Germany is Europe’s biggest energy consumer. As a large and industrial country with moderate natural endowments, it sets an example of what can be done with a progressive energy policy. Germany leads the charge on renewables, has an ambitious energy efficiency policy, is committed to phasing out nuclear power generation and uses ETS revenues fully for the fight against climate change. However, the future of the German energy transition is rather uncertain. Are energy prices sustainable with the current high taxation rates? How to expand the high-voltage grid to integrate wind generation from the North? What will be the future role of coal and gas? In this discussion webinar, we will review the most important energy statistics for Germany, present a few highlights on its energy policy and conclude with a series of open discussion points.

1. Germany – leading the charge on renewables
Hans De Keulenaer
October 2015

2. Content
Introduction
Energy Policy
Governance
Supply
Demand
Prices
Summary
| Country Profile Germany2

3. Introduction
Country snapshot in numbers
Indicator Unit Year of Estimate Value
Land area Thousand sq.km 2014 348.5
Forest area % of land area 2012 31.8
Population Millions 2013 80.6
Population density People per sq.km 2013 231.3
GDP per capita PPP 2011 $ 2013 43,206
TPES/capita Toe/capita 2013 3.81
Industry value-added % of GDP 2013 30.7
Inflation CPI % 2013 1.5
Rents (mineral, oil, coal, gas) % of GDP 2012 0.1
| Country Profile Germany3
Source: World Bank – World Development Indicators

4. Introduction
Wind & Solar resources
| Country Profile Germany4

5. Introduction
Topography
Maximum elevations ~ 2,000
meters in the South
| Country Profile Germany5

6. Introduction
International waters
| Country Profile Germany6

7. Introduction
Resources
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Significant coal reserves but used with
restraint
Minute oil & gas reserves
Growing renewable capacity
Nuclear initially as a transition technology,
phase-out after Fukushima Reserves in Mtoe
Available Renewable Capacity in GW
Source: World Energy Resources – 2013 Survey

8. Energy Policy
National energy plan
Energy Concept (“Energiewende”)
(BMU & BMWi, 28/9/2010)
• Horizon 2050
• Integrated plan with consistent &
ambitious targets for climate,
renewables, energy efficiency
• 9 themes: renewables, efficiency,
nuclear & fossil, integration, buildings,
mobility, innovation, international
context, acceptance
• After Fukushima:
 6/6/11 Update on Section C “nuclear &
fossil”
| Country Profile Germany8

9. Energy Policy
National energy plan - Targets
“Energiewende” (Energy Transition) as overall energy concept
• GHG emissions reduction of 40% by 2020 and >80% by 2050 (over 1990)
• Increase of renewable energy (60% of gross energy use by 2050)
• Complete exit from nuclear power by 2022
• 50% primary energy consumption reduction by 2050 (over 2008)
• 2.1% p.a. improvement in energy productivity
• Electricity consumption reduction of 10% by 2020 and 25% by 2050
• 2% annual building renovation rate
• 40% reduction in final energy consumption
• Investment of €20 Billion in HV grid development for the next 10 years
• Additional larger investment needed for distribution grid from 27.5 to
42.5 B€
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10. Energy Policy
National energy plan - Highlights
Renewables as the cornerstone
Energy efficiency in all sectors (3 themes)
Flexible conventional power stations
Nuclear as transition technology -> phaseout
Exploring a role for CCS
Termination of coal subsidies
Expansion plan for grid & storage
6 million EV’s by 2030
EU-wide electricity labelling
Renewables from North-Africa (Mediterranean Solar Plan)
Need for foreign pumped storage
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11. Energy Policy
Renewable Energy
The NREAP for 2050 is part of the energy concept “Energiewende”.
• Expected RE share of 19.6% of gross energy consumption by 2020 to exceed EU-
target of 18%
• 38.6% RE in electricity
• 15.5% RE share in heating cooling
• 13.2% share in the transportation sector
• Federal incentives in heating/ cooling include Market Incentive Program (MAP),
Renewable Energy Heating Act (EEWärmeG), Cogeneration Act (KWKG), Energy
Savings Regulation (EnEV) and funding programs by KfW
• Federal Emission Act (BImSchG), Energy Taxation Act (EnergieStG) and Biofuels
Regulations (Biokraft-NachV, BioStNachV, BioKraftQuG) are programs in the
transportation sector
• Regional and local incentive programs complement the national plan
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12. Energy Policy
Energy Efficiency
The NEEAP from 2014 defines Germany’s EE target of primary energy
consumption reduction of 20% by 2020 and 50% by 2050 (over 2008).
• Focus on final energy consumption savings and energy transformation and
distribution efficiency (e.g. via ETS, IED etc.)
• 3 core pillars:
• Increase EE in the building sector
• Establish EE as business and profitability model
• Increase individual responsibility for EE
• 4 main categories of measures to achieve primary energy saving targets:
• Standards & target setting (e.g. EnEV)
• Pricing/ taxation (e.g. truck toll, energy tax, emissions trading etc.)
• Investment incentives and programs (e.g. tax exemptions, building renovation
financing
• Consulting and labelling programs (e.g. communal energy consulting)
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13. Energy Policy
Electricity
Generation: 4 generators with 78% market share (excl renewables)
• HHI = 2021 (reasonable competition)
Transmission:
• 4 onshore TSOs (3 certified), 1 offshore TSO (uncertified)
Distribution: >850 DSO’s
• 90% not separated into network/retail due to de minimis requirement
(<100,000 customers)
EPEX SPOT for day-ahead and intraday, EEX for derivatives market
• 363 traders active
Wholesale prices decreasing but retail prices increasing (taxes & levies)
10.4% switching rate – choice among 72 suppliers
| Country Profile Germany13
Source: Commission – Single market progress report

