European Union Essay

The European Union Essay
The European Union
Advantages of UK membership to the European Union cover many fields from the businesses in
the UK to British consumers and students. Membership benefits UK businesses because it makes
trade between member states quicker and cheaper. This is because the EU is a customs union
/ single market. This means that a business in the UK can export its goods and services to other EU
member states and those goods and services will not have a tax tariff imposed on them. For
example, America, a non–EU member, imposes a tariff on cars being imported from the UK.
However, Germany, an EU member, does not impose a tariff on British cars being imported. Like
wise the UK does not impose tariffs...show more content...
This makes consumers feel safer and leads to a single market.
The membership of the UK also benefits British students. It allows students to be educated, be
trained or work in member states. More than 10,000 UK university students a year are taking
advantage of the opportunity to study in another member state and over 830,000 young people from
across the EU have studied, trained or worked in another member state.
Although advantages and benefits of membership are in the paragraph above, there are also costs
of being a member of the world's largest trading block. One cost is partly being controlled by the
EU. The UK must abide by laws set by the other states and if it breaks these rules it faces
punishment and possible fines. Another cost is that the UK does not always achieve what it wants
from the European Union. For example Britain might want to impose a new law on immigration
practices, but some other countries might disagree on Britain's views. This way it takes longer
for decisions to be met because 25 countries have to agree on one issue. There is also a financial cost
of being a member to the EU. The financial cost for being a member to date is over ВЈ100bn. This
money could be invested in other sectors of the economy, such as healthcare or education.
The European Union
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What Is The Most Courageous Tales Of Freedom?
Some of the most courageous tales of freedom have been those of territories becoming nations, states
becoming nations, or a group of people becoming independent. Throughout history, the United States
declared independence from England, Belize declared independence from the United Kingdom, and
the Ivory Coast declared dependence from France. Many countries have formed through declaring
independence and blazing their own trails. The United Kingdom, as of June 23rd, 2016 has decided
to blaze its own trail and leave the European Union, a group of member states that work together for
a common market and common political interests. Each of the members of the EU are their own
self–governing countries, but they meet together as a regional organization. Leaving one of the most
powerful organizations in the world looks to be one of the most courageous, or foolish, tales of
freedom in European history. The formation of the European Union started about three–quarters of a
century ago. The first blueprints of the European Union date back to 1951 for the formation of the
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) (Wilkinson). This organization included the Inner Six
countries of Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The ECSC
was founded by the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, whom lead this organization with the
Schuman declaration in May 1950 (Wilkinson). This organization of states inspired the formation of
many similar organizations in Europe.

Introduction
In the course of fifty years, the European Union has expanded from six countries united under
economic treaties to a large collective of twenty–five sovereign nations. Maintaining the union within
such a large group has grown more difficult as numerous treaties have been drafted to control the
governance of the European Union. To reduce the number of treaties in the union, the convention
decided to draft a Constitution, which now moves through the process of ratification in each of the
sovereign nations. The Constitution works to set up a basis for the expansion of the Union and the
requirements that need to be met when a country seeks entry into the Union. But with the greater
controls the EU seeks to place on the...show more content...
The proposal limited the life span of the treaty to fifty years, meaning it would expire in 2002. The
treaty "was the first significant step towards European integration going beyond
intergovernmentalism, establishing a supranational authority whose independent institutions had the
power to bind its constituent member States" . From there, the countries decided to expand their
connections with the Treaty of Rome in 1957. This treaty created the European Atomic Energy
Community and the European Economic Community, both of which helped strengthen economic
ties between the countries. The member states strove to create a "common market" amongst
themselves by removing trade barriers1. This common market was created slowly with a lengthy
transitional period, "during which tariff barriers would be removed and a common external customs
tariff set up"2. It was at this point that the High Authority transformed into the Commission, an
executive authority within the treaties. The Parliamentary Assembly, Court of Justice and Council of
Ministers each then evolved by 1967. In 1992, the Treaty of Maastricht formally created the
European Union through new forms of collaboration in inter–governmental affairs of defense and
justice1. One of the original goals for the European Union was to spread jurisdiction in countries to
help combat international crime organizations and terrorist movements. The expanded

