Design with Sun, for an office building in Aurangabad, India

Design with Sun
- A Solution for Envelope design
(For an office building in Aurangabad)
BY
SUVIDHA SAGAVE
FINAL YEAR M.ARCH ENVIRONMENTAL (2010
(2010-11)
DR. B. N. COLLEGE OF A RCHITECTURE, PUNE.

SUVIDHA
Hewlett-Packard
Packard
[Pick the date]

‘Design with Sun’ – A solution for envelope Design

ABSTRACT

Life existed in sync with natural sources of energy, in prehistoric era. As Napoleon says, Men are
moved by two levers only: fear and self interest. Hence, the journey to find alternative for his needs,
he started looking towards sun, wind and water and his immediate environment. Sun, became the
focal point of all his daily activities, right from stating the time of day or designing his shelter. In
every civilization, from Egyptian to Mesopotamian, Sun became an icon and symbolized god, due to
its effects of it year around.

Indian architecture developed on the principles of Vastu, which indeed considers climatic factors and
Sun became a crucial factor for designing. All the traditional techniques strategically implemented
use of daylight. But Gradual development and westernization of Indian concepts and architecture,
lead to lesser intake of natural elements and increased use of technology.

The rat race for globalization has prompted nations, to industrialize and develop. In the long run,
nations have compromised with their traditional concepts and have depleted their sources. Quoting
napoleon, a man will fight harder for his interests than for his rights. The use of technology for
tapping non- conventional sources came in when the conventional sources were depleted. On a
global scale, the third world nations were the ones, who had to take steps to pay the price of
industrialization of western nations. India, which is one of the developing nations, and can impact
global ecology and economics, is being under pressure to adopt clean technology.

Favourable location of India in tropical zone, works as an advantage to tap different non –
conventional source – with Sun as an abundant source. The geographical variations, and radiations
received allows different kinds of technology to be developed for different regions.

Architectural practice today evolves designs that ignore the energy performance and comfort
parameters of the building during the design stage, leaving aside few exceptions. Buildings are built
and then solutions are applied to achieve these parameters. With the growing awareness about
climate responsive and energy efficient buildings various passive strategies - like apt orientation,
placement and size of windows and optimum use of daylight – are being used. Reduction of energy
consumption in conjunction with thermal comfort, health and safety of the occupants thus, helps in
achieving energy efficiency.

Primary elements of the building envelop affecting the performance of the building are roof, walls,
openings and shading devices. All the heat gains or losses from the inside to outside are through this
envelop only. Today, these are just designed as elevations, cosmetic in nature and not actively
designed in response to climate. It is necessary that this huge mass of the building envelop is given a
thoughtful design approach to make the building more energy efficient.

SUVIDHA SAGAVE (M. Arch Environmental Architecture, 2010-11)
Page 2


This research aims to put forward how passively designed envelopes with an architectural language
developed in response to climate can be active in reducing energy consumption and providing visual
and thermal comfort rather than just being mere skins analysing with the help of simulation tool for
an office building.

The rules of architectural grammar thus, can be set in response to climate and every architect can
with the use of this design vocabulary evolve a healthy designed building envelop for an office
building.

Today the architect can no longer control every detail in its technical entirety – the range of
technological developments and product diversity has become too broad. This book will provide an
overview of typical solutions, the underlying systems as well as their functionalities. This information
will allow the architect to be a competent partner in envelope design. It will enable him or her to
understand the suitability of each system in a specific part of the design and to determine its
technical and geometrical limits.

Starting point of this should be somewhere in India from where it may grow and can be applied to
other cities, so I have taken Aurangabad city which is centre point of Maharashtra with booming real
estate development.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

In fact it took a lot of people’s help to complete this thesis and I am immensely indebted to each and
everyone. I Sought help from the people listed below. They gave it freely and cheerfully. I therefore
take this opportunity to thank and appreciate their generosity.

I owe my sincere thanks to my external guide Ar. Hemant Mahajan for his regular guidance, valuable
suggestions for developing the methodology of research. His wide knowledge helped me a lot in
analysis and decision making. His devotion and time inputs from his busy professional commitments
have added great value to the study.

I would like to express my sincere and heartfelt thanks to my guide Ar. Namarata Dhamankar whose
constant, impartial guidance and inspiration and encouragement push me to complete my thesis.

I would like to thank the HOD Prof. Poorva Keskar. Her understanding, knowledge vision towards the
subject provided conceptual base for this subject.

I thank to our thesis co-ordinator Ar. Anshul Gujrathi, her constant encouragement to arrive at a
worth full solutions. And to the remaining staff members of the Department, who were all kind
enough to help me in my needs. I thank all my jury members who directed me in my subsequent
juries. Their suggestions have been of great value in the study.

I would like to thank our principal Dr. Anurag Kashyap for providing basic infrastructure and facilities
in college itself. I even express my sincere thanks to the library staff for their cooperation in
providing respective study books at times.

I thank my fellow classmates and friends too for their warmth and support, their love and the
pleasure of their company specially Ms. Anupama Chetty whose moral support and love made me to
complete this thesis.

I feel very lucky to have such loving and caring roommates Ms. Nidhi Dixit and Ms. Dimple Shah, their
support and sharing everything with them made me relax and made me back on track really thanks
to them.

Sincere and special thanks to my parents, sister and brother for their love, support, blessings and
above all for believing in me always more that I did and showing me a beautiful future.

Last but not the least I thank the Almighty God for showing me the way and always being with me.

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CONTENTS

Chapter
LIST OF FIGURES

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

3. CLIMATE DATA FOR AURANGABAD

4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

5. BUILDING MATERIAL

6. NEW RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES

7. RELATED STANDARDS

8. WHY SIMULATION?

9. DESIGN HANDBOOK

BIBILIOGRAPHY

GLOSSARY

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Solar energy 11
1.2 Need of Energy for building 13
1.3 Need of solar Consideration 14
1.4 Global scenario for Solar consideration 16
1.5 Solar considerations in India. 19
1.6 Why Aurangabad city? 22
1.7 Why an Office building? 23
1.8 Aim, Objectives and scope 25

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Building Envelope 28

2.2 Solar energy and building 29

2.3 Heat form of solar energy 30

2.4 Light form of solar energy 33

2.4.1 Daylight 33

2.4.2 Solar PV (Active means) 35

3. CLIMATE DATA FOR AURANGABAD

3.1 About Aurangabad 39

3.2 Climatic parameters 41

3.3 Implication of climate on building design

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4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