14. Energy Policy
Electricity
15.9’ system interruption per year (most reliable in the world)
Installed capacity 187 GW (of which 70 GW wind + PV)
Peak load capacity 82 GW
8 of 17 nuclear reactors already shutdown; rest by 2022
• Annual adequacy assessment by TSOs
Reserve Power Plant Regulation (ResKV)
• Procurement procedure for spare capacity
Increasing congestion in the North-South corridor
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Source: ENTSO-E – SO&AF 2014-2030

15. Energy Policy
Gas
15 gas TSOs
2 markets: NCG and GasPool
EGEX exchange
Cross-border price > NCG/Gaspool price
Trading volumes >> physical exchanges
86% of customers can choose between 31 suppliers
• 10.7% switching rate
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Source: Commission – Single market progress report

16. Energy Policy
Coal
Phase-out of subsidies by 2018
• 20 B€ over the period 2009-2019
One hard-coal producer (RAG), 7.5 Mt in 2013, responsible for
phase-out
• Imports from US (26%), Russia (26%), Colombia (18%), Poland (10%), ...
3 lignite producers (RWE, Vattenfall, MIBRAG), 200 Mt, increasing,
largest in Europe
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17. Energy Policy
Nuclear
Phase-out announcement (mid 2011):
• Progressive abandonment of nuclear
• Limiting lifespan of nuclear plants to 32 years
• Prohibition to build new nuclear
• Prohibition on reprocessing
• 10-fold increase in insurance cover
Litigation by nuclear operators
Decommissioning fund
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18. Energy Policy
Climate
Successful decoupling of GHG emissions from growth
Kyoto target -21% (actual -25% w/o flexibility mechanisms)
Energy Concept targets: -40% by 2020, -80+% by 2050
ETS revenues fully used to fight climate change
“Energy & Climate Fund”
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19. Governance
Institutions
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs (BMWi)
Länder Ministries of Economy
Conference of Ministers of Economy
BMUB - climate
BMEL – biomass
BMF – taxation
Bundesnetzagentur: Electricity, Gas, Telecom, Post, Railways
Dena: national energy agency
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20. Governance
Actors
Electricity Gas
# of companies
representing >95% of
power generation
>850 #of entities bringing
natural gas into country
38
# of main entities 4 # of main entities 3
# retailers > 1,000 # of retailers 851
# main retailers 4 # of main retailers 3
HHI power 2021 HHI supply 1886
HHI retail n/a HHI retail 300
Market value (B€) 74.9 Market value (B€) 27.5
Installer capacity (GW) 171.7
Peak load (GW) 81.9 +200 DH companies, operating 500
networks
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21. Summary
Simplified Energy Balance
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ktoe 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013
Primary Production 125261.5 174692.3 185624.9 186108.3 135170.1 129278.9 122896.3 123380.4 119715.7
Imports 39938.01 165438.7 213749.9 189137.4 236032.9 247502.3 239979.7 240564.3 245947.8
Exports -23512.2 -30817.5 -30369.1 -21863.3 -30375.1 -43001.8 -40313.9 -41007.4 -43318.9
Bunkers -431.356 -2322.39 -2773 -4502.53 -6578.17 -8092.03 -7809.59 -8313.87 -8182.41
