2. • Manufacturing is the use of machines, tools and
labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term
may refer to a range of human activity, from
handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly
applied to industrial production, in which raw
materials are transformed into finished goods on
a large scale. Such finished goods may be used
for manufacturing other, more complex
products, such as aircraft, household appliances
or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in
turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to
end users – the "consumers".

3.  According to some economists, manufacturing is a wealth-producing sector
of an economy, whereas a service sector tends to be wealth-consuming.[1][2]
Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced
manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the
United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for
national infrastructure and for national defense.
 On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and
environmental costs. The clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example,
may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials
may expose workers to health risks. Developed countries regulate
manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the
globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to
offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities. Labor Unions
and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker
rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available
in developed nations may not be available in the third world. Tort law and
product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing.

4. • Manufacturing sector is consider as backbone of
development in general and economics development.
• Manufacturing industries not only help in modernizing
agriculture, which form the backbone of our economy
,they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on
agriculture income by providing them jobs in
secondary and tertiary.
• Export of manufacturing goods expand trade and
commerce, and brings in such needs foreign
exchanges.
• Countries that transform their raw materials into a
wide varieties of furnished goods of higher value are
prosperous.

5.  On the basis of source of raw materials used-
1.Agro based: cotton, woolen , jute , silk, textile , rubber and sugar ,tea
and edible oils.
2.Mineral based iron and steel ,cement,almunium, machines tools ,
petrochemicals.
 According to their main role-
1.Basis or key industries which supply their product or raw material to
manufactured other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting ,
aluminum smelting.
2. Consumers industries that produce goods for direct use of consumers
–sugar, toothpaste, sewing machines , fans.
 On the basis of ownerships-
1.Public sectors, owned and operated by government agencies-BHEL,
SAIL.
2.Private sectors industries owned and operated by individual or a group
of individuals-TISCO, BAJA AUTO LTD. ,DABUR INDUSTRIES.

6. 3.Joint sectors industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or
a group of individuals. Oil India limited.(OIL) is jointly owned by public
and private sectors.
4.Cooperative sectors industries are owned industries and operated by the
producers or suppliers of raw materials ,workers or both.
 Based on bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods:
1.Heavy industries such as iron and steel .
2.Light industries are those industries which uses light raw materials as
electrical industries.

7. The agro industry is regarded as an extended arm of
agriculture. The development of the agro industry can help
stabilise and make agriculture more lucrative and create
employment opportunities both at the production and
marketing stages. The broad-based development of the agro-
products industry will improve both the social and physical
infrastructure of India. Since it would cause diversification and
commercialization of agriculture, it will thus enhance the
incomes of farmers and create food surpluses.
The agro-industry mainly comprises of the post-harvest
activities of processing and preserving agricultural products for
intermediate or final consumption. It is a well-recognized fact
across the world, particularly in the context of industrial
development, that the importance of agro-industries is relative
to agriculture increases as economies develop. It should be
emphasized that ‘food’ is not just produce. Food also
encompasses a wide variety of processed products. It is in this
sense that the agro-industry is an important and vital part of the
manufacturing sector in developing countries and the means
for building industrial capacities.

9. • In terms of the industry classification, this includes the following groups: wood,
wood products and furniture, paper and paper products (see Forestry). Saw mills
are found in many communities, but the other activities are much more
localised, being dependent on both native hardwood forests and softwood
plantations. The latter are found in such areas as Tumut, Oberon, and north-east
Victoria's Kiewa Valley. The native hardwood forests of the Basin are of limited
commercial value, with the exception of the cypress pines of the Pilliga State
Forest, where there is an important saw milling industry. As well as mills
producing sawn timber, manufacturing plants produce various types of
fibreboard (as at Oberon, where CSR is undertaking a $250 million expansion of
its medium density fibreboard mill to a capacity of 400,000 tonnes per annum,
building a new sawmill, and setting up a research and development centre) and
particle board (as at Tumut), in fully integrated operations. CSR is Australia's
largest sawmiller and producer of sawn softwood timber. Australia's largest
newsprint mill is located at Albury, using timber from Pinus radiata plantations in
the region and recycled paper.

10. • This group covers the initial processing of minerals
mined in the Basin and the processing and
manufacture of minerals mined elsewhere. Though
not a large sector, it is locally important, especially in
terms of the large mining operations (see
the Mining and Minerals Production). Other
industries include such activities as Stonetile (stone
tiles for an international market) at Orange and brick
making at numerous locations.
•
• In addition to the above metal products industries,
there are others that are not linked to agriculture.
Some are large and well-known, though the fact that
they are located within the MDB may not be so well
known. They include Email in Orange, where it has
consolidated its refrigerator manufacturing in a new
plant; BTR Engineering at Albury which
manufactures automatic and manual transmissions;
Jakab Industries at Tamworth that produces
specialist motor vehicle bodies such as ambulances;
and Clyde Industries at Bathurst which produces
railway rolling stock.