4.1 Design Checklist 48

4.2 Sun Path diagram 52

4.3 Orientation of buildings 57


4.5 Different strategies for Daylight 62

4.6 Different strategies for Thermal comfort 67

4.7 Active strategies 68

4.8 Office building Layout 69

5. BUILDING MATERIAL

5.1 Material consideration 73

6. RELATED STANDARDS

6.1 Related standards 77

7. WHY SIMULATION?

7.1 Why simulation 81

8. HANDBOOK

8.1 Case study Analysis 84

8.2 Design Handbook 84

9. FIXED PARAMETER?

9.1 Fixed Parameters 85

9.2 Parameters to analyse 86

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1. Solar energy on Earth
Fig-2. World Map showing Location of India in tropic zone
Fig 3. Solar Map of India
Fig 4. Energy Consumption Pattern in Buildings
Fig.5 Vastu Purush
Fig.6 Climatic Parameters affecting Building
Fig.7 Solar radiation and building
Fig 8. Egyptian city
Fig 9. Street Pattern of Harappa
Fig 10. Plan of Greek city - as example of ideal solar city
Fig 11. Baths in Roman keeping public cool in summer and providing protection in winter
Fig 12. Heavenly light in Christian Architecture
Fig 13. Islamic Architecture
Fig 14. Crystal Palace
Fig 15. US downtown office
Fig 16. Climate zone of India
Fig 17. Diffrent climatic zones in India
Fig 18. Envelope design of Jaisalmer
Fig 19. Envelope design of Kerala
Fig 20. Envelope design of Bangalore
Fig 21. Envelope design of Shimla
Fig 22. Envelope design of Leh
Fig 23.Envelope design of Birbals house, Fathepur sikhri
Fig 24. Table shows intensity for considerations of climatic parameters for different climate zone of India
Fig.25 Climate zone map of Maharashtra
Fig. 26 Map of Maharashtra
Fig 27 Changing trends of Office buildings
Fig 28. Infosys, Pune

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Fig 29. Two forms of solar energy
Fig 30.Solar radiation, convection and conduction
Fig 31 Thermal balance of building
Fig 32. Heat transfer processes occurring in wall
Fig 33 Source – Monthly temperature graph
Fig 34 Graph showing Aurangabad’s weekly relative humidity for a Year
Fig 35 Graph showing Aurangabad’s weekly average cloud cover for a Year
Fig 36 Graph showing Aurangabad’s weekly average direct solar radiation for a Year
Fig 37 Graph showing Aurangabad’s weekly average diffuse solar radiation for a Year
Fig 38 Annual wind frequency showing prevailing wind direction for
Aurangabad city
Fig 40 Mean monthly maximum and minimum Psychometric chart
Fig 41. Psychometric chart with different design techniques
Fig 42. Sun Path Diagram for Aurangabad city
fig 43. Vertical Shading Angles (Refer Appendix B)
Fig 44. Horizontal Shading Angles (Refer Appendix B)
Fig 45. Vertical and horizontal shading devices
Fig 46. Orientation for daylight
Fig 47 Thermal chimney
Fig 48. Shading by vegetation and the use of light-coloured surfaces to reduce solar gains to the
envelope

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Chapter -1

Introduction
1.1 Solar energy 11

1.1.1 Solar energy on earth

1.1.2 Solar energy for Indian Climate

1.2 Need of Energy for building 13

1.2.1 In Indian Context

1.3 Need of solar Consideration 14

1.4 Global scenario for Solar consideration 16

1.4.1 The city as accumulator of solar derived resources
1.4.2 Spectacular Architecture
1.4.3 Architecture for an Industrial age

1.5 Solar considerations in India. 19

1.5.1 Hot and dry Climate
1.5.2 Warm and Humid
1.5.3 Moderate
1.5.4 Cold and Cloudy
1.5.5 Cold and Sunny
1.5.6 Composite

1.6 Why Aurangabad city? 22

1.7 Why an Office building? 23

1.8 Aim, Objectives and scope 25

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1.1 SOLAR ENERGY

Earth was formed 4 billion years ago. And human existence came into being before 200 thousand
years ago. But no one knows when Sun was formed and for how much year it is going to last.
Sunlight is Earth's primary and most readily available source of energy. The light from the Sun heats
our planet and makes life possible. Light from the Sun also drives Climate and Weather of our planet.
The sunlight, water and the plants work together to supply the energy for us.

From showering in the morning till sleeping at night, many of the activities that we engage in need
different types of energy. In developing practices this energy generation consumes lot of natural
resources. Large quantities of non renewable fossil fuel used to generate this energy. But continues
use of this energy and its different application is causing us in different forms like natural disasters,
lack of resources etc. it is causing to our ecology and environment, and most importantly this is also
going to affect our future. This is high time, therefore to finally adopt a new philosophy and to
embark on the road towards sustainable development based on renewable energy resources. These
renewable energy resources are Sun, Wind, Water, Biomass and Waste matter etc. In which Sun is
largest source of energy.

As it is difficult to change our wasteful lifestyle and decrease energy consumption the only possible
solution will be to handled our resources carefully and to study how efficiently we can use them.

1.1.1 Solar Energy on Earth

In incident radiation of Sun on the earth alone is 3000 times greater than the worldwide demands. 1
Where does all this energy go?
About 15 percent of the sun’s energy which hits the earth is reflected back to space. Another 30
percent is used to evaporate water, which, lifted into the atmosphere, produces rainfall. Solar
energy is also absorbed by plants, the land, and the oceans. The remaining could be used to supply
our energy needs.

15% Reflected back to space

30% Evaporate Water which
produces rainfall

Some percentage’s absorbed by
Plants, land and oceans.

Where does remaining go?

Fig-1, Solar energy on Earth

1
Solar Architecture by - Christian Schittich.

Page 11


1.1.2 Solar Energy for Indian Climate

Fig-2. World Map showing Location of India in tropic zone

As Earth rotates on its tilted axis around the sun, Sun rays hit the earth's surface at different angles.
Depends on the direct and lesser angles different parts of the Earth receive higher and lower levels
of radiant energy which tend to be hotter and cooler regions respectively and this also tend to create
the seasons.2

The sun's rays hit the equator at a direct angle between 23 ° N and 23 ° S latitude. Radiation that
reaches the atmosphere here is at its most intense. In all other cases, the rays arrive at an angle to
the surface and are less intense. The closer a place is to the poles, the smaller the angle and
therefore the less intense the radiation.
Favourable location of India in tropical
zone, works as an advantage to tap
different non – conventional source – with
Sun as abundant source.
As India lies in sunny regions of the world,
most parts of India receive 4-7 kWh of solar
radiation per square metre per day with
250-300 sunny days in a year. India has
abundant Solar resources, as it receives
about 3000 hours of sunshine every year,
equivalent to over 5,000 trillion kWh. India
can easily utilize the solar energy or Solar
Power.3 Fig 3. Solar Map of India

As a result of the efforts made during the past quarter century, a number of devices have been
developed and have become commercially viable to harness the Sun. These include Solar Cookers,
Solar Lanterns, Solar Street Lights, and now a day’s Solar P.V’s, Solar Water Heaters, and Solar Water
Pumps.

2
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/climate.htm
3
http://www.solarindiaonline.com/solar-india.html

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1.2 NEED OF ENERGY FOR Building

The design of a building has a significant impact on energy requirements during the construction
and operation phases. The shape of the building, the land area to volume ratio, the orientation of
the building, etc, all contribute to energy requirements when the building is occupied. Designers
need to assess the environmental impact and economics of different forms and designs of buildings
to arrive at the optimal solution. Implementing energy-efficient building technologies and efficient
construction techniques can reduce construction wastage for the same built-up area of the
structure, compared to conventional designs. In terms of energy consumption, it would lead to
reduction in cooling and lighting requirements inside the building.