Stock changes 3270.811 -1107.85 -5555.1 4694.918 4330.85 4527.65 -1133.82 419.285 511.236
Total Primary Energy Supply 142177.5 301801.1 357175.7 351094.5 336400.8 327463.7 310921.5 312525.1 312391.6
Available for final consumption 98459.93 218167.2 248663 240723.3 231252.4 229600.1 218845.9 220982.3 ..
Industry 44630.65 80622.01 78831.29 66164.38 51333.81 55296.66 55965.13 55685.28 ..
Transport 16057.08 31599.13 44199.61 54399.18 59369.66 53119.56 53571.01 53169.9 ..
Services 25912.41 57749.12 54873.96 62964.14 65112.47 63128.88 54917.4 57414.04 ..
Residential 1730.162 25918.37 28492.07 28978.85 25733.35 35305.94 31863.95 32742.15 ..
Agriculture 882.508 2084.708 3010.683 2422.16 289.911 0 0 0 ..
Non-energy uses 2624.39 14142.22 22962.71 22946.4 25067.58 22570.54 22366.14 21813.18 ..
Efficiency of transformation 69.3% 72.3% 69.6% 68.6% 68.7% 70.1% 70.4% 70.7%
Energy independence 88.1% 57.9% 52.0% 53.0% 40.2% 39.5% 39.5% 39.5% 38.3%
Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries

22. Summary
Extended Energy Balance
ktoe Solids Oil Gas Electricity
Biofuels &
waste Heat Total
Primary Production 47,596 3,373 9,566 35,035 27,810 0 123,380
Imports 33,285 128,049 74,067 3,979 1,184 0 240,564
Exports -1,167 -18,813 -14,258 -5,746 -1,018 -6 -41,007
Bunkers 0 -8,314 0 0 0 0 -8,314
Stock changes 438 -443 424 0 0 0 419
Gross inland consumption (TPES) 80,152 101,336 69,799 33,268 27,976 -6 312,525
Available for consumption 7,234 91,735 52,385 45,861 13,413 10,355 220,982
Industry 6,021 3,248 19,068 19,457 2,829 5,063 55,685
Transport 0 48,677 516 1,039 2,938 0 53,170
Services 743 12,944 21,613 12,343 6,396 3,375 57,414
Residential 103 7,317 9,133 13,023 1,250 1,916 32,742
Agriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Non-energy uses 366 19,391 2,056 0 0 0 21,813
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Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries

23. Supply
Overview
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Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries

24. Supply
Total Primary Energy Supply
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Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries

25. Supply
Electricity
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Source: ENERDATA – Global Energy & CO2 Data

26. Supply
Electricity
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Source: ENERDATA – Global Energy & CO2 Data

27. Supply
Interconnectors
7% interconnection rate with 6 countries (Cz, DK, F, NL, Pl, CH)
• Plan for interconnects with B (Alegro – 1 GW) and Russia (600 MW)
Net exporter, increasingly
Transmission expansion slower than planned
TSO investment in 2012: 1.15 B€ (+36%)
Electricity Grid Expansion Act: 1,877 km planned (EnLAG)
20 PCIs in Germany
| Country Profile Germany27

28. Supply
Gas
5 domestic producers (15% of demand)
Declining production, increasing imports
• 45% Russia, 26.5% NL, 29% Norway
NordStream pipeline with Russia: 55 BCm/yr (50+% of demand)
Exports to Cz, Fr, NL, CH
Storage: 22 BCm (~25% of annual demand)
Heart of European gas trade with robust supply
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29. Supply
Oil
95% imports
• 35% Russia, 12% Norway, 10% UK, 16% OPEC
13 refineries – large importer of refined products
| Country Profile Germany29