Essay about Immigration to the European Union
Immigration to the European Union
The EU has to decide how to deal with immigration. The European Union allows it's citizens to
move freely within it's borders, and also work in any member country. It is also relatively safe and
has a democratic government, which makes the laws and regulations, the countries within it are
quite highly developed and successful, and provide benefits to needy citizens. It may not be perfect,
but compared to other countries there are many opportunities for a 'good life' in the EU.
It is therefore no wonder that migrants come, either fleeing violence or prosecution (asylum seekers)
or looking for work, (economic migrants).
The question the EU needs answering...show more content...
Г‚В§
The Express has the front–page headline: "Forged ID cards are a passport to terror." The article
explains how easily fake passports and ID cards can be purchased for use of immigration to Europe
and permission to work, "It doesn't matter if you don't have permission to work – with these you can
easily get a job," it states.Г‚ВЁ
Should this be worrying? What seems more concerning is that it off–handily switches from talk of
migrants to terrorists without much separation. Another example that gives the impression that
immigration will cause a rise in crime is given in a report from the European crime agency,
Europol: "Warning that organised vice and drug gangs may flood Britain" Г‚©it states dramatically.
However, evidence from the socio–economic research program showed that there was no direct link
between immigration and rising crime levels. "Ignorance is the basis of racism," says European
research commissioner, Phillip Basquin, "and this new report should help insure that any future
judgments or policies involving immigration issues will take into account the latest facts first."Г‚ВЄ
Taking a look on a different point of the argument, it seems that there is more evidence that goes
against the papers.
What would happen to the EU if

European Union Pros And Cons
Do you think it is useful for a country to join into a union, especially the European Union, to
strengthen their economic position? The question could be simple to answer but an individual must
look much deeper into the situation. For instance, what are the pros and cons of joining a union? The
European Union has many pros but also many cons.
The European Union was formed in February 1992 with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty. It
consist of originally twelve members – Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom, and Germany. Those twelve members
originally formed the European Union until 1995 when three other countries joined the Union –
Austria, Finland, and...show more content...
Also, with it being a single market, there are no barriers between the other countries. With the
removal of custom barriers it will enable producers to cut production costs, which will result in
export increases. In addition to this the integration into the European Union will encourage foreign
investment. With encouraging foreign investment it will create new jobs and will bring new
technologies and experience into East–central European industry and trade. The process of adapting
to a single market may be difficult, but it is necessary for economic growth in the long run.
European Union regional policy seeks to reduce social and economic differences between senior
and new member states. That is saying the Union is trying to allow the newer member states to
compete with the older member states. This helps to solve the problems of a transition period.
(Venckute) There will also be lower interest rates. Why do you think there are going to be lower
interest rates? Interest rates depend on the state of an economic cycle. The interest rate has to be
right for the economic area. That is the issue; not that they should be higher or lower. The interest
rate is so important in all this that is said. It is only going to effect the growth and unemployment
reduction, if the interest rate is at the high rate level it will produce nil growth and high
unemployment. (Nieboer)
The information below will discuss the cons of the European Union. Many

The European Union ( Eu ) Essay
The European Union (EU) was created when the Maastricht Treaty, or now known as the Treaty on
European Union, was signed in the early 1990's. The document marked an essential milestone in
the success and development of many European countries. It paved the way for many other future
treaties and it also created the EMU or the European Monetary Union ("Europe Without Frontiers").
Though there were other economic European federations prior to the EU, the EU has by far been
the more prosperous one. The EU was created to help unify Europe after WWII ended. With the
signing of the Maastricht Treaty, a central banking system was created, which would eventually set
up the creation of the Euro (the currency currently used in most of Europe). There are both ups and
downs to the European Union as the world has seen with the latest news on Britain leaving the
federation. With England out of the European Union, the world will suffer enormous global
economic ramifications.
The EU had a lot of good promise when it was first formed; for example, it helped unify Europe
after the war and led to the creation of the Euro. The Euro is still used today as a current monetary
system throughout Europe. However, there are some downsides to being involved in the economic
organization. A prime example would be there are inefficient policies. One that comes to mind
would be the Common Agricultural Policy. This policy's "aim [is] to break the link between
subsidies and production, to diversify the