1.2.1 In Indian Context

Buildings account for an estimated 30 percent of the total energy consumption in India.3
Furthermore, the absolute figure is rising fast due to booming real estate demand and increasingly
affluent lifestyle across various sections of society. Estimates indicate that globally buildings are
responsible for approximately one-third of energy-related CO2 emissions and three-fifth of
halocarbon emissions. In addition, the buildings sector offers the largest potential to reduce
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at relatively lower cost compared to other sectors. Large
reductions can be achieved in building's energy consumption at a net benefit. 4
In India energy consumption load for building is basically only for cooling and lighting. Our role is
how we can reduce energy consumption for both.
Fig 4. Energy Consumption Pattern in Buildings (India)5

Office buildings consume large amounts of electrical energy for air-conditioning and lighting than
residential buildings.

4
Energy Efficiency in Buildings: Indian Market Landscape (Date Published: 4 Nov 2009)
By Vivek Gautam, Sr. Research Analyst - South Asia & Middle East, Environmental & Building Technologies Practice,
Frost & Sullivan
5
Frost & Sullivan http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag?Src=RSS&docid=184158408

Page 13


1.3 NEED OF SOLAR CONSIDERATION

As an Architect while designing the structure, we need to take
considerations for intense radiation coming to earth whilst
reducing energy consumption of building.
From centuries on with deep study of climatic parameters, people
have achieved some considerations. Our Vastu is one of the
strongest solution of this study. It is evolved totally on position of
Sun at day time; it gives idea where to place which activity in house
which will give comfortable conditions at different times of day at
that particular space. Fig.5 Vastu Purush

Three basic climate parameters
which will affect the building,

Sun

Wind

Rain
Fig.6 Climatic Parameters affecting Building

The building should response to the three basic climate parameters6 to achieve thermal and visual
comfort with energy efficiency,
Sun,
For Thermal comfort: Let the sun’s heat in when it is cold and keep the sun’s heat out
when it’s hot.
For Visual comfort: Allow natural light during the day time.
For energy efficiency: Through use of photovoltaic and help collect heat i.e., solar hot
water, and generate electricity.
Wind,
For Thermal comfort: Natural ventilation in summer, controlled minimum ventilation in
winter.
For energy efficiency: Generate electricity.
Rain,
The façade needs to be weather tight to avoid rain water in and materials chosen should not be
soaking. Excess moisture may cause potential rot and fungal growth but humidity of 45% to 60% is
necessary for human comfort. Strategies to increase humidity like evaporative cooling may work in
hot-dry climates while it needs to be reduced in places where it is more humid.

6
www.cibse.org/pdfs/Bill%20Gethingweb.pdf

Page 14


But,

Sun is the major parameter which is going to affect the building envelope and which will have
an effect on the visual and thermal comfort inside the building.

Fig.7 Solar radiation and building

Page 15


1.4 GLOBAL SCENARIO FOR SOLAR CONSIDERATION

Architecture is that great living creative spirit which from generation to generation, from age to age,
proceeds, persists, creates, according to the nature of man,
and his circumstances as they change.
Frank Lloyd Wright.

1.4.1 The city as accumulator of solar derived resources7

Reason for development of early cities were farming and trade but “ un, wind and water were the
“Sun,
guiding principles.”

The river valleys of the Tigris and Euphates (Mesopotania), Nile (Egypt),
Indus (India) and Wei-Huang (China) provided ideal conditions for the early
Huang
civilizations to establish cities.

In Mesopotania, the need to collaborate in building and maintaining
irrigation systems provided a catalyst for the creation of solar energy to
food energy, but also in time were incorporated into the city structures
themselves. Fig 8. Egyptian city

Babylon also clearly illustrated the importance of sun orientation in its city
rated
form. The streets were arranged so that they enabled residents to derive
the benefits of the climate such as light, warmth and favorable breezes.

Kahun as an example we can say that it was solution for p
protection against
harsher elements in the ancient Egyptian city.

Indus valley supported large settlements example was Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro. They were constructed to a high density bored upon a grid
like structure, with the street pattern taking its orientation from the sun.

Similar processes of city formation began to take place in the Wei-Huang Fig 9. Street Pattern of
Harappa
valley of China and forests of the Mayan civilization in central America
between 1000 & 2000 B.C. for Greek and Roman cities the grid was aligned
according to solar orientation to maximize the benefits of this direct energy
source, as well as minimize the benefits of this direct energy source as well
l
as minimize its detrimental effects by providing ventilation and shade. Based
on the principles of solar orientation and ventilation ancient Greek cities
represented the ideal solar city for a true democratic society. Every unit was
organized around a courtyard. The building to the north was used for living.
The main room had a shaded porch facing
south. Fig 10. Plan of Greek city - as
example of ideal solar city

7
Book on Solar Power – the evolution of Sustainable Architecture by Sophia and Stefan Behling

SUVIDHA SAGAVE (M. Arch Environmental Architecture, 2010
2010-11)
Page 16


1.4.2 Spectacular Architecture

From Greek antiquity to the industrial revolution:

Spectacular architecture was predominant in the secular built
environments of the ancient world. Markets forums, amphitheaters,
& baths were designed to attract the public to gather and so had to
after high levels of environmental comfort, keeping the public cool in
summer and providing protection in winter. At the same time, the
wealthy found that they were able to surround themselves with Fig 11. Baths in Roman keeping
luxury within their private places and villas, creating perfect indoor public cool in summer and
climate using passive ventilation, sunlight and solar shading. providing protection in winter

In the middle ages, solar energy continued to have a strong influence
on Christian architecture, inspiring the orientation of churches and
being used to create fantastic effects to give worshippers glimpses
of heavenly light.

The mosques and palaces of the Islamic world were designed with a
concern for solar shading rather than a pure expresser of grandeur.

Mughal architecture in India had introduced magnificent palaces that
were cooled in summer and heated in winter with the use of
understanding of materials used for construction of structures. Fig 12. Heavenly light in
Christian Architecture
The Renaissance brought the light, openness and solar sophistication
of classical architecture to European building.

1.4.3 Architecture for an Industrial age:
Fig 13. Islamic Architecture

New technologies based upon the use of fossil fuels provided the pivotal
factors for industrial revolution. This power source enabled the replacement
of small workshops by large, mechanized factories. The new technologies of
the industrial revolution enabled architects and builders to transcend the
limitation of human scale. Example of crystal palace built for the great
exhibition of 1851-represented and inspired pieces of technological engineering
rather than feats of architecture.

Architecture, urban planning and all other arenas of culture aimed to symbolize Fig 14. Crystal Palace
this new age. Some favoured a return to nature and disurbanism while other
rejected individuality and romanticism and favoured scientific rationality.