30. Demand
Overview
| Country Profile Germany30
Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries

31. Demand
Industry
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Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries

32. Demand
Transport
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Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries

33. Demand
Services
| Country Profile Germany33
Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries

34. Demand
Residential
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Source: IEA Energy Balances of OECD Countries

35. Energy and tax bill for the world’s largest countries
Notes:
- : non relevant
Prices
Final energy bill in Germany in 2014

36. Oil: 47% of taxes in end-consumer prices
o53% of taxes for the transport sector (49% for diesel and 58% for gasoline)
o7% for industry and 22% for households and services
Electricity: 50%
o48% of taxes for industry and 52% for households and services
Gas: 20%
o11% of taxes for industry and 24% for households and services
Renewable electricity fees: EEG Umlage
o€6,24c/kWh in 2014 (€6,17c/kWh in 2015)
Energy and tax bill for the world’s largest countries
Prices
Energy taxes in Germany in 2014

37. Prices
Electricity prices w.r.t. neighbours
| Country Profile Germany37
Constant price in US$cents05 of electricity in industry (taxes incl.)
Unit 1980 2013 2014 Unit 1980 2013 2014
Belgium USc05/kWh 11.1 10.1 9.9 Z-score 0.1 0.3 0.1
France USc05/kWh 11.5 10.0 9.9 Z-score 0.2 0.3 0.1
Germany USc05/kWh 11.5 13.9 14.8 Z-score 0.2 1.2 1.2
Italy USc05/kWh 14.6 25.6 25.9 Z-score 0.8 4.0 3.8
Poland USc05/kWh n.a. 8.5 7.8 Z-score n.a 0.0 -0.4
Switzerland USc05/kWh 13.4 9.5 9.5 Z-score 0.6 0.2 0.0
Source: ENERDATA – Global Energy & CO2 Data

38. Prices
Gas prices w.r.t. neighbours
| Country Profile Germany38
Source: ENERDATA – Global Energy & CO2 Data
Constant price in US$05 of natural gas in industry (taxes incl.) GCV
Unit 1980 2013 2014 Unit 1980 2013 2014
Belgium USc05/kWh 2.5 3.9 3.3 Z-score -0.4 0.1 -0.2
France USc05/kWh 2.9 4.3 4.1 Z-score -0.3 0.4 0.3
Germany USc05/kWh 2.7 4.1 3.8 Z-score -0.3 0.2 0.2
Italy USc05/kWh 3.3 4.2 4.0 Z-score -0.1 0.3 0.3
Poland USc05/kWh 1.4 3.3 3.3 Z-score -0.7 -0.2 -0.1
Switzerland USc05/kWh 5.0 5.2 5.2 Z-score 0.4 0.8 1.0

39. Indicators
Security
| Country Profile Germany39
Indicator Unit 1970 2000 2013
Oil self-sufficiency % 6 3 3
Coal self-sufficiency % 103 71 58
Gas self-sufficiency % 77 22 12
Total self-sufficiency % 58 40 38
RES share in TPES % 1 3 11
RES share in electricity % 7 6 24
TPES/GDP toe/ 2005 $ PPP 0.25 0.14 0.11
TPES/capita toe/capita 3.88 4.09 3.81
Source: IEA Energy Indicators for OECD Countries

40. Indicators
Environment
| Country Profile Germany40
Indicator Unit 1970 2000 2013
CO2 per capita Tons - 9.1 -
CO2 per unit GDP kg per PPP 2011 GDP - 0.22 -
Network losses % 4.5
Access to electricity % 100 100 100
Source: IEA Energy Indicators for OECD Countries

41. Summary
Technology
Research initiatives of the federal ministry:
• Power grids of the future
• Solar building construction
• Energy-efficient cities
Top 5 energy related areas for funding and research:
• Wind power
• Photovoltaics
• Deep geothermal (esp. for district heating)
• Solar-thermal power plants
• Hydro and maritime power generation
| Country Profile Germany41

