirus:
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques have played increasingly
important role in antivirus detection. At present, some principal
artificial intelligence techniques applied in antivirus detection.
• It improves the performance of antivirus detection systems, and
promotes the production of new artificial intelligence algorithm
and the application in antivirus detection to integrate antivirus
detection with artificial intelligence.

AI in video games
AI in video games
• Over the years AI is getting exponentially more sophisticated
• Now AI’s are able to react with an “ Intelligence” that simulates
the computer as a human
• AI’s are able to respond to voice commands.

Chess & AI
Chess & AI
• Theory: If they can create a computer that can outsmart
humans in this obviously strategic, thinking based game, then it
would be a major milestone on the road to the intelligent
computer.

Advantages of AI
• Artificial intelligence would not need any sleep, as well
as other issues that plague biological minds like
restroom breaks and eating.
• Unemotional consideration of problems. When people
make decisions, sometimes those decisions are based
on emotion rather than logic. This is not always the best
way to make decisions.
• Easier copying. Once an artificial mind is trained in a
task, that mind can then be copied very easily,
compared to the training of multiple people for the
same task.

Disadvantages (Risk) of AI
• Self modifying, when combined with self-replicating, can
lead to dangerous, unexpected results, such as a new and
frequent mutating computer virus.
• The inability to heal. Biological systems can heal with time
and treatment. Most computer systems, on the other hand,
often need to be shut down for maintenance.
• Military robots may make it possible for a country to
indiscriminately attack less-advanced countries with few, if
any, human casualties.
• Rapid advances in AI could mean massive structural
unemployment.

Will they replace us?

Will intelligent machines replace us?

Unemployment in the near future?

Mankind endangered as AI robots if in control?

Mankind endangered as AI robots if in control?
Human evolution : The new cyborgs?

Future of AI
Future of AI:
• The future is really unknown
• Researchers seem to disagree on a lot of the same issues
• With the rate at which technology is improving it’s logical to
believe AI will continue to get more & more sophisticated.

Future of AI
Future of AI:
• Right now, A.I. is at level comparable to less intelligent animals or
insects.
• Is it possible to go farther, to reach human intelligence?
• “Cognitivists”, who believe the human conscious can be
simulated, and “anti-cognitivists” who believe it to be impossible.

Future of AI
Future of AI:
• 2050: Estimated date of the emergence of the Singularity, or
greater-than-human super-intelligence.
• At this point, it’s thought that certain machines will exceed the
human brain in terms of intelligence.
• It’s believed that this breakthrough will lead to a rapid
advancement in technology, as super intelligent A.I. designs new
computers and machines at a rate no human could.

Strong & Weak AI
Strong & Weak AI:
• Strong A.I. is intelligence that matches or exceeds that of human
intelligence
• Ultimate goal of A.I. research
• Weak A.I. is narrow / more focused than strong A.I.
• Whole Brain emulation- Mapping and re-creating the human brain
through neuro- imaging

What Could This Mean for I.S?
What could this mean for I.S?
• If the singularity is reached, and an age of rapid technological
advancement occurs, IS and many technologies will be in a
dynamic era.
• Companies will have to constantly change to keep up with the
rapid pace of technology.
• It’s probable that every successful company involved in
technology will need their own A.I.

Problems with AI
Problems with AI:
• One basic problem lies in the question of what intelligence is
exactly.
• How can we recreate a learning, thinking mind with technology?
Is it even possible? Some do not think so.
• David Gelernter, a Yale professor, says A.I. is “lost in the woods”.

Problems with AI
Problems with AI:
• What is the human conscious? Gelernter argues that we can’t
construct a conscious A.I. without even knowing what exactly the
conscious is.
• “Without this cognitive continuum, AI has no comprehensive view
of thought: it tends to ignore some thought modes (such as free
association and dreaming), is uncertain how to integrate emotion
and thought, and has made strikingly little progress in
understanding analogies--which seem to underlie creativity.”

Problems with AI
Problems with AI:
• Scientists need to figure out the “algorithms of thought”, basically
a way to mathematically simulate the human thought process.
• The human brain relies on chemistry and physics of different
molecules in order to function. How could scientists ever replicate
this process?

Ethical questions?
• Will there come a point when computers become too
intelligent?

Ethical questions?
intelligent?
• Should robots have the same legal rights as humans?

Ethical questions?
intelligent?
• How would we get around the question of ownership?

Ethical questions?
intelligent?
• To what extend should we trust (be able to predict the
behaviour of ) such species?

Ethical questions?
intelligent?
• What responsibilities do we owe such robots?

Ethical questions?
intelligent?
• Would it be wrong to deliberately install mechanisms
that gave human an immediate physical advantage
e.g. an ON/OFF switch?

Ethical questions?
intelligent?
• Would it be wrong to deliberately install mechanisms
that gave human an immediate physical advantage
e.g. an ON/OFF switch?
• Should we allow a self governing robot society to co-
exist with ours?

Questions
Questions
• Do you believe that A.I. should be taken any further?
• Is A.I interfering with religion? Are we playing God?
• If machines can be made to think like us, then what do you think
sets us apart as humans? At what point is a machine considered
life?
• If we were to create intelligent beings, what kind of rights would
they be given? Should they even be given rights?

Thank you
Thank you

Artificial intelligence

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