Page 17


Modern architecture was not simply an expression of a new aesthetic image, but the very substance
and representation of the new social condition that were to be created. Notion of less being more
and form following function as well as a vision of buildings as machines for living “represented the
rationality and objectivity structuring the dominant architectural design at the time.

“ Following world war two, a similar dichotomisation of solar living arrangements was apparent on
the on hand the construction of high density, modernist blocks surrounded by green open spaces
gained favour in both inner city regeneration and peripheral city housing estates. On the other hand,
population dispersal and movement to suburbs gathered pace.”

In the UK lower densities were encouraged through the new towns
programme continuing garden city concept. In the US, the productive
capacities and innovative technologies could be redirected into creating
new living and working patterns-a spatial downtown areas, glass tower
constructions were facilitated by continually improving technologies in
lift design and operation heating ventilation and cooling systems,
internal restructuring for example, open floor planning and novel
architectural and engineering techniques.

By improving our living environments through lower density living and
our working environments through mechanically controlled office and
factory spaces, we have increased our energy consumptions and
requirements dramatically.

So in the industrial age, technological advances have brought about a Fig 15. US downtown office
building
continually growing dependency upon both their technologies and energy requirements.
Furthermore the two world wars demonstrated the potential to use technology for devastation and
dehumanisation of killing through increased mechanisation.

America produced an international architectural style for the business community. Businesses
turned their back on nature and buildings became completely dependent on huge energy supply.

Page 18


1.5 SOLAR CONSIDERATIONS IN INDIA.

Depends on Sun radiation intensity and Sun’s position different climatic zone has different
architectural style. Lot of architects have understood it and implemented it in their designs and they
have been successful to attain solar considerations for building which helped them to achieve
comfort inside the building.
Climatic zone - Regions having similar characteristic features of climate are grouped under one
climatic zone.
India possesses a large variety of climates ranging from extremely hot desert regions to high altitude
locations with severely cold conditions.
The six distinct climates of India are,
Hot and Dry,
Warm and Humid,
Moderate,
Cold and Cloudy
Cold and Sunny,
Composite.

We can differentiate these zones on the basis of
following table,8
Fig 16. Climate zone of India

Different climatic zones of India
Mean monthly
Climate Relative humidity (%)
temperature (0C)
Hot and Dry > 30 < 55
Warm and Humid > 30 > 55
Moderate 25-30 < 75
Cold and cloudy < 25 > 55
Cold and Sunny < 25 < 55
This applies when six months or more do not
Composite Fig 17
fall within any of the above categories

Traditional architecture in India has a different design approach in response to the respective
climate; it shows outstanding evidence of how the intelligent use of space, building design and
material ensures optimal comfort from climatic parameters inside the building and without any
mechanical means.

8
National building code, India (2005)

Page 19


1.5.1 Solar considerations for different climatic zones

1.5.1.1 Hot and Dry climate

Example - Jaisalmer
Jharoka’s with Jalis or smaller windows are provided to cut the
intense solar radiations and filter dust storms with use of local
material – sandstone. Flat roofs are provided.
In such a climate, it is imperative to control solar radiation and
movement of hot winds. The design criteria should therefore
aim at resisting heat gain by providing shading, reducing
exposed area, controlling and scheduling ventilation, and Fig 18. Envelope design of Jaisalmer
increasing thermal capacity.

1.5.1.2 Warm and Humid

Example - Kerala
Covered verandas are provided for shading the walls and to get
cool air inside the building. Attics with protected windows
provided to draw in maximum daylight. Arched openings are
also used as structural elements at some places. Sloping roofs
are provided as consideration for rain.
Use of local materials –
Brick or stone for wall, Fig 19. Envelope design of Kerala
Mangalore clay tiles for the roof.

1.5.1.3 Moderate

Example - Bangalore
Exposed masonry construction is provided to maintain the
comfort of building with protected maximum openings for
efficient cross ventilation and maximum daylight.
Shading devices or projections are designed to protect from sun
and rain. Courts are provided to maintained cross ventilation
everywhere in house.
Fig 20. Envelope design of Bangalore

Page 20


1.5.1.4 Cold and Cloudy

Example - Shimla
Attics are provided at tops and roofs are designed to store
heat and decipiate to lower spaces, it gives characterize
appearance to the building envelope.
Maximum glass openings are provided to get the heat. Thick
stone walls are constructed for thermal mass (to store the
heat), wood also used for construction.
Fig 21. Envelope design of Shimla

1.5.1.5 Cold and Sunny

Example - Leh

Generally building plans are slightly trapezoidal, heavy at the bottom
with stone foundations and light at the top, generally with battered
walls.
The walls are thick and the mud is mixed with hay to provide insulation. It
helps to insulate and create a heat storage space for the winter months.
Cold climate in India has variations at various locations in terms of sky
clearance. Hence, examples peculiar to each of these sub-zones are
illustrated. Fig 22. Envelope design of
Leh
1.5.1.6 Composite

Example – Fathepur sikhri

Less openings are provided on southern façade, and long eaves
with carved brackets to shade the facades. Smaller windows are
given to avoid heat coming inside the building. Walls are thick
constructed with local stones.

Intencity for considerations of Climatic paramters Fig 23.Envelope design of
Climatic zones Sun Wind Rain Birbals house, Fathepur sikhri
Hot and Dry climate
Warm and Humid
Moderate
Cold and cloudy
Cold and Sunny
Composite

Fig 24. Table shows intensity for considerations of climatic parameters for different climate zone of India

Page 21


1.6 WHY AN AURANGABAD?

Aurangabad comes under hot and dry climate zone in India.

India is developing like shoot in the world. The needs of
Metropolitan cities are increasing day by day, large amount of
people are migrating towards cities for employment and
because of standard of living.

With increase in employment generation commercial and
industrial constructions are growing giving opportunities for
Aurangabad
Architect to prove themselves.

Because of globalization new construction techniques have
been adopted by the architects and because of changed
construction style commercial buildings are increasing loads of
electricity consumptions for lighting and cooling.

Realizing the fact lot of construction industry and architects are taking considerations but number
should increase and there is requirement of proper design strategies with respect to consideration
for climate parameters and increasing use of renewable resources.

Studying above intensity of considerations for climatic parametrs I have taken Aurangabad Which
comes under hot and dry climate zone in India.

Moreover in developing cities like Aurangabad there is a lot of scope to implement the strategies as
they can be applied right from first stage of construction with proper building performance analysis.
And which can be applied to other areas of state.

Aurangabad

Fig.25 Climate zone map of Maharashtra Fig. 26 Map of Maharashtra

Page 22


1.7 WHY AN OFFICE BUILDIN ?
BUILDING

Earlier around 20 years ago the only machines found in the Indian offices were mechanical
typewriters and duplications. These gave way to electric type writers, photocopying machines and
telex machines but there was a revolutionary change in the advent of personal computers around
the year 1985. Those machines have not only increased productivity but are able to perform certain
e
innovative functions, making tasks easier thus
enabling the organizations to expand their
operations.

It can be seen that the new constructions are done
in such a way that the envelope looks beautiful
whatever may be the situation inside and
forgetting totally that the structure is a part of
Fig 27 Changing trends of Office buildings
environment.

