1. History’s Beginnings

2. Earliest Human Societies

3. Early Human Migration to 10,000
years ago
 http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/g
et_chapter_group.htm?cin=1&ci=1&rg=map_center&at
=animated_maps&var=animated_maps

4. Studying History and Early Humans
 Why do people study history and try to learn more
about the past?
 To find out about ancestors and more about themselves
 http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/p
age_build.htm?id=resources/jsp/starting_with_a_stor
y/starting_with_a_story_ch1

5. Why Study History
 What has happened to a person, a family, or society in
the past may affect what will occur in the future
 More than recounting and studying past events
 Involves: studying society’s culture, religion, politics,
and economics
 Historians try to find patterns and see past through
eyes of people who lived it

6. Primary and Secondary Sources
 Evidence used to answer Historians questions
 Primary Source: something written or created by a
person who witnessed a historical event
 Military records, marriage certificates, diaries, and
private letters
 Artifacts: buildings, works of art, tools
 Oral History: made up of verbal or unwritten accounts
of events
 includes stories, customs, and songs

7.  Secondary Source: a work produces about a historical
event by someone who was not actually there
 Newspapers, books, and paintings
 Oral History

8. Why History Changes
 Historians might use different evidence
 Steps:
 Evidence is examined and trustworthy evidence is
sorted.
 Evidence is interpreted: articles, books, and museum
displays
 Interpretations can be conflicting
 Discovery of new evidence may lead to new conclusions

9. Early Humans Were Hunter-
Gatherers
 Hunted animals and gathered plants for food
 Moved to new locations when food ran out

10. Adapting to the Environment
 Depended on Environment for shelter
 Lived in caves, rock shelters, made shelters out of tree
branches, plant fibers or skins of animals
 Lived together in bands
 Made up of several families (30 people)
 Men: hunted and fished
 Women: gathered foods and cared for children

11. Early Humans on the Move
 Hunter-gatherers were nomads: people who move
from place to place
 Movement limited; returned to same places with
changing seasons
 Some moved to new lands
 Migration: the act of moving from one place to settle in
another
 Migration
 People followed animals to hunt
 13,000 B.C. had migrated to much of world
 Traveled across a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska

12. Developing Tools and Culture
 Technology: ways in which people apply knowledge, tools,
and inventions to meet their needs.
 The Development of Technology
 2 million years ago Stone tools for cutting
 Carrying bags, stone hand axes, awls, drills, bows, flint
spearheads, metal tools
 Tools used for: building shelter, hunting and butchering
animals
 The Use of Fire
 500,000 years ago: learned to make fire
 Provided heat and light (could cook food)
 Used to temper tools made of metal

13. Early Human Culture
 Art, language, and religion are unique to humans
 Language: develop out of need to communicate
 Religion: the worship of God, gods, or spirits
 Early Humans: everything in nature had a spirit
 Early Art: created in caves or on rocks

14. The Beginnings of Agriculture
 8,000 B.C.
 Learned to grow plants and raise animals
 Climate Changes
 Rising temps caused glaciers to melt
 Humans could move into new areas
 Growing seasons became longer
 Domesticated : (humans learned to grown and breed the
grasses ) wild grasses

15. The Domestication of Animals
 Learned to capture and tame animals
 Captured animals provided constant source of food
 9,000 B.C.
 1st animals domesticated
 Reliable food source, clothing, and other products
 Made tools from bones
 Horses, llamas, and camels used for transportation
 Dogs domesticated to help in hunts

16. The Agricultural Revolution
 Development of farming
 Agriculture: planting of seeds to raise crops
 Ag. Revolution
 Shift from food gathering to food raising
 Began around 8,000 B.C.
 Brought changes in tools and technology
 People made hoes, plows and sickles
 More food available allowed for increases in population and
better opportunities to settle in one place

17. The First Communities

18. Settlements Begin
 Became better farmers as tools improved
 Groups remained in same areas instead of moving
 Developed larger, more permanent settlements

19. Farming Villages Develop
Worldwide
 Agriculture developed where water was available
 Irrigation: the watering of dry land using systems of
ditches, pipes, and streams
 Fertile soil: produced bigger & better crops
 Attracted farmers to larger villages; villages grew in size

20. Village Life
 Advantages:
 Food was plentiful
 Could withstand attacks by nomadic bands
 Disadvantages:
 Risk of fire, disease, and flood

21. Surpluses Boost Development
 As agriculture techniques improved, farmers produced
surpluses
 More than what is needed to survive
 Surpluses not limited to food
 Materials for making cloth or other products (wool)
 Surpluses in good seasons helped during bad seasons
 Able to support more people during surpluses
 Population grew, villages economies varied as people
developed special skills

22. People Develop Different Skills
 Not everyone had to raise food with surpluses
 People began to specializing
 Skill in one kind of work
 Potters, weavers, and holy person or shamans
(interpreted natural events)
 Non-farmers traded their goods and services for food

23. Simple Villages Grow More
Complex
 Surpluses and specialization led to growth of villages
 Life became more complex
 Social relationships became more complicated

24. A Changing Way of Life
 More people living together in villages
 Increased trade between villages
 Skilled people spent years learning trade
 Artisans: people trained in skills or craft
 Occupational classes or social classes developed
 Social class: a group of people with similar customs, backgrounds,
training, and income.
 Need for laws and leadership to keep order and settle
disputes
 Government created
 Communities safer and more stable

25. Life in Complex Villages
 Larger population & live closer together
 Larger supply of skills, ideas, and needs
 Life more complicated

26. Catal Huyuk
 Complex village in Turkey
 8,000 people
 32 acres
 Agricultural village
 Wheat, barley, and peas
 Raised sheep
 Buried dead under floors of their homes
 Vivid murals on walls of houses
 Developed special skills
 Making tools and luxury items
 Produced cloth, wooden vessels, and simple pottery