2. INTRODUCTION
Cancer is characterrized by uncontrolled growth and
division of certain body ttissues, so forming a tumour.
It is more common in people between 40 to 60
years of age .
It ia one of the chief killers todaay.
JNV DHAMTARI Presented by Sukhnandan Saw
3. Characteristics of cancer cell
1. Cancers show uncontrolled mitotic divisions of cells causing
unorganised growth.
2. The rate of cell division is much higher than that of normal
cells.Ex. Gut linig divide after 36 hours.
3. Cancer cell lose the normal feedback controls that prevent
excessive growth, so these cells grow much ore than the
normal cells.
4. Due to uncontrolled growth and division of cells, a tumour( also
called neoplasm which literally means new growth) is generally
formed.
5. All tumours are not cancerous further, no tumour is formed in
Leukaemia.
JNV DHAMTARI Presented by Sukhnandan Saw
4. 6.These cells have less survival capability than the normal cells.
7.Cancer cells are far less adhesive than the normal cells so these
generally wander through the tissues to cause cancerous growth in
different parts of the body.
8.Most of these produce angiogenic facters which stimulate the
growth of blood vessels to supply more nutrients required for cancer
growth.
9.Cancer cells do not undergo differntiation.
10.Cancerr cells do not show contact inhibition.
11.These cells have high invasiveness.
12.In cancer cells, cytoskeletal structure like microtubules and
microfilaments tend to be disorganised.
JNV DHAMTARI Presented by Sukhnandan Saw
5. Causes of cancer
Cancer is neither contagious nor hereditary disease.
Every living organism has some inactive cancerr
causing genes called Proto-oncognes.
A physical or chemical agents mutate the Protooncognes into oncogenes.
1.Ionising radiation.
2.Physical irritants.
3.Chemical agents.
4.Biological agents.
JNV DHAMTARI Presented by Sukhnandan Saw
6. 1.Ionising radiation
Cancer cause by X-rays, Gamma rays,Uv rays.
Skin Cancer , Leukemia etc
2.Physical irritants
Certain food, and heat exposure.
Skin cancer
Abdominal skin cancer and intestinal Cancer.
Tumor in Colon
JNV DHAMTARI Presented by Sukhnandan Saw
7. 3.Chemical agents
chemical Caffein, Polycyclic hydrocarbon, Heavy metals,
Hormones testosterone, and estrogen
Chewing of beetles, Cigarette and cigartobacco smoking.
Chemical Benzpyrene and N-nitrosodimethylene
4. Biological agents
Cervix cancer is caused by viruses.
Tumour causing virusesEx. Epstain Barr virus, Herpes simplex
type-2 virus these are oncovirus.
JNV DHAMTARI Presented by Sukhnandan Saw
8. Chromosomal changes in the genome of
cancer cells
Deletion
Terminal
Deletion
Reciprocal
translocation
Duplication
Insertion
Inversion
Ring
Chromosome
Robertsonian
Translocation
Isochromosomes
JNV DHAMTARI Presented by Sukhnandan Saw
9. Nucleotide changes in the genome of
cancer cells
Nucleotide
Deletions
Nucleotide
Insertions
Nucleotide
Substitutions
JNV DHAMTARI Presented by Sukhnandan Saw
10. Types of cancer
1. On the basis of their location, tumours are
of three types
a)Carcinomas.
b)Sarcomas.
c)Leukemias.
Tumors in Liver
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11. 2. On the basis of their spread, tumour is
of two types.
a)Benign or Non-malignant tumour.
a)Malignant tumours.
JNV DHAMTARI Presented by Sukhnandan Saw
12. Danger signals of Cancer
1. Presence of a perisistant tumour in lip, tongue ,breast.
2. Any wound with continuous bleeding.
3. Persistant indigestion.
4. Rapid change in appearance form and growth of some warts
on the body
5. Any wound not healing for long time.
6. Persistant hoarseness in voice, or persistant coughing, or
perrsistant difficulty in swallowing indicate throat cancer.
7. Unexpected loss of weight.
8. Excessive bleeding in the menses.
JNV DHAMTARI Presented by Sukhnandan Saw
13. Diagnosis of cancer
1. Histologic and Cytologic methods
2. DNA probe analyses.
3. Tumour markers.
4. Endoscopy. A) Gastroscopy B) Laparoscopy
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14. Therapy
Radiation therapy
Hormonal therapy
Surgery
Chemotherapy:- Mercaptopurine
6-Aminopterin
Sadabahar (Catharanthus roseus) provide two anticancerous drugs.
Vincristin and Vinblastin which is use in leukemia
Photoferin cure throat cancer.
JNV DHAMTARI Presented by Sukhnandan Saw
16. SUMMARY
Normal Cell Division
1. DNA is replicated
properly.
2. Chemical signals start
and stop the cell cycle.
3. Cells communicate with
each other so they
don’t become
overcrowded.
Cancer Cells
1. Mutations occur in the
DNA when it is
replicated.
2. Chemical signals that
start and stop the cell
cycle are ignored.
3. Cells do not communicate
with each other and
tumors form.
JNV DHAMTARI Presented by Sukhnandan Saw