This all leads to the loads of energy consumption and it is affecting the visual and thermal comfort of
a person inside the building. The office buildings consume energy for lighting air-conditioning and
lighting, conditioning
ventilation resulting in the major operational costs.

As offices function mainly during the daytime the use of naturally available light must b optimum
be
decreasing usage of artificial light. There is a need to apply certain strategies right from the initial
stage of designing a complex as this can reduce the stress on the environment in its future
operational stage and also helps to achieve thermal and visual comfort inside the building which will
thermal
increase human efficiency and avoid ill health effects
effects.

Commercial buildings use air-conditioning mechanical means for providing thermally comfortable
conditioning
indoor conditions. This is mainly aimed at promoting productivity among occupants.
However, the process is energy intensive and the running costs are generally very high. The monthly
electricity bills of a typical commercial building can run into lakhs of rupees. The options for energy
conservation are limited once a building is constructed, especially when aspects of optimal energy
use have not been taken into account in building design. Considering that many such buildings are
being constructed all over India, there is an urgent need to study their thermal behaviour and
their
explore various means to reduce the AC load.

2010-11)
Page 23


The evaluation of strategies during the early days or the design intent phase of a project provides the
best opportunity to take a broad perspective, from a building as a whole structure rather than
individual components. With this approach, design teams are able to evaluate key initial decisions
such as the size of the building footprint, the composition of the building envelope, or the building
orientation that will affect subsequent decisions.

Example

The Infosys building, Pune, due to its form is one
of the architectural marvels in India. But the user
faces discomfort due to the manner in which the
openings or the glazing are placed. It causes
glare and overheating into the building which
leads to dependency on mechanical cooling
systems for comfort.

Thus, the envelope just serves as a cover but
Fig 28. Infosys, Pune
instead of protecting and makes internal
conditions uncomfortable. If these issues were addressed taking into considering the sun path
diagram and the radiations falling over the surface, the building envelop would have been more
efficiently designed and evolved as a sustainable design solution.

Page 24


HYPOTHESIS

Designing with Sun for building envelope can help to make physically as well as visually comfortable
building there by generating energy for building.

AIM

Aim of this dissertation is to list out the design consideration for harnessing the Sun through
building envelope for an office building in Aurangabad city to get efficient and sensible design
which will help to increase the human efficiency at workplace;
e

This will be with giving consideration for controlled solar shading systems that enable the building to
iving
react to the sun’s position so as to optimise the flows of heat and light energy through the envelope,
and which will help for reducing the heat load, glare and enhances the use of natural daylight
thereby reducing the operating costs of the building.

OBJECTIVE

So objectives are to study considerations for,

Sun protection and solar control
Excellent daylighting quality
Passive gain from solar energy
Architecture appeal
Solar power generation
lar

SCOPE

Design considerations will be developed considering requirements of only an office building for the
city of Aurangabad.

2010-11)
Page 25


METHODOLOGY

Selection of thesis topic

Literature Study

Various aspects related to the topic

Climate data of Aurangabad

Consideration for thermal and visual
comfort

Study of related standards

Case study

Observations

Analysis with simulation

Analysis

Modelling and Parametric Study of
considered Office Segment with
help of Ecotect simulation software

Findings

Generalizing the result-inferences

Preparation of considerations which
we can apply in future for upcoming
office building

Page 26


Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW


2.6 Solar energy and building 29

2.2.1 forms of solar energy

2.7 Heat form of solar energy 30

2.3.1 Type of solar gain to the building

2.3.2 Forms of heat gain

2.3.3 Heat loads

2.8 Light form of solar energy 33

2.4.1 Daylight 33

2.4.1.1 Daylighting

2.4.1.2 Daylighting for office building

2.4.2 Solar PV (Active means) 35

2.4.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic’s

2.4.2.1 Architectural Application

Page 27


2.1 Building Envelope

Strategies for energy efficiency and thermal comfort of a building have to be incorporated at the
design stage. One of these could be passively designed envelops which actively meet the heating
and cooling needs of the building. Building envelopes not only provide the thermal divide between
the indoor and outdoor environment, but also play an important role in determining how effectively
the building can utilise natural lighting. Thus, intelligent configuration and moulding of the built form
.
and its surroundings can considerably minimise the level of discomfort inside a building, and reduce
dings
the consumption of energy required to maintain comfortable conditions.

As seen before traditional architecture developed envelopes which responded to internal demands
raditional
combined with external conditions9 and h hence, the envelope developed had their own characters
conducive to the respective climate and local materials.

Today due to globalization and technological advancement, architectural flexibility has grown with
no restrictions to location or climate. The approach is being in the trend and thus, if due to the
ictions
building envelope the internal comfort is not met; mechanical systems are well available at our
disposal.

Hence, the challenge today is to design envelope which integrate and apply new technologies with
respect to ancient wisdom to innovatively incorporate passive strategies when designing facades
and still being in the race for modern contemporary architectural style.

A building interacts with the environment through its external façades such as walls, windows,
environment
projections, and roofs, referred to as the building envelope. The envelope acts as a thermal shell,
which if thoughtlessly constructed, would result in energy leaks through every component. Hence,
each component needs to be properly chosen to ensure an energy efficient building.
ch

The nature of a building envelope determines the amount of radiation that will enter the building. It
consists of the following elements:

Roof
Walls
Fenestrations
External colour and texture

Roof

Walls

Fenestration

External colour
and textures

9
www.hs-owl.de/creed

2010-11)
Page 28


2.2 SOLAR ENERGY AND BUILDING

SUN LIGHTING IS FORMGIVER FOR ARCHITECTURE
BY – William M.C.Lan (1902)
Process of architectural design is a complex exercise, involving interactive relationships between
parameters of diverse nature & varying magnitude. Various ideas have dominated architectural
thoughts for centuries, yet the fundamental issue of energy as an embodiment of Sun, Wind, and
Light has lost from the design which has been resulted into vast consumption of natural resources.
So, architectural design must respond to ecological context, the logical approach based on
quantitative assessment leading to qualitative design decisions.

Building envelope is affected by three climate parameters Sun, Wind and Rain. But Sun is major
factor which will affect the building envelope whilst affecting inside visual and thermal comfort of a
building.

2.2.1 Forms of Solar energy

Solar energy affects the building in two forms,

Heat form
Light form

Heat form

Light form

Fig 29 two forms of solar energy

Heat form of solar radiation occurs predominantly through the roof and windows but also through
walls. Thermal radiation moves from a warmer surface to a cooler one. With controlled light form of
solar radiation inside the building we can achieve day lit spaces with required visual comfort of a
person.

Page 29


2.3 HEAT FORM OF SOLAR ENERGY

When we consider Building as unit and Sun as a source of light Solar energy may exchange in form of
heat from out-door environment to indoor environment.