11. • Metal products industries
• In terms of the industry classification, this includes the
following groups: basic metal products, fabricated
metal products, transport equipment, other machinery
and equipment. This is the most diverse sector of
manufacturing industry within the Basin, in terms of
types of activities and size of operations. There are
some larger firms, such as Southern Cross at
Toowoomba and Horwood Bagshaw (formerly
Shearers) at Mannum, both manufacturers of farm
equipment. The majority, however, are small
engineering firms, providing traditional products on a
limited or one-off basis for local consumers, especially
in agriculture. They include farmers who have moved
from a maintenance and repair facility for their own
equipment to the manufacture of farm and other
equipment, such as Pendulum Dairy Gates, a stall gate
system for farm dairies developed by a Wodonga dairy
farmer (Carson 1995), a farmer near Warialda (near
Inverell) producing loading ramps, cattle and sheep
feeders, and basketball backboards (The Australian,
February 3, 1995), and one near Moree who has
developed an infra-red guidance system for row-crop
operations (Lyon 1994). Others are small but highly
innovative concerns, such as UR Machinery at Mildura,
which manufactures grape harvesters that have a
market in California as well as Australia.

12. CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
• The chemical industry comprises the companies that
produce industrial chemicals. Central to the modern
world economy, it converts raw materials (oil, natural
gas, air, water, metals, and minerals) into more than
70,000 different products.
• Polymers and plastics,
especially polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl
chloride, polyethylene
terephthalate, polystyrene and polycarbonate comprise
about 80% of the industry’s output
worldwide.Chemicals are used to make a wide variety of
consumer goods, as well as thousands inputs to
agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and service
industries. The chemical industry itself consumes 26
percent of its own output.[citation needed] Major industrial
customers include rubber and plastic products, textiles,
apparel, petroleum refining, pulp and paper, and
primary metals. Chemicals is nearly a $3 trillion global
enterprise, and the EU and U.S. chemical companies are
the world's largest producers.

13. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES
• The Automobile industry in India is one of the largest in the
world and one of the fastest growing globally. India's
passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry
is the seventh largest in the world, with an annual production
of more than 3.7 million units in 2010.[1] According to recent
reports, India is set to overtake Brazil to become the sixth
largest passenger vehicle producer in the world, growing 16-
18 per cent to sell around three million units in the course of
2011-12.[2] In 2009, India emerged as Asia's fourth largest
exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea,
and Thailand.[3]
• As of 2010, India is home to 40 million passenger vehicles.
More than 3.7 million automotive vehicles were produced in
India in 2010 (an increase of 33.9%), making the country the
second fastest growing automobile market in the
world.[4][5] According to the Society of Indian Automobile
Manufacturers, annual vehicle sales are projected to increase
to 5 million by 2015 and more than 9 million by 2020.[6] By
2050, the country is expected to top the world in car volumes
with approximately 611 million vehicles on the nation's
roads.[7]

14. • The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is based
around three clusters in the south, west and north. The
southern cluster near Chennai is the biggest with 35% of the
revenue share. The western hub near Maharashtra is 33% of
the market. The northern cluster is primarily Haryana with
32%.[8] Chennai, is also referred to as the "Detroit of
India"[9] with the India operations
of Ford, Hyundai, Renault and Nissan headquartered in the
city and BMW having an assembly plant on the outskirts.
Chennai accounts for 60% of the country's automotive
exports.[10] Gurgaon and Manesar in Haryana form the
northern cluster where the country's largest car
manufacturer, Maruti Suzuki, is
based.[11] The Chakan corridor near Pune, Maharashtra is the
western cluster with companies like General
Motors, Volkswagen, Skoda, Mahindra and Mahindra, Tata
Motors, Mercedes Benz, Land Rover, Fiat and Force
Motors[12][13] having assembly plants in the
area. Aurangabad with Audi, Skoda and Volkswagen also
forms part of the western cluster. Another emerging cluster
is in the state of Gujarat with manufacturing facility
of General Motors in Halol and further planned for Tata
Nanoat Sanand. Ford, Maruti Suzuki and Peugeot-
Citroen plants are also set to come up in
Gujarat.[14] Kolkatta with Hindustan
Motors, Noida with Honda and Bangalore withToyota are
some of the other automotive manufacturing regions around
the country.[15][16][17]

