1. o Prepared By:-Ms.Mali S.M.
o Asst.Professor
o Subject:- Pharmacy Practice
o Sahyadri College of Pharmacy, Methwade
Unit - V Topic-21
1
2. • Haematological Parameters
• Urine Analysis
• What is lab result mean ?
• What are false-positive and false-negative test
results?
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3. What if your results are different than the
reference range?
• Blood chemistry reference value
• Liver function test (LFT)
• Hematologic lab value
3
7. Lab test results may be positive, negative, or inconclusive.
Your doctor will discuss what your test results mean for you
and your health.
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A positive test result means that the substance or condition being
tested for was found. Positive test results also can mean that the
amount of a substance being tested for is higher or lower than
normal.
A negative test result means that the substance or condition
being tested for was not found. Negative results can also mean
that the substance being tested for was present in a normal
amount.
Inconclusive test results are those that are not clearly positive or
negative. For example, some tests measure the level ofantibodies
to some bacteria or viruses in blood or other bodily fluid to look
for an infection. It is not always clear if the level of antibodies is
high enough to indicate an infection.
8. 8
I. A false-positive test result is one that shows a disease or
condition is present when it is not present. A false-positive test
result may suggest that a person has the disease or condition
when he or she does not have it. For example, a false-positive
pregnancy test result would appear to detect the substancethat
confirms pregnancy, when in reality the woman is notpregnant.
II. A false-negative test result is one that does not detect what is
being tested for even though it is present. A false-negative test
result may suggest that a person does not have a disease or
condition being tested for when he or she does have it. For
example, a false-negative pregnancy test result would be one
that does not detect the substance that confirms pregnancy,
when the woman really ispregnant.
9. 9
It is possible to have a result that is different than the
reference range even though nothing is wrong with you.
Sometimes certain factors can affect your test results,
such as:
Pregnancy
medicine you are taking
eating right before a test
smoking
being under stress.
10. 10
• Labs may use different types of equipment
and tests, and sometimes they set their own
reference ranges.
• Your lab report will contain the reference
ranges your lab uses. Do not compare results
from different labs.
11. Sodium 135–145 mmol/L usually caused by excess water (e.g.,
↑ serum antidiuretic hormone) and is
treated with water restriction.
↑ in severe dehydration, diabetes
insipidus, significant renal and GI losses.
potassium 3.5–5 mmol/L ↑with renal dysfunction, acidosis,K-
sparing diuretics, hemolysis, burn
,crush injuries …
↓ by diuretics, or with alkalosis, severe
vomiting and diarrhea .
Co2 22–28 mmol/L Sum of HCO3− and dissolved CO2.
Reflects acid–base balance and
compensatory pulmonary (CO2) and
renal (HCO3−)..
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12. BUN
(blood urea nitrogen)
2.8–7.1 mmol/L excreted renaly.
↑in renal dysfunction, high
protein intake, upper GI bleeding
, volume contraction.
Creatinine (in
conventional unit )
0.6–1.2 mg/dL excretedrenaly.
↑in renal dysfunction.
Glucose (in conventional
unit )
70–99 mg/dL ↑in diabetes or by adrenal
corticosteroids
Glycosylated hemoglobin
(HB1c)
<4%–5.6% Used to assess average blood
glucose during 1–3 months.
Helpful for monitoring chronic
blood glucose control
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13. Uric acid <0.42 mmol/L ↑ in gout, neoplastic, and with drug
(diuretics, niacin, low- dosesalicylate,
cyclosporin).
Albumin (in conventional
unit )
3.3–4.8 g/dL ↓in liver disease ,malnutrition, ascites,
hemorrhage, protein-wasting
nephropathy.
CK (in conventional unit) <150 units/L ↑with IM injections, MI, acute psychotic
episodes.
LDH (in conventional unit) <200 units/L ↑in malignancy, extensive burns,
PE, renal disease.
CRP
unit )
(in conventional 0–1.6 mg/dL Non specific indicator of acute
inflammation
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14. AST 0–35 units/L ↑ with MI and liver injury.
ALT 0–35 units/L ↑negligibly unless parenchymal
liver disease. More liver specific
than AST.
ALP 30–120 units/L ↑ in bile duct obstruction, obstructive
liver disease
GGT 0–70 units/L Sensitive test reflecting hepatocellular
injury ..
Usually high in chronic alcoholics.
Billirubin (total) 0.1–1 mg/dL Breakdown product of hemoglobin,
bound to albumin, conjugated in liver.
↑ with hemolysis, cholestasis,
liver injury.
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15. RB
C
Male 4.3–5.9 x 106/mL
Female 3.5–5.0× 106/mL
↓with anemias,bleeding..
↑with chronic hypoxia.
Hgb Male 14–18 g/dL
Female 12–16 g/dL
----------
--
----------
--
MC
V
76–100 mm3 for RBC size;↑ MCV=macrocytic,
↓ MCV= microcytic.
WB
C
4–11×103/mL
Platelets 150–450×103/mL
↑ in infection and stress.
<100×103/mL=thrombocytopenia
<20×103/mL=↑ risk for severe
bleeding.
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16. Amylase 35–120 units/L ↑in pancreatitis or duct obstruction
Lipase 0–160 units/L ↑ in acute pancreatitis
PSA 0–4 ng/mL ↑ in benign prostatic
hypertrophy (BPH)
TSH 0.4–5 munits/mL ↑ TSH in primary hypothyroidism
LDL 70–160 mg/dL ----------
HDL 40 mg/dL ----------
Cholesterol <200mg/dL ↑ LDL or↓ HDL are risk factors for
cardiovascular disease
Triglycerides Or
TG (fasting)
<150 mg/dL ↑by alcohol, saturated fats, drugs
(propranolol, diuretics, oral
contraceptives)
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17. 17
What are liver function tests?
A liver function test is often recommended in the following
situations:
to check for damage from liver infections, such as hepatitis B
and hepatitis C to monitor the side effects of certain
medications known
to affect the liver.
if you already have a liver disease, to monitor the disease
and how well a particular treatment is working
if you’re experiencing the symptoms of a liver disorder
if you have certain medical conditions such as high
triglycerides, diabetes, high blood pressure, or anemia
if you drink alcohol heavily
if you have gallbladder disease
19. 1. Tari Broderick . (2016). Interpretation of Clinical
Laboratory Tests . In: Laura Blyton HANDBOOK OF
APPLIED THERAPEUTICS . Michigan : S4Carlisle
Publishing Services . 5-15.
2. A Text book of Pharmacy Practice by The author
Sourabh Kosey. 21.1-21.6
3. A Text book of Pharmacy Practice by the author Dr. Sachin V.
Tembhurne, Dr. Ashwini R. Madgulkar, Dr. Virendra S.
Ligade Nirali Prakashan. 21.1-21.8
4. www.Google.com
5. https://www.healthline.com/health/liver-function-tests
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