2.3.1 Types of Solar gain to the building

There are five primary passive solar energy configurations,

Direct solar gain
Indirect solar gain
Isolated solar gain
Heat storage
Insulation

Direct gain attempts to control the amount of direct solar radiation reaching the living
space.
Indirect solar gain - Heat enters the building through windows and is captured and stored in
walls and slowly transmitted indirectly to the building through conduction and convection.
Isolated gain involves utilizing solar energy to passively move heat from or to the living space
using a fluid, such as water or air by natural convection or forced convection. Examples are
sunspace, solarium or solar closet and solar chimneys.
The sun doesn't shine all the time. Heat storage or thermal mass keeps the building warm
when the sun can't heat it. This included a Trombe wall, a ventilated concrete floor, or roof
pond.
Thermal insulation reduces unwanted leakage of heat and also it prevents unwanted heat
coming inside the building.

2.3.2 Forms of heat gain

Heat transfer in buildings occurs through convection, conduction, and
thermal radiation through roof, walls, floor and windows.

Natural convection causing rising warm air and falling cooler air can result in
an uneven stratification of heat, this may cause uncomfortable variations in
temperature which will affect the thermal comfort of person. Strategic
placement of operable windows or vents can enhance convection.

Radiation is the heat transfer from a body by virtue of its temperature; it
increases as temperature of the body increases. It does not require any
material medium for propagation. Fig 30.Solar radiation,
convection and conduction.

Page 30


2.3.3 Heat loads

For an office building the accurate calculation of heating and cooling loads is essential to provide a
sound bridge between fundamental building design decisions and an operating building. Occupants
and users will likely be hot or cold, if loads are substantially overestimated; equipment will be
oversized avoiding wasting money, reducing efficiency, increasing energy consumption, and often
hazardous comfort.

Accurate heat load calculations are an important part of the design process.

Sensible and latent loads

Heat gain through building envelope

Heat gain through windows and skylights

Internal heat gains

Outdoor air flow

Loads are sensible (affecting air temperature) or latent (affecting relative humidity) or a combination
of sensible and latent. Sensible and latent heating and cooling loads arise from heat transfer through
the opaque building envelope; solar heat gain through windows and skylights; infiltration through
openings in the building envelope; internal heat gains due to lighting, people, and equipment in the
conditioned spaces; and outdoor airflow form ventilation and building pressurization.

The thermal balance i.e. the existing thermal condition is maintained if,10

Qi + Qs + Qc + Qv + Qm – Qe = 0

If Sum of this equation is less than zero (negative), the building will be cooling and if it is more than
zero, the temperature in the building will increase.

Fig 31 Thermal balance of building

10
Manual of tropical housing and building by O.H. Koenigsberger

Page 31


Qc - Conduction of heat may occur through the walls either inwards or outwards, the rate of
which will be denoted as Qc.
Qs - The effects of solar radiation on opaque surfaces can be included in the above by using
the sol-air temperature concept, but through transparent surfaces (windows) the solar heat
gain must be considered separately.
Qv.- Heat exchange in either direction may take place with the movement of air, i.e.
ventilation and the rate of this will be denoted as Qv.
Qi - An internal gain may result from the heat output of human bodies, lamps, motors and
appliances. This may be denoted as Qi
Qm. - There may be a deliberate introduction or removal of heat (heating or cooling), using
some form of outside energy supply. The heat flow rate of such mechanical controls may be
denoted as Qm.
Qe. - If evaporation takes place on the surface of the building or within the building and the
vapours are removed, this will produce a cooling effect, the rate of which will be denoted as
Qe.

As an architect, while designing the building envelope
with respect to the Sun energy we need to take care for
heat through envelope, windows and skylights.

Our aim should be to minimise the conduction through
walls, windows, skylights and through roofs with proper
design strategies like orientation of building with study
of sun path, controlled shading devices which will avoid
the direct solar radiations on facade, and with strategies
for roof and materials should be study with high
Fig 32. Heat transfer processes
resistance and low U value. occurring in wall

The heat gain through each element can be varied by:

area of the element
orientation and tilt of the element
material properties (U-value, time lag, decrement factor, transmissivity, emmissivity, etc)
finishes
control of incoming solar radiation

Page 32


2.4 LIGHT FORM OF SOLAR ENERGY

Architecture is that great living creative spirit which from generation to generation, from age to age,
proceeds, persists, creates, according to the nature of man,
and his circumstances as they change.
- Frank Lloyd Wright.
2.4.1 Daylight (Passive means)

Architectural forms, textures, materials, modulation of light and shade, colour all combine to inject a
quality of spirit that articulates space. The quality of architecture will be determined by the skill of
the designer in using and relating these elements, both in interior spaces and spaces around the
buildings.

Daylight has always been of major importance like temple design with clearstories for light, cathedral
design with glass windows and some commercial spaces, but somehow in 1960’s, we forgot
everything we knew about the art and science of daylight. Cheap energy and air conditioning did us
in.

"Light is not only an amount of energy, it also provides us with the means to reveal spaces and volumes
and interact with our environment."
- Mr. Andersen,from Building Technology Program.

2.4.1.1 Daylighting

Most simply, day lighting is the practice of using natural light to illuminate building spaces. Rather than
relying solely on electric lighting during the day, day lighting brings indirect natural light into the
building.

Daylighting helps create a visually stimulating and productive environment for building occupants,
while reducing as much as one-third of total building energy costs.

The ultimate source of daylight is the Sun, but the light arriving at the earth from the sun may be
partly diffused by the atmosphere and the locally prevailing atmospheric conditions determine how
this light reaches the building. Climatic conditions greatly influence both quantity of light and the
relative magnitude of all the components of daylight.
There are three possible ways that daylight can reach the indoor working plane.

Visible light directly from the sky vault (define)
Light reflected from exterior surfaces.
Light entering the space and reflecting from interior surfaces.

All three of these components need to be accounted for to determine the daylight factor.

Page 33


As explained earlier daylighting has the potential to Benefits of Daylighting
significantly improve increase user productivity with
reducing energy consumption of building which will Increase aesthetic value of space
indirectly helps to reduce carbon emissions and reduce
operating costs for building. Increase user productivity
Daylight adds sense of speciousness to a room.
Reduce energy consumption
Daylight is crucial for the natural biorhythm of man.
Whether used as a straightforward source of illumination or Reduce carbon emissions
modified by judicious effects to arouse the emotions, light is
a phenomenon that influences the behavior of people. Reduce operating costs

2.4.1.2 Daylighting for office building

A review of peoples’ reactions to indoor environments suggests that daylight is desired because it
fulfils two very basic human requirements: to be able to see both a task and the space well, and to
experience some environmental inspiration. Working long-term in electric lighting is believed to be
deleterious to health; working by daylight is believed to result in less stress and discomfort.

All office buildings are provided with windows at least to the minimum extent laid down in the
byelaws. Just providing a weather shed commonly provided over the window openings confirms
roughly to the requirement of Sun shading on the south facing windows but such windows do not
distribute daylight evenly.
Poorly designed windows and skylights either cause glare or these may not distribute sufficient light,
or this causes office users to drow curtains, pull down ventilation blinds or cut out daylight in other
ways and switch on artificial lights.
Daylighting involves more than just adding windows or skylights to a space. It is the careful balancing
of heat gain and loss, glare control, and variations in daylight availability.