The Future of the European Union Essay
The Future of the European Union
The link between internationalization, governance and democracy is a central problem for politics
as well as for political science. Even if clear evidence on the nature of this link is not yet available,
the literature seems to support the view that internationalization both undermines the capacity for
governance and puts into question traditional forms of democracy. Because it could be quite
complicated to look at the EU model from a point of classical democratic nation–state, it seems to be
reasonable to discuss this problem, not by abstract reasoning, but by focusing on a concrete case.
European Union is the best case available, which in recent decades has developed...show more
content...
The final part consists of an overall assessment of the EU's possible development.The EU is a
Dynamic Multi–level System. Not only in political science but also in legal science, sociology and
economics basic concepts and theories rely on a traditional concept of the state. In this reasoning,
there are national political systems which take the form of a universally competent state as a
powerful central organ on the one hand and international relations taking place in the absence of
central authority on the other hand; there is public law on the one hand and public international
law or private international law governing the collisions of domestic legal systems on the other
hand; there is national society as the level of social integration and world society as the level of
system integration; there are national economies which allow for an intentionally created order on
the one hand and the world market which is governed at best by "spontaneous order" on the other
hand. If already by the choice of fundamental theoretical notions the member states on the one hand
and the European Union on the other hand are considered as two separate political systems which
are only linked by the Council of Ministers, changes in this system easily disappear from our view.
As a consequence, analytical models of the integration process consider the question of whether it
overcomes or strengthens

Germany and the European Union Essay
Germany and the European Union
As it began, our century drew to a close, with Germany once again the economic powerhouse and
political hub of Europe. What is remarkable is how quickly this happened, how unbidden and
unanticipated: the toppling of the Berlin Wall in November 1989; the reunification a year later; the
collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War in late December 1991; a resurgent
impetus to West European integration in 1992; and NATO enlargement, which was consecrated in
April 1999. Unquestionably, this chain of events has profoundly affectedGermany's situation over
the past decades. For the first time since the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany
(FRG) in 1949 and the painstaking process of...show more content...
And, after examining the likely results of this globalization on the three most important aspects of a
nation's responsibilities – the social, economic, and political spheres – we will find that it is, indeed,
to Germany's advantage to continue to be involved with and integrated into the European Union.
Politically, the issue essentially boils down to a question of national sovereignty. Naturally, no
country in the European Union is willing to sacrifice, fully, the free will and power of their own
governing body. Yet we are in a time where strides can be made successfully at keeping certain
amounts of sovereignty while allowing for a larger, supranational organization to pick up the slack.
The classical nation–state has long since reached the limits of its political and economic potential;
in light of the recent terrorist attacks, it has become clearer that the serious problems faced by
humanity can no longer be solved as isolated matters by a nation–state, but instead must be addressed
by nations acting together. Clearly, then, it is important for the EU as a whole to have Germany, as
a leading political (and recently even military) force, involved early and thoroughly in the Union.
Yet, what about for Germany? Almost for the exact reasons the rest ofEurope would benefit from
their involvement, it would seem that Germany would be held back by political involvement in the
EU. As the strongest economically and politically, many assume that entering

