The document discusses latitude and longitude coordinates and how they are used to locate positions on Earth. It explains that latitude ranges from 0 to 90 degrees north and south of the equator, while longitude ranges from 0 to 180 degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian. Coordinates can be expressed in degrees-minutes-seconds or decimal degrees format. It also provides conversions between the formats and approximations of distance equivalents for different units of degrees, minutes and seconds.

1. SUDHEER NANDI
WorldDogmaticModus Operandi

2. “Acowarddiesa thousandtimes beforehisdeath”
“Whenyouchangethewayyoulookat things,
thethingsyoulookat change.”

3. World Dogmatic Modus Operandi
X/E
Y /N
(-X,+Y)
(+X,-Y)
(+X,+Y)
(-X,-Y)
Graphs quadrants with the X and Y values
being either positive (+) or negative (-)
depending on the quadrant located.
***Dogmatic Approach latitude and longitude***
Equator
Prime Meridian
*Map “Horizontal –latitude”
“vertical-longitude”
X axis ~ “ Equator”
Y axis ~ “ Greenwich/ Prime Meridian”.
Y /S
X /W
N-North ,S-South , E-East ,W-West
N
S
EW(0,0)

4. World NORTH SOUTH AND EAST WEST
Degree’s
S 90°
N 90°
W180° E180°0°
LONGITUDE “Vertical line’s” & L ATITUDE “Horizontal line’s”

5. SOUTH LATITUDE
NORTH LATITUDE
WEST LONGITUDE EAST LONGITUDE
World Division Segment’s
LONGITUDE “Vertical line’s” & L ATITUDE “Horizontal line’s”
E
S
N
W 0°

6. World NORTH SOUTH AND EAST WEST
NORTH WEST
latitudes are NORTH &
all longitudes are WEST
NORTH EAST
latitudes are NORTH &
all longitudes are EAST.
SOUTH WEST
latitudes are SOUTH &
all longitudes are WEST
SOUTH EAST
latitudes are SOUTH &
all longitudes are EAST
W
S
N
E
LONGITUDE “Vertical line’s” & L ATITUDE “Horizontal line’s”
0°

7. World Division Segment’s

8. WORLD Pragmatic Computation
Cartographers write spherical coordinates (latitudes and longitudes) in Degrees-Minutes-
Seconds (DMS) and Decimal Degrees.
For degrees-minutes-seconds, minutes range from 0 to 60.
For example, the geographic coordinate expressed in Degrees-Minutes-Seconds(DMS) for
New York City :
•Latitude: 40 Degrees, 42 Minutes, 51 Seconds N
•Longitude: 74 Degrees, 0 Minutes, 21 Seconds W
You can also express geographic coordinates in decimal degrees. It’s just another way to
represent that same location in a different format.
For example, here is New York City in decimal degrees:
•Latitude: 40.714
•Longitude: -74.006

9. WORLD GRID LINE OF DIVISION

10. WORLD Pragmatic Computation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_degrees
https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/gccalc.shtml

11. Line Latitude Line Longitude
World Terrestrial Coordinate System
The position of an observer on the earth's surface can be specified by the “terrestrial coordinates”,
latitude and longitude.
• 1 of latitude equals approximately 364,000 feet (69 miles), one minute equals 6,068 feet (1.15
miles), and one-second equals 101 feet.
•1 of longitude equals 288,200 feet (54.6 miles), one minute equals 4,800 feet (0.91 mile), and one
second equals 80 feet.

12. WORLD Pragmatic Computation
 Latitudes range from -90 to 90, and longitudes range from -180 to 80.
 Uses the format "DDD MM SS + compass direction (N, S, E, or W)."
 Latitudes range from 0 to 90 and longitudes range from 0 to 180.
 The last degree, minute, or second or a latitude or longitude may contain a decimal portion.
A reference ellipsoid is the mathematical model of the shape
of the Earth with the major axis along the equatorial radius.
A geographic coordinate system uses longitude and latitude
expressed in decimal degrees.
For example: WGS 1984 and NAD 1983 are the most
common datum's today. Before 1983, NAD27 was the most
common datum.

13. WORLD Pragmatic Computation
DISTANCE ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.
The distance between two places on the surface of the Earth is measured in “nautical miles”.
*1 is equal to 60 nautical miles.
• Any two points on a sphere is always connected by a circular path.
•The shortest distance between two points is the distance taken along the great circle.

14. Using Google Maps Address Lookup
http://ctrlq.org/maps/address/#28.6109401,77.23448200000007
•The coordinates’ values may be captured in different formats such as DMS (Degree Minute Second
eg: 7845’30”) or DDM (Degree Decimal Minute eg: 7845.5’) or
DD (Degree Decimal eg: 78.758333 ). The accuracy of Lat/Long is important to be noted.
•The precision of Lat/Long will with number of decimal places in DD format. The accuracy table of
Lat/Long at Equator is given in the following table. Thus it is inferred from the table that for 1m
precision Lat/Long should have 5 decimal places in DD format

15. WORLD Pragmatic Computation
•One degree of latitude equals approximately 364,000 feet (69 miles), one minute equals 6,068 feet
(1.15 miles), and one-second equals 101 feet.
•One-degree of longitude equals 288,200 feet (54.6 miles), one minute equals 4,800 feet (0.91 mile),
and one second equals 80 feet.
•https://www.latlong.net/lat-long-
dms.html#:~:text=DMS%20includes%20degrees%20(°)%2C,minutes%20and%20%27%27%20for%2
0seconds.
•https://www.latlong.net/degrees-minutes-seconds-to-decimal-degrees

16. Approximate Metric Equivalents for Degrees,
Minutes, and Seconds
•1° = 111 km (or 60 nautical miles)
•0.1° = 11.1 km
•0.01° = 1.11 km (2 decimals, km accuracy)
•0.001° =111 m
•0.0001° = 11.1 m
•0.00001° = 1.11 m
•0.000001° = 0.11 m (7 decimals, cm accuracy)
•1' = 1.85 km (or 1 nautical mile)
•0.1' = 185 m
•0.01' = 18.5 m
•0.001' = 1.85 m
•30" = 900 m
•15" = 450 m
•3" = 90 m
•1" = 30 m
•1/3" = 10 m
•0.1" = 3 m
•1/9" = 3 m
•1/27" = 1 m
*If you report a position to the nearest 0.01°
(two decimal places for latitude and longitude),
you will only be accurate to around 1 km.
*While this is adequate for rough locations on
a global scale, for detailed work it will be inadequate.
https://www.usna.edu/Users/oceano/pguth/md_help/html/approx_equivalents.htm
At the equator for longitude and for latitude anywhere, the following approximations are valid:

17. Reference
•https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27928/calculate-distance-between-two-latitude-longitude-points-
haversine-formula
•https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mylocation.latitudelongitude&hl=en_IN
•https://www.latlong.net/lat-long-dms.html#:~:text=DMS%20includes%20degrees
%20(°)%2C,minutes%20and%20%27%27%20for%20seconds.
•https://www.latlong.net/degrees-minutes-seconds-to-decimal-degrees
•http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/sets/select/dm_lat_long.html

18. T H A N K S