For effective daylighting design two factors should be consider -

To get effective daylighting controlled daylight should be Factors to be consider for
provided as deep as possible into a building interior. The effective daylighting
human eye can adjust to high levels of luminance as long as
it is evenly distributed. In general, light which reaches a task
indirectly will provide better lighting quality than light which Evenly distributed light
arrives directly from a natural or artificial source.
Control of glare
An efficient daylighting design is not only to provide
illuminance levels sufficient for good visual performance, but also to maintain a comfortable and
pleasing atmosphere. Glare, or excessive brightness contrast within the field of view, is an aspect of
lighting that can cause discomfort to occupants. The human eye can function quite well over a wide
range of luminous environments, but does not function well if extreme levels of brightness are
present in the same field of view.

Page 34


2.4.2 Solar PV (Active means)

Solar energy, experienced by us as heat and light, can be used through two routes:

The thermal route uses the heat for water heating, cooking, drying and other
applications;
The photovoltaic route converts the light in solar energy into electricity, which can
then be used for a number of purposes such as lighting, pumping, and
communications.

Solar Photovoltaic’s (PV) is a method of generating electrical
power by converting solar radiation into direct current e
electricity
using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect.

Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels comprised
of a number of cells called as solar cells containing a photovoltaic
material like silicon. The photovoltaic effect refers t photons of
to
light knocking electrons into a higher state of energy to create
electricity.

PV technology is simple and does not need any complex
machinery and has no moving parts. It does not use fossil fuel, or
needs power stations or electricity pylons o distributed network.
or
It is silent, unobtrusive and needs less maintenance.

As an architect, we don’t need to study its techniques and mechanics but we need to study how
mechanics,
much space it required and where can we provide space for it? So basically we need to study space
requirement to install it.

2.4.2.1 Photovoltaic cells (PV cells)

PV cells are the basic building blocks of PV modules that convert the solar energy
directly into usable energy by the photovoltaic effect. Approximately 1/2 V is
generated by each silicon PV cell.

The amount of current produced is directly proportional to the cell’s size,
conversion efficiency, and the intensity of light. Assemblies of cells are used to
make solar modules, solar panels, or photovoltaic arrays.
hotovoltaic

As shown in the adjacent figure, groups of 36 series connected PV cells are
packaged together into standard modules that provide a nominal 12 volt (0r 18
volts @ peak power).

When modules are fixed together in a single mount they are ca called a panel and
when two or more panels are used together, they are called an array.

2010-11)
Page 35


PV cell conversion efficiency

PV cell conversion efficiency is calculated as the amount of energy produced by a sqm of cell
exposed at 25°C to a standard solar radiation, falling on a square meter of the Earth's surface at the
equator at noon on a clear day. Conveniently, this is 1000 W, thus a sqm of cell with a conversion
efficiency of 15% will produce 150W of peak power.

The wattage output of a PV module is rated in terms of peak watt (Wp) units. The peak watt output
power from a module is defined as the maximum power output that the module could deliver under
standard test conditions (STC).

The STC conditions used in a laboratory are

1000 watts per square metre solar radiation intensity.
Air-mass 1.5 reference spectral distributions.
25 °C ambient temperature.

2.4.2.2 Architectural application

Photovoltaic (PV) modules can be designed as aesthetically integrated building components and as
entire structures. Photovoltaic (PV) cells can be integrated into elegant facades without being an eye
sore.

Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is sometimes the
optimal method of installing renewable energy systems in
urban, built-up areas where undeveloped land is both scarce
and expensive.

BIPV electric power systems not only produce electricity, they
also are a part of the building. For example, a BIPV skylight is an
integral component of the building envelope as well as a solar electric energy system that generates
electricity for the building. These solar systems are thus multifunctional construction materials.

The standard element of a BIPV system is the PV module. Individual solar cells are interconnected
and encapsulated on various materials to form a module. Modules are strung together in an
electrical series with cables and wires to form a PV array. Direct or diffuse light (usually sunlight)
shining on the solar cells induces the photovoltaic effect, generating unregulated DC electric power.
This DC power can be used, stored in a battery system, or fed into an inverter that transforms and
synchronizes the power into AC electricity. The electricity can be used in the building or exported to
a utility company through a grid interconnection.

A wide variety of BIPV systems are available in today's markets. Most of them can be grouped into
two main categories: facade systems and roofing systems.

Facade systems include curtain wall products, spandrel panels, and glazings.
Roofing systems include tiles, shingles, standing seam products, and skylights.

Page 36


The fundamental step in any BIPV application is to maximize energy efficiency within the building's
energy demand or load. Holistically designed BIPV systems will reduce a building's energy demand
from the electric utility grid while generating electricity on site and performing as the weathering
skin of the building.

Windows, skylights, and facade shelves can be designed to increase daylighting opportunities in
interior spaces whilst reducing unwanted glare and can provide with required R-value to diminish
undesired thermal transference or heat gain.

ADVANTAGES

The major advantages of using Photovoltaic (PV) systems are as follows.

Abundant solar radiation is available in most parts of India. Hence, photovoltaic systems
can be used anywhere in the country.
PV systems are modular in nature. Hence, they can be expanded as desired and used for
small and large applications.
Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid connection or fuel
transport is difficult, costly or impossible.
Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing
transmission/distribution losses.
There are no running costs associated with PV systems, as solar radiation is free.
Electricity is generated by solar cells without noise.
PV systems have no moving parts. Hence, they suffer no wear and tear.
As most of the components of PV systems are pre-fabricated, these systems can be
installed quickly. Hence, PV projects have short development periods.
LIMITATIONS

Photovoltaics are costly to install.
Longer pay back periods.
Solar electricity is not available at night and is less available in cloudy weather conditions
from conventional photovoltaic technologies. Therefore, a storage or complementary
power system is required.
Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC using a grid tie inverter when
used in current existing distribution grids. This incurs an energy loss of 4-12%.
Output from PV arrays decline with time. Silicon based cells can be contaminated by iron
and oxygen from the atmosphere; materials used for encapsulation can be affected by
heat, moisture and UV rays.
EXAMPLE

30 kWp Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) systems are
provided at the Samudra Institute of Maritime Studies at Lonavala
which is largest BIPV project in India.

Page 37


Chapter -3

CLIMATE DATA FOR AURANGABAD

3.1 About Aurangabad 39

3.1.1 Location of Aurangabad

3.1.2 Topography

3.1.3 Climate zone of Aurangabad

3.1.4 Climatic seasons

3.2 Climatic parameters 41

3.2.1 Air temperature

3.2.2 Humidity

3.23 Sky conditions

3.2.4 Solar radiation

3.2.5 Wind

3.3 Implications of climate on building design 46

3.3.1 Psychometric chart

Page 38


3.1 ABOUT AURANGABAD
Aurangabad city is undisputed fast developed city in Asia with a rich heritage and favourable climate.