For a significant portion of our history, Europe has seen constant battles and bloodshed, often due to
leaders or military forces with desire of holding sovereignty over other countries – such as the
Norman Conquest lead by William the Conqueror, desire to distinguish their country as an
independent state – such as the Irish War of Independence lead by the IRA, or even for political
reasons – such as the holocaust lead by renowned political extremist and dictator Adolf Hitler.
Although these events, along with a multitude of other wars – civil, guerilla or full–frontal attacks
on other countries – were undoubtedly devastating to Europe due to the large loss of lives and the
impact on the economy, they seem to rate very low in terms of...show more content...
With no associated military force, the League had only empty threats to work with and its strongest
members – Britain and France – were suffering in terms of both economy and armed forces.
World War II lasted six years, dramatically crippling the European economy. A war responsible for
over 40 million deaths was inevitably going to cause large scale damage to society as a whole. For
example, cities were reduced to ruins, food had to be rationed due to halved agricultural production,
and communications were severely disrupted due to the destruction of railways, bridges and harbours.
In his speech in Zurich, September 1946, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill encouraged the
idea of European countries banding together, he likened it to 'a kind of United States of Europe'.
However, this view has not always brought enthusiasm, with some fearing the idea of a 'super state',
loss of sovereignty, spending money/sharing resources where they will not see a return or perhaps
due to a lack of faith in the importance of being part of the European Union (EU), hence some
countries have still not joined (for example Switzerland, Iceland and Ukraine)
The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) came into force in 1952, first proposed by
Robert Schuman. The idea behind the organisation was to aid in the rebuilding of the

Britain and the European Union Essay example
Britain and the European Union
"We have our own dream and our own task. We are with Europe, but not of it. We are linked, but not
combined. We are interested and associated, but not absorbed."1 Winston Churchill's famous quote
aptly describes Britain's intentions towards European integration. In this essay I shall attempt to
show that Britain's relationship towards
European integration has been one of a reluctant union, supporting free trade and mutually beneficial
cooperation, while attempting to distance itself from economic and cultural 'unity' with Europe, and
I will finish by describing the effects on Britain's sovereignty since joining the
European Union . The term integration can be understood, in context of the...show more content...
However, the fact that Britain had to accept that there was a need for trade barriers to fall and new
markets to open, coupled with the realisation that it could not exist successfully as a separate
economically independent entity. There was the recognition by some that the only hope to attain
these goals was to join the EC as "there was little scope for a United Kingdom outside the
community, especially when the six
(Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) had done so visibly better than
the UK4" Since 'biting the bullet' and gaining its membership to the then called
European Community in 1973, Britain has vocally announced that it would prefer the 'salad bar'
version of integration to the 'stewed' version. For example, Margaret Thatcher spoke in Bruges in
September
1988 and she said she "sought to lay down a vision of a Europe of sovereign states, economically
considerably more liberal, deregulated and interdependent, but a Europe based essentially on
cooperation rather than integration5". Within the EU, Britain could work with the other member
nations to guarantee its economic interests and attempt to maintain its influence and continue to hold
sway in world affairs. Inside the EU Britain would
"be able to mould the trading systems of Europe to its advantage. As an outsider, it feared being on
the uninfluential receiving end of decisions made by the combined power of

The European Union is one of most contested subjects in the study of Politics and International
Relations and there are often debates over the process and effects of integration in Europe. There is
no single theory of the European Union however, many theories have emerged throughout time that
offer various interpretations of both how and why European integration developed. Many would
argue that European integration has been the most triumphant experiment in international
cooperation in all of human history (Kenealy, Peterson and Corbett 2015). The question asks to what
extent are theories of international relations able to account for European integration. This essay will
argue that liberalist theories are better at explaining European integration than realist and
constructivist theories but to a moderate extent. This essay begins by looking at neofunctionalism as
one of the earliest school of thought when looking at European integration. The second paragraph
will look at the critique of realism. It will then go on to look at liberalist theories on European
integration such as liberal intergovernmentalism and the Democratic Peace Theory. Finally, this
essay will look at the constructivist approach to European integration. Since the 1950's, European
integration has been and ongoing process and it is a fluid system that is constantly changing.
Neofunctionalism and Institutionalism have long been dominant schools of thought when looking
at the process of European integration,