42. Summary
A few specifics
Leading in overall energy efficiency according to ACEEE scorecard
• International market leader and innovation driver in the fields of energy
efficiency and green buildings
Building energy efficiency supported by strong building codes and
EE targets
Strong position in passive house technology and related products
• Certification for passive house trades people
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43. Summary
Specifics
Highest wind power generation capacity growth among European
countries
• More than doubled offshore wind capacity on 2014
New CCS technology tested with large scale demonstration in 2015
• Increase oxygen stability and 20% input energy reduction by use of new
solvent technology
• 90% CO2 capture rate from coal-fired power plants
Strong position in e-mobility based on German automotive industry
(e-vehicles, hybrids)
• Tax incentives on electric vehicles and development of related
infrastructure
| Country Profile Germany43

44. Summary
Issues
Stabilization of electricity prices to support transition to renewables
• Currently, lowest wholesale prices but highest retail prices in Europe
• However, due to lower consumption, residential electricity bill similar to US
Fast and cost-effective approach to grid extension essential to
integrate renewable energy production
• Increasing wind power generation in Northern Germany requires improved
transmission infrastructure
• Decentralised PV & biomass production also requires LV grid expansion
Leading the market of energy storage
• Driven by economics
• Not needed for balancing until after 2030
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45. Summary
Issues
Shutdown of all nuclear power plants and complete exit from
nuclear energy by 2022
Proposed strict regulation for fracking and shale-gas-related
activities to protect water resources and environment
• Restrictions by region and type of environment/ bedrock
• Additional restriction for general oil & gas drilling
Hard coal subsidies to run out by 2018 on both federal and “Länder”
level
• Clear definition of future role of gas and coal in energy mix required to
achieve CO2 emission targets
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46. Conclusions
A large & diversified energy system with strong interconnections (with
the exception of oil)
Highest electricity Quality of Supply in the world (based on SAIDI)
An example how to transit to a sustainable energy with limited
indigenous resources (but path forward is uncertain)
Leading the charge on renewables (up to now)
A lesson on learning curves and getting support schemes right
Is the current retail price structure (incl taxes) sustainable?
Moderate liberalization in generation, advanced in market
Over 1,000 grid operators; lots of small-scale community initiatives
HV grid expansion difficult, even in a progressive country
Energy transition requires ambitious implementation of EU Policy
complemented with additional policies
Role of lignite, coal and gas in Energiewende needs clarification
| Country Profile Germany46

47. Country Comparison on Energy use from
1960 to 2012 (ktoe)
| Country Profile Germany47

48. Sources
Macroeconomic indicators: http://databank.worldbank.org
Energy Balances: Eurostat, IEA, Enerdata
Energy Prices: Eurostat, Enerdata
Country Report, Global Energy Research (Enerdata)
Country Report, www.reegle.info
European Commission: Progress towards completing the IEM
ENTSO-E: TYNDP
ENTSO-E: Scenario Outlook & Adequacy Forecast
NREAP Germany
NEEAP Germany
World Energy Council: World Energy Resources 2013 Survey
IEA Energy Policies of IEA Countries Germany 2013 Review
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49. Glossary
CCS Carbon Capture and Storage
CPI Consumer Price Index
ETS Emission Trading System
EV Electric Vehicle
GHG Greenhouse Gas
HHI Herfindahl-Hirschman Index
HV High Voltage
NEEAP National Energy Efficiency Action Plan
NREAP National Renewable Energy Action Plan
PCI Project of Common Interest
TOE Ton of Oil Equivalent
TPES Total Primary Energy Supply
TSO Transmission System Operator
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50. Acknowledgement
Thank you to our reviewers
Arne Jungjohann, http://arnejungjohann.de/
Baktash Nasiri, Research associate/PhD student at TU Dortmund
NN reviewers from the financial sector, from the utility sector and from
industry