15. POLLUTION BY INDUSTRIES
• Air pollution is defined as the addition of various hazardous chemicals, particulate matter, toxic substances and
biological organisms into the Earth's atmosphere. There are various factors causing air pollution, but what comes
from industries and factories is often considered a prime factors in air pollution. According to a study conducted by
the Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, it has been found that industrial pollution accounts for
approximately 50 percent of the pollution in the United States of America. There are numerous serious ecological
implications and health risks associated with industrial air pollution. Some of them are discussed at length below.
• Global Warming
– Global warming is largely considered one of the most hazardous and serious complications associated with air
pollution caused by industries and other stationary sources of air pollution. The liberation of certain gases
such as methane, or CH4, and carbon dioxide, or CO2, together known as greenhouse gases, is often
considered to be prime factors causing global warming. These greenhouse gases often result in an increase in
the atmospheric temperature, causing global warming. Global warming has various serious implications both
on the ecological balance as well as human health. It often results in the melting of glaciers and snowcapped
mountains, resulting in an increase in the water levels of seas and rivers, eventually increasing the risk of
floods. Apart from this, global warming also often has numerous serious health risks on humans such as
increase in diseases like Lyme, malaria, cholera, dengue and plague, among others.
• Acid Rain
– Industries often emit large amounts of nitrogen and sulphur gases into the Earth's atmosphere. When these
gases react with water vapors in the atmosphere, they often change into more aggressive gases, namely nitric
acid and sulphuric acid respectively. The rain containing large amounts of these acids is known as acid rain.
Acid rain has various health and natural dangers. It results in the erosion of monuments and buildings, makes
the soil acidic in nature, resulting in reduction of plant and animal growth, among other issues. Apart from
these, acid rain causes serious health disorders such as cancer, skin disorders and even death.

16. • Respiratory Disorders
– The emission of various gases such as carbon
monoxide, or CO, often results in various respiratory
disorders such as bronchitis, asthma, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, in
individuals. CO damages air passages in individuals,
leading to respiratory disorders. However, if carbon
monoxide is present in increased levels in the
atmosphere, it can even cause the death of the
person, by inhibiting oxygen intake by combining with
hemoglobin.
• Ozone Layer Depletion
– The ozone layer is a gaseous blanket that helps in
supporting and sustaining life on Earth by protecting
us from various hazardous radiations such as UV rays.
Hence, the addition of some of the above mentioned
pollutants often damages the atmosphere, thus
causing various health risks in humans such as skin
disorders like rashes, irritation and even cancer in
severe cases.
• Other Effects of Industrial Air Pollution
– Other common effects often associated with air
pollution caused due to industrial emissions include
increasing risk of occupational diseases such as
pneumoconiosis and asbestosis.

17. THERMAL POLLUTION
• Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of
a natural body of water caused by human influence.
Thermal pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a
change in the physical properties of water. A common
cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as
a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.
Elevated water temperatures decreases oxygen levels
(which can kill fish) and affects ecosystem composition,
such as invasion by new thermophilic species. Urban
runoff may also elevate temperature in surface waters.
• Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of
very cold water from the base of reservoirs into warmer
rivers.

18. POLLUTION BY CHEMIAL INDUSTRIES
• Most water pollutants are eventually carried by rivers into the
oceans. In some areas of the world the influence can be
traced hundred miles from the mouth by studies
using hydrology transport models. Advanced computer
models such as SWMM or the DSSAM Model have been used
in many locations worldwide to examine the fate of pollutants
in aquatic systems. Indicator filter feeding species such
as copepods have also been used to study pollutant fates in
the New York Bight, for example. The highest toxin loads are
not directly at the mouth of the Hudson River, but 100
kilometers south, since several days are required for
incorporation into planktonic tissue. The Hudson discharge
flows south along the coast due to coriolis force. Further
south then are areas of oxygen depletion, caused by
chemicals using up oxygen and by algae blooms, caused by
excess nutrientsfrom algal cell death and decomposition. Fish
and shellfish kills have been reported, because toxins climb
the food chain after small fish consume copepods, then large
fish eat smaller fish, etc. Each successive step up the food
chain causes a stepwise concentration of pollutants such
as heavy metals (e.g. mercury) and persistent organic
pollutantssuch as DDT. This is known as biomagnification,
which is occasionally used interchangeably with
bioaccumulation.

19. MINING CAUSE LAND POLLUTIONS
• Modern mining projects leave behind disrupted
communities, damaged landscapes, and polluted water.
• Mining also affects ground and surface waters, the
aquatic life, vegetation, soils, animals, and the human
health.
• Acid mine drainage can cause damage to streams which
in return can kill aquatic life.
• The vast variety of toxic chemicals released by mining
activities can harm animals and aquatic life as well as
their habitat.
• Mining gas and petroleum also pollutes the land.
Petroleum extraction and manufacturing contaminates
the soil with bitumen, gasoline, kerosene and mining
brine solutions.
• Opencast mining, which is a process where the surface
of the earth is dug open to bring out the underground
mineral deposits, destroys the topsoil and contaminates
the area with toxic metals and chemicals.