he European Union consists of many institutions and through these parts, it functions itself. While it
has a highly federalized government–like–framework (EU Parliament), simultaneously, it also has
loose intergovernmental institutions (Council of European Union and the European Council). It is a
complex hybrid organization, falling somewhere between the intergovernmental cooperative United
Nations, and the federal government of United States of America. The chief constituting bodies are
namely,
1.European Commission
2.European Parliament
3.European Council
4.Council of Ministers/ Council of EU/ EU Council ("The Council")
5.European Court of Justice
Besides these, there are nine other functioning institutions within the EU.
1.European Commission : Considered as the "Guardian of the European Union", the commission
represents the interests of EU, is responsible for the day–to–day operations of the EU, initiates
legislations, draws budget, is accountable for the goals set by the treaties and it can also begin
conversations. With the help of the ECJ, the Commission can also take warn and take proper steps
against respective states who have disobeyed the regulations, decisions or directives set by the EU.
It is said to be EU's "politically independent executive arm". The members are 28 in number, each
from each member country, being headed by the President. The President is first selected by the
European Council, and then he has to pass the by majority vote in the

Introduction of European Union
Introduction of European Union
The European Union (EU) is a family of democratic European countries working together to
improve life for their citizens and to build a better world. In just half a century it has delivered
peace and prosperity in Europe, a single currency and a frontier–free 'single market ' where people,
goods, services and capital can move around freely. It has become a major trading bloc, and a world
leader in fields such as environmental protection and development aid.
The European Union 's success owes much to the unusual way in which it works. Unusual because
the EU is not a federation like the United States; nor is it simply an organisation for cooperation
between governments, like the United Nations. It is, in...show more content...
The twin anchors of the pact are the rules that the national budget deficit must not exceed 3% of
gross domestic product (GDP) and that government debt should not be more than 60% of GDP.
However, the pact is flexible enough to allow these thresholds to be exceeded in special
circumstances, and to recognise differences between countries using the euro and those who do not.
Each EU country's compliance with the pact is judged by its peers in the Council of the European
Union. The Council can impose corrective measures or even fines in the event of major breaches
of the pact. The first step, however, is for the Council to set objectives for bringing wayward
economies back into line. In all cases to date, no further action has been required. The European
Court of Justice is the ultimate arbiter of how the pact should be interpreted.
Making cross–border payments cheaper
The European Central Bank not only has the job of keeping prices stable, but also of ensuring that
cross–border euro transfers are as cheap as possible for banks and their customers.
A real–time payments system known as TARGET and operated by the ECB and national central
banks does this for very large sums of money. It will also offer the same advantages in future to
transactions in securities. This has the potential to make cross–border trading much more
cost–effective.
The

Essay on The European Union
The European Union (EU) was established in order to prevent the horrors of modern warfare,
experienced by most of Europe during the World Wars of the 20th century, from ever ensuing again,
by aiming to create an environment of trust with the countries of Europe cooperating in areas such as
commerce, research and trade (Adams, 2001). The EU has evolved into an economic, trade, political
and monetary alliance between twenty–eight European Member States. While not all Member States
are in monetary union (i.e. share the currency of the euro), those that are form the 'Euro–zone'
(Dinan, 2006). The EU can pass a number of types of legislation, with a regulation, act, or law, being
the most powerful. Its 'tricameral' (European Union, 2007)...show more content...
However, some of the smaller states, such as the UK, receive more votes than is actually justified by
population size.
The European Commission is the Executive (governmental) body of the EU, initiating legislative
proposals and also managing the EU's budget (Europa, 2007). Each commission operates for a
five–year period, with meetings taking place in Brussels every Wednesday. The Commission consists
of a President of the Commission and twenty–eight commissioners (some vice presidents).
Employees of the Commission are organised according to department (Directorates–General) and
answer to a Commissioner. The Commission exists in order to represent the interests of the whole
of the EU (thus arguably the whole of Europe), as opposed to individual Member States. The
Commission represents the EU on a global basis and is the main participant in negotiations in areas
such as trade. The appointment of Commissioners is the responsibility of the Parliament, with all
having previously assumed senior positions in politics in their own country, usually within its
national government. Proposals are drafted by the senior civil servant (Director–General. A proposal
may be adopted if more than half of the Commissioners decide to adopt it. Once agreed, all
Commissioners must give their unconditional support – similar to the collective responsibility held
by the Scottish executives and the UK. The Commission works closely with both