51. Hans.dekeulenaer@copperalliance.eu
Thank you
| Country Profile Germany51
For more information please contact

52. Annex – Transposition of EU Policy in
Germany

53. Energy Policy
Transposition of EU Policy
RED – implemented in Germany via EEG (Enerneuerbare Energien
Gesetz 2009, renewed 2012 and August 1st, 2014)
• EEG 2014 sets 3 main principles to boost wind and solar energy:
• Investment protection through guaranteed feed-in tariffs and
connection requirement
• No additional cost to Germany’s public budget
• Innovation by decreasing feed-in-tariffs
• Target renewable energy share 18% (of total energy consumption) by
2020
• 30% of electricity consumption from renewable energy
• 14% of heating energy from renewable energy
• Additional national regulations include Biomass regulation (BiomasseV)
and Biomass-electricity-sustainability regulation (Bio-St-NachV)
| Country Profile Germany53

54. Energy Policy
Transposition of EU Policy
EED – mostly implemented in Germany
• Article 7 as core of EED: Germany committed to cumulated savings of 1,758
Petajoule (PJ) until 2020
• Implemented energy efficiency measures have contributed 1,476 PJ
• Creation of dedicated institution (Bundesstelle für Energieeffizienz – BfEE) to
ensure EED target implementation
• NEEAP 2014 as basis for fulfilment of EED requirements and targets In Germany
• Recent transposition activities include
• Energiedienstleistungsgesetz (EDL-G) modified to accommodate Article 8 of
EED (energy audits)
• KWK-Kosten-Nutzen-Vergleich-Verordnung (KNV-V) to implement Article 14 of
EED
• Introduction of additional voluntary “market-oriented incentive system" (MEAS)
| Country Profile Germany54

55. Energy Policy
Transposition of EU Policy
EPBD
• Energy Savings Act (EnEG) 2013 creates the legal basis for further regulations (e.g.
EnEV)
• Heat insulation/ reduction of energy loss
• Prescribes effective use of energy for heating and cooling during planning
phase
• Energy Savings Regulation (EnEV) exists since 2009 with latest update in
November 2013 to implement EPBD
• Applies to all new and existing buildings that require energy for heating or
cooling
• “Energy passports” for “overall efficiency of buildings” – “lowest energy
building” standard as of 2021 for all new buildings
• Renewable Energies Heat Act (EEWärmeG)
• Addresses requirements on renewable energy in the heating sector
| Country Profile Germany55

56. Energy Policy
Transposition of EU Policy
Internal electricity and gas markets
• German Energy Act (Energiewirtschaftsgesetz) (EnWG) as the main
federal legal framework for all energy market related regulations and acts
• Liberalization and deregulation as key objectives
• Ongoing efforts to remove contractual bureaucracy and provide
marketing options for energy from renewable sources
• Grid Expansion Acceleration Act (Netzausbaubeschleunigungs-Gesetz)
(NABEG)
• Regulates the expansion of cross-border HV power line construction
with focus on expedited planning and permits
• Federal Requirements Plan Act (Bundesbedarfsplangesetz) (BBPIG)
• Proposes HV transmission infrastructure projects in addition to
projects already defined in the Power Grid Extension Act (EnLAG)
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57. Energy Policy
Transposition of EU Policy
IED – German official implementation on May 2nd, 2013 via
• Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz (BImSchG)
• Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (WHG)
• Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz (KrWG)
• Gesetz über die Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (UVPG)
• Various sections of the Bundes-Immissionsschutzverordnung (BImSchV)
• 4. BImSchV - regulation on industrial facilities requiring permits
• 9. BImSchV – regulation on permission processing
• Several sections relating to specific industrial installations (e.g. fuels,
halogenated compounds, volatile compounds etc.)
• Industrial facilities to use “BVT” (best available technology)
| Country Profile Germany57

58. Energy Policy
Transposition of EU Policy
ETS
• Treibhausgas-Emissionshandels-Gesetz (TEHG) 2011 as national basis
for participation in European emissions trading
• 3rd trading period (2013-2020) is implemented via Allocation Regulation
2020 (ZuV 2020) without National Allocation Plan
• Regulates calculation of allocation and application within TEHG
• EHV 2020 (Emissions-Handels-Verordnung) – Emission Trading
Regulation for liquid biofuels
• ProMechG (Projekt-Mechanismen-Gesetz) – Project Mechanism Act
implelements the Linking Directive creating the legal basis for CDM and JI-
projects
• ProMechGebV (Projekt-Mechanismen-Gebührenverordnung) – Project
Mechanism Fee Regulation
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