Aurangabad is named after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. The city is a tourist hub, surrounded
with many historical monuments, including the Ajanta Caves and Ellora Caves, which are UNESCO
Ellora
World Heritage sites. Recently Aurangabad has been declared as Tourism Capital of Maharashtra.

3.1.1 Location of Aurangabad

The co-ordinates for Aurangabad are N 19° 53' 47" - E 75° 23' 54".
ordinates

Latitude - 19° 53' 47" North
Longitude - 75° 23' 54" East

Location of Maharashtra showing Maharashtra showing
Maharashtra in India Marathwada region Aurangabad city

Aurangabad city is situated in India state of Maharashtra in Marathwada region, at an altitude of
,
11
approximately 663 meters above the sea level.

3.1.2 Topography of Aurangabad

Aurangabad city is surrounded by the hilly ranges from north, south and west sides.
Northern side Municipal limits are flanked by Jathwada hill ranges and on south locally named Satara
hills are located.
General topography of the city is undulating. Attitude of the city increases towards north side.

11
City development plan for Aurangabad

2010-11)
Page 39


3.1.3 Climate zone of Aurangabad

As shown in map Aurangabad city is located in HOT AND DRY climate
zone of India.

Key features for Hot and Dry

- High day temperature and low night temperature.
- Low humidity and low precipitation.
- Distinct seasonal variations between hot summers and cool Aurangabad

winters.
- Little air movement.
- Sand and dust storms.

Climate zones of India
3.1.4 Climatic Seasons of Aurangabad

The city experiences favourable climate where neither the summers are extremely hot nor the
winters are freezing cold. There is no too big difference between the summer and winter
temperatures of the city.

The climate of this district is characterised by a hot summer and general dryness throughout the year
except during the southwest monsoon season.

The year may be divided into four Four Seasons
seasons. The cold season from
December to February is followed Cold Season December to February
by the hot season from March to
May. The period from June to Hot Season March to May

September constitutes the
Southwest monsoon Season June to September
southwest monsoon season.
October and November form the Post monsoon Season October and November
post monsoon season.

Page 40


3.2 CLIMATIC PARAMETERS
The various climatic parameters that affect human comfort are given below,

- Air temperature
- Humidity and precipitation
- Sky conditions
- Solar radiation
- Air movement

3.2.1 Air temperature

MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - Aurangabad, IND
°C W/ m²

40 1.0k

30 0.8k

20 0.6k

10 0.4k

0 0.2k

-10 0.0k
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Above graph shows monthly diurnal averages temperature Fig 33 Source – Autodesk Ecotect
range of Aurangabad city.
LEGEND
In summer the maximum temperature can rise to 40°C while Comfort: Thermal Neutrality

the minimum temperature can drop to 15°C. Temperature
Rel.Humidity
Direct Solar
Diffuse Solar

In winter the maximum temperature can rise to 30°C and fall Wind Speed Cloud Cover

to less than 10°C.
And for rainy season maximum points lie in comfort zone and maximum temperature increases to
35°C.

Winter Summer Monsoon Post monsoon

Months
Temp. Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Maximum 29 C 30 C 35 C 38 C 39 C 32 C 26 C 27 C 30 C 30 C 27 C 27 C
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Minimum 15 C 15 C 20 C 25 C 25 C 23 C 23 C 21 C 22 C 20 C 17 C 13 C

Table shows mean daily maximum and minimum temperature for all months
May - hottest month of the year.
December - coldest month.
October - transition period from
monsoon to Winter.

Critical months for Aurangabad

Page 41


From about the beginning of March there is a rapid rise in both day and night temperatures. May is
the hottest month of the year with the mean daily maximum temperature at about 400C and mean
daily minimum temperature at about 250C. During the hot season the heat is often intense and the
day temperatures on individual days may rise above 40oC.

With the advance of the southwest monsoon season from mid June there is an appreciable drop in
both the day and night temperatures and the weather is pleasant.

With the withdrawal of the monsoon by about the end of September the day temperature increases
a little and a secondary maximum in day temperature is recorded in October. But night temperatures
decreases progressively after the withdrawal of the monsoon. After October both day and night
temperatures steadily decrease.

The highest maximum temperature ever recorded at Aurangabad was 45.6 0C on 25th May 1905 and
the lowest minimum temperature ever recorded was 2.2 0C on 2nd February 1911.

3.2.2 Humidity and precipitation

The relative humidity depends as much on the %
%
90+
80

air temperature as on the actual amount of
70
60
100 50

water vapour present in the air. During the day
40
30
20

as the lowest layer of air is being heated by the
10
<0
80

ground surface, its relative humidity is rapidly
decreased, whereas at night the situation is 60

reversed.12
40

As shown in graph in summer i.e. March-May
20

relative humidity is low as compare to other
Source – Autodesk Ecotect
months of the year. It gets increased in 0 Wk

monsoon and remains nearly constant for rest
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52

Fig 34 Graph showing Aurangabad’s weekly relative humidity for a
of the year. Year

Except during the southwest monsoon season when the relative
Frequency of Annual rainfall for
humidity is high, the air is generally dry for Aurangabad. The summer Aurangabad
months are the driest when the relative humidity is generally Date 1941 -1990
between 19 and 40% in the afternoons. Range in mm No. of years
301-400 2
From July till September, the monsoon sets in, with the city receiving 401-500 1
moderate rainfall. The annual average rainfall received by it amounts 501-600 7
to somewhere around 725 mm, with most of it being received in the 601-700 15
monsoon season.13 701-800 5
801-900 15
Table shows frequency of annual rainfall observed in 48 years for
901-1000 0
Aurangabad city.3 1001-1100 3

Table showing annual rainfall observed in 48 years

12
Manual of tropical housing and building by O.H. Koenigsberger
13
Climate of Maharashtra by Metrological department, India.

Page 42


3.2.3 Sky conditions

During the southwest monsoon season, the %
90+
80

skies are generally heavily clouded or overcast.
%
70
60
50

In the post monsoon season, the sky is
100
40
30
20

moderately clouded with increased amount in
10
<0
80

afternoons. In the rest of the year, the skies are
mostly clear or lightly clouded. 60

Nearly half period of the year is clouded and 40

half period is clear.
20

At the May end cloudiness gets increased and in
July it shows highest cloud cover. After some
0 Wk
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52

drop in September it again increased in October Source – Autodesk Ecotect

and November. Fig 35 Graph showing Aurangabad’s weekly average cloud
cover for a Year

3.2.4 Solar radiation

The amount of solar radiation may be influenced by some local factor.

Horizontal plane above the ground is affected by local variations in atmospheric conditions.
Atmospheric pollution, smoke, smog or dust and local cloud formations can produce substantial
reductions.

But both horizontal plane and vertical building surface may influenced by orientation of site, by
nearby hills, even trees and existing buildings, which may cast a shadow over the site at certain times
of the day.14

14 Manual of tropical housing and building by O.H. Koenigsberger

Page 43

Design with Sun, for an office building in Aurangabad, India

Design with Sun, for an office building in Aurangabad, India

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Similar a Design with Sun, for an office building in Aurangabad, India

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Design with Sun, for an office building in Aurangabad, India