The European Union ( Eu ) Essay
People have created unions many times but not all of them were successful, specifically when we
consider alliances among number of countries with different economics, political systems and
culture. For instance, last century brought both the biggest collapse and the most promising union in
the modern history. Although U.S.S.R has disappeared from geographical maps, some of its
members joined another alliance. The European Union (EU) is an economic and political partnership
that united 28 countries on the European part of Eurasia and represents a unique form of cooperation
among members today.
Recently, the World Bank characterized the EU as a "Convergence machine" based on successive
enlargements that leads to significant upward convergence in wealth between poorer and richer
member states (Gill, Raiser 2012). We should therefore not be astonished that EU membership
remains attractive to nearly all non–EU states within Europe. On the one hand, it is difficult to deny
that EU enlargement promises benefits for everyone involved. For example, it brings most notably
economic benefits but also political and social benefits. On the other hand, the EU's
'take–it–or–leave–it' approach unnecessarily chases member states (hereinafter PMs) with accepting
either the costs of being an outsider, or the costs of modifying their norms and values to fulfill with
the EU. Of course, such external pressure is not regretful in all cases such as when minorities are
being mistreated. However, PMs

The European Union
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. MISSIONS AND VISIONS FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION 1
1.2. THE GENERAL VIEW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 1
1.3. THE LEVEL OF INVOLVEMENT FOR EUROPEAN UNION 2
2. THE EUROPEAN UNION 4
2.1. HISTORY OF THE EUROPEANUNION 4
2.1.1. HOW THE EU WAS BUILT 4
2.1.2. MEMBER STATESOF...show more content...
The Union's functions are spreading from purely economic and monetary up to the social and
security matters; it has become an integral part of government for almost each European country.
The missions and visions for the European Union we seek is really the big picture of the Union that
we have in our mind for the future of this organization. Thus we need to come together and look out
for what the picture is like and where does the overlapping occur.
1.2. THE GENERAL VIEW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Although an implicit agreement seems to have been reached that European Union is something
much more than simply an international organization of a kind, there seems to be no distinct vision
of what it is then. What is European Union? What should we call it? What should we compare it to?
Or is it completely unique and incomparable?
The issue of the basic idea of the European Union is something that should be elaborated by
especially a convention like this. It is important that the people of the Union make it clear for
themselves what they see in it and what they would like to see. If the union is unique, can we define
it somehow? I think this convention should try to seek out the innovative ideas that are not limited
by the traditional

Pros and Cons of the European Union
Do you think it is useful to join into a union especially the European Union to strengthen their
economic positions? The question could be simple to answer but an individual must look much
deeper into the situation. For instance, what are the pros and cons of joining a union? The European
Union has many pros but also many cons.
The European Union was formed in February 1992 with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty. It
consist of originally twelve members В– Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom, and Germany. Those twelve members
originally formed the European Union until 1995 when three other countries joined the Union В–
...show more content...
By spending part of their education or training in another European Union country, the citizens can
acquire an insight into other work environments and gain skills that are very useful in later life. By
having a closer joint effort and sharing the experiences with other European countries will bring
democratic traditions and modern way of living to the society of new member states. Also, with it
being a single market, there are no barriers between the other countries. With the removal of custom
barriers it will enable producers to cut production costs, which will result in export increases. In
addition to this the integration into the European Union will encourage foreign investment. With
encouraging foreign investment it will create new jobs and will bring new technologies and
experience into East–central European industry and trade. The process of adapting to a single
market may be difficult, but it is necessary for economic growth in the long run. European Union
regional policy seeks to reduce social and economic differences between senior and new member
states. That is saying the Union is trying to allow the newer member states to compete with the
older member states. This helps to solve the problems of a transition period. (Venckute) There will
also be lower interest rates. Why do you think there are going to be lower interest rates? Interest
rates depend on the state of

