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1. SUPER BILLING: COMPUTERS
ARE YOUR FUTURE

2. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
COMPUTERS ARE YOUR
FUTURE
Spotlight 1
Ethics: Standards of Information Age
Conduct
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3. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
COMPUTER ETHICS
 Ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with
what’s right and what’s wrong.
 Computer ethics deals with moral dilemmas and the
ethical principles for computer professionals.
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4. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
AVOIDING COMPUTER-RELATED LEGAL
PROBLEMS
 Most organizations have a policy defining what they
consider to be acceptable computer use.
 Types of legal problems that arise from computer use
include:
 Plagiarism
 Software Piracy
 Copyright Infringement
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5. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
PLAGIARISM
 Plagiarism is the unauthorized and/or uncited use of
someone else’s intellectual property.
 Intellectual property rights refer to an individual’s
ownership over original works.
 Copyright infringement is plagiarism of
copyrighted material.
 Legal implications of plagiarism:
 Dismissal from school
 Lawsuits
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6. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
SOFTWARE AND COPYRIGHTS
 Public domain software can be copied, sold, and
modified.
 Shareware is copyrighted software that can be used
without a license for a specified time.
 Trial versions can be copied.
 When the evaluation period ends, a registration fee is paid for
continued use of the software.
 Commercial software is copyrighted.
 You must purchase the software to use it.
 Organizations purchase a site license to use the software on
all of their computers.
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7. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
SOFTWARE PIRACY
 Selling software that contains all or part of a
commercial software program
 Using shareware beyond its evaluation period
 Violating the terms of a software license
 Making copies of site-licensed programs for personal
use
 Giving or selling commercial software to others
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8. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
 An increasing number of Internet users are making
illegal copies of music.
 Rationalizations copyright violators use:
 “It’s OK to download MP3 files if I only keep them for 24
hours.”
 “It’s free advertising for the band.”
 “It’s legal because I don’t charge any money for sharing
them.”
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9. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
 The Fair use doctrine states
that a brief selection from
copyrighted work can be used
for commentary, parody, news
reporting, research, and
education.
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10. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
INTRODUCING ETHICS
 Computers cause new ethical problems.
 Computer ethics deals with the ethical principles
associated with those problems.
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11. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
MORAL DILEMMAS
 Moral dilemmas occur when:
 It’s not clear which moral rule to apply.
 Two or more moral rules conflict.
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12. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
 Ethical principles are tools which are used to think
through difficult situations.
 Three useful ethical principles:
 An act is ethical if all of society benefits from it.
 An act is ethical if people are treated as ends and not as a
means to ends.
 An act is ethical if it is fair to all parties involved.
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13. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
THINKING THROUGH MORAL
DILEMMAS
 When confronted with a moral dilemma:
 Gather all the facts.
 Talk to someone you trust.
 Think through alternative courses of action.
 Find a solution you can be proud of.
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14. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
COMPUTER ETHICS FOR COMPUTER
USERS
 When using the college’s computers:
 Respect yourself.
 Respect others.
 Respect academic integrity.
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15. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
TEN COMMANDMENTS OF COMPUTER
ETHICS
1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people.
2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s computer
work.
3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s files.
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.
6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which
you have not paid.
7. Thou shalt not use other people’s computer resources
without authorization or proper compensation.
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s intellectual
output.
9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the
program you write or the system you design.
10. Thou shalt use a computer in ways that show
consideration and respect for your fellow humans. Slide
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16. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
NETIQUETTE
 Netiquette refers to the guidelines that involve
showing respect for others and yourself while you are
online.
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17. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
MAILING LIST NETIQUETTE
 Read the discussions for the past few days before
posting questions.
 Read the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
list before posting questions.
 Don’t belittle people for grammatical errors.
 Don’t post inflammatory messages.
 Learn how to unsubscribe from the list.
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18. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
E-MAIL NETIQUETTE
 Promptly respond to
messages.
 Delete messages after
you read them.
 Speak of others
professionally and
courteously.
 Run your computer’s
anti-virus program on
any e-mail received or
sent.
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19. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
E-MAIL NETIQUETTE (CONTINUED)
 Keep the message short and to the point.
 Don’t type in all capital letters.
 Spell check your message before sending it.
 Be careful with sarcasm and humor in your message.
 Be mindful of the recipient’s reaction when you
request a return receipt. This feature can be annoying
and intrusive.
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20. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
INTERNET RELAY CHAT NETIQUETTE
 Listen to the discussion for a while before joining
it.
 Learn the commonly used abbreviations.
 Don’t flood the channel with text.
 Don’t harass others with unwanted invitations.
 Be careful if you are asked to type in a command.
It may have unexpected results.
 Use the ignore command when being bothered.
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21. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
COMPUTER ETHICS FOR COMPUTER
PROFESSIONALS
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 The field of computer ethics specifies ethical codes
for computing professionals.
 The core of a computer professional’s code of ethics
is to preserve and protect human life from harm.
CODES OF CONDUCT AND GOOD PRACTICE FOR
CERTIFIED COMPUTING PROFESSIONALS
The essential elements relating to conduct that identify a
professional activity are:
· A high standard of skill and knowledge
· A confidential relationship with people served
· Public reliance upon the standards of conduct in
established practice
· The observance of an ethical code
Excerpt from the Code of Ethics of the Institute for Certification of Computing
Professionals

22. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
ADDITIONAL ETHICAL
RESPONSIBILITIES
 Competence – Professionals keep up with the
latest knowledge in their fields and perform
services only in their areas of competence.
 Responsibility – Professionals are loyal to their
clients and employees, and they don’t disclose
confidential information.
 Integrity – Professionals express their opinions
based on facts, and they are impartial in their
judgments.
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23. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
THE ACM CODE OF CONDUCT
 A computing professional:
 Contributes to society and human well-being
 Avoids harm to others
 Is honest and trustworthy
 Is fair and takes action not to discriminate on the basis of
race, sex, religion, age, disability, or national origin
 Honors property rights, including copyrights and patents
 Gives proper credit when using the intellectual property of
others
 Respects other individuals’ rights to privacy
 Honors confidentiality
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24. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
PROGRAMMER LIABILITY
 Programmers can produce programs with errors.
 Computer experts agree that the liability for a program
failure should be shared among the programmer, the
software company, and the organization that buys the
software.
 A field called software engineering applies external,
impartial reviews to software production.
 Fault-tolerant systems are being developed that
continue working when a problem occurs.
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25. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
COMPUTER ETHICS IN BUSINESS
 A business must protect its data from:
 Loss or damage
 Misuse or errors
 Unauthorized access
 Backup procedures are used to protect data from
loss.
 It is the organization’s responsibility to ensure that
its data is as complete as possible.
 Divulging customer data without asking permission
is considered unethical behavior by privacy
advocates. Slide
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26. Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 1
WHISTLE-BLOWING
 Whistle-blowing refers to employees reporting their
company’s dangerous or illegal acts to regulatory
agencies or the press.
 Some laws exist to protect whistle-blowers, but many
find themselves unemployed and blacklisted.
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