The Union And The European Union
The European Union is an entity that is seen nowhere else in the world. It is not a government, it is
not an international organization, and it is not just an association of states. The European Union
members, instead, have decided to turnover part of their sovereignty to the Union so that many
decisions can be made at the institutions leadership level. This partnership includes 28 diverse
democracies built together on the basis of complex treaties. Although the goals of this organization
were to assist with expanding economic prosperity, peace and stability throughout its member states,
the European Union has been faced with ever–pressing concerns in the recent past that are very
serious and may in fact become fatal to the continued coalescing between members. These problems
can be categorized into three categories; economic, social, and political.
Economically, the last 6 or so years have been nothing short of dismal for the European Union and its
members. Due to the diversity among its members own national economic policies, the European
Union's economic configuration and its single currency were shown to be somewhat incoherent. The
European Union's gross domestic product only grew a measly one percent in 2013, compared to the
United States' 2.2 percent growth. In December 2014, unemployment among member nations of the
European Union hovered around 11.4 percent, while the United States unemployment rate held at
around 5.6 percent. Even though in the U.S. we are ever

Eu Union Of The European Union Essay
On Thursday, June 23rd, in a history–making vote, the people of the United Kingdom decided to
leave the European Union, hopefully providing flexibility on a range of issues. For those who back
the exit from the EU, the claim is Britain, among other things, will have better business regulations,
immigration control, and trade agreements. Ultimately, those in favor of leaving the EU, are seeking
an economic and policy independence.
EU Member's respective national flags. Photo by: Gordon JohnsonWhat is the EU?
The European Union is a union of 28 nations who "have relinquished part of their sovereignty to EU
institutions" such as the European Parliament, European Council, and European Central Bank.
Formed in 1993, the EU sought to further improve members' economies and establish European free
trade. In a deeper effort to unite, the EU also has an official currency that can be used throughout
Europe. The currency, called the Euro, is used in 19 of the EU member states which make up the
Eurozone. This currency assists in easier spending as it compliments the single market established
by the Union.
PM David Cameron and President Barack Obama (L); former Mayor Boris Johnson (R) Photo credit:
Getty ImagesThe reality of the exit
Depending on who you listen to, the UK's departure from the EU can seem like the worst economic
decision ever or the best opportunity for the people and country to truly thrive. Economists, World
Leaders, and experts of different

Essay on Human Rights in the European Union
Introduction
The development of a human rights policy in the EU has been a long and often undocumented
journey. The sectoral approach of the Paris Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel
Community (ECSC) in 1951 had an economic and functional intention, lacking a declaration of
fundamental rights, as seen in national constitutions. It was not until the 2000 Nice Summit that the
European Union first established a written charter, the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, explicitly
stating and guaranteeing human rights in the European Union. Documented EU human rights policy
before 2000 can be seen primarily in two ways:
1. Internally, through case–law from the European Court of Justice (ECJ)
2. Externally,...show more content...
Based on analysis from these four cases, conclusions regarding the effectiveness of human rights
policy will be discussed.
Background of EU Human Rights Policy
European Court of Justice
The legitimacy of the ECJ to uphold EU legislation is a necessary component of effective human
rights policy. The history of its increase in power is worth noting. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s,
the ECJ's location in Luxembourg, far from the political fray in Brussels and Strasburg, prevented it
from becoming a strong body of the EU. Yet, throughout that time the court methodically built
case–law that would lead to its surge in influence in the 1980s. The two most significant
developments of the court during this time period were direct effect and supremacy. These twin
pillars clarified the relationship between the national and EU legal orders.
The landmark decision involving direct effect occurred in 1963 in a case called Van Gend en Loos.
In the case, a Dutch transport firm brought a complaint against Dutch customs for increasing the
duty on a product imported from Germany. The firm argued that the Dutch authorities had breached
a clause in the original EU treaty, which prohibited member states from introducing new duties in the
common market. The Court agreed with the firm and declared that any "unconditionally worded
treaty provision being self sufficient and legally complete" did not require

European